{"id":70,"date":"2019-01-23T21:06:17","date_gmt":"2019-01-23T18:06:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/94.237.85.66\/?p=70"},"modified":"2022-01-14T11:44:38","modified_gmt":"2022-01-14T08:44:38","slug":"vietnam-ulusal-kurtulus-savasi-ve-tarim-devrimi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/2019\/01\/23\/vietnam-ulusal-kurtulus-savasi-ve-tarim-devrimi\/","title":{"rendered":"Vietnam ulusal kurtulu\u015f sava\u015f\u0131 ve tar\u0131m devrimi"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Vietnam Devrimi Kas\u0131m 1955\u2019te ba\u015flad\u0131. May\u0131s 1975\u2019te, Amerikan emperyalizmi, Vietcong\u2019un ve b\u00fct\u00fcn Vietnam halk\u0131n\u0131n direni\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan Vietnam\u2019da yenilgiye u\u011frat\u0131ld\u0131. Bu yenilgiden \u00f6nce 1967\u2019de, Arjantinli Tro\u00e7kist\u00a0 \u00f6nder Nahuel Moreno, \u00c7in ve Hindi\u00e7in Devrimleri<\/em> kitab\u0131n\u0131 yazarak d\u00fcnyay\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftiren bu iki devrimin bilan\u00e7osunu \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00f6ylesine devrimlerin \u00f6nemi, yapmaya ba\u015flad\u0131klar\u0131yla \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcr: Rus Devrimi ve \u00c7in Devrimi, Moreno\u2019nun deyi\u015fiyle, \u201cy\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n en devrimci geli\u015fmeleridir. Ekim Devrimi, d\u00fcnya sosyalist devrimi a\u015famas\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015flat\u0131rken, \u00c7in Devrimi\u00a0 emperyalist dengeyi sonunda bozdu; d\u00fcnya devriminin merkezini ge\u00e7ici olarak geri kalm\u0131\u015f ve s\u00f6m\u00fcrge halklara kayd\u0131rd\u0131; SSCB\u2019nin yal\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sona erdirdi ve b\u00f6ylece derhal bir imk\u00e2n\u0131 g\u00fcndeme getirdi: Sosyalist Avrasya Devletleri Federasyonu ve orta vadede D\u00fcnya Federasyonu\u2026 \u00c7in Devrimi ile d\u00fcnya devriminin kaderi, \u00c7in devriminin dolayl\u0131 sonucu olan mevcut Vietnam sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ellerinde. Hindi\u00e7inli i\u015f\u00e7iler ve k\u00f6yl\u00fcler, emperyalizmle ba\u015fa \u00e7\u0131k\u0131labilece\u011fi ve onun yenilgiye u\u011frat\u0131labilece\u011fini ellerindeki silahlarla g\u00f6sterdiler. Bu yenilgi, emperyalizmin sonunun ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 olabilir.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu denemenin kaleme al\u0131nmas\u0131ndan sekiz y\u0131l sonra, Amerikan emperyalizmi kesin olarak yenildi ve Vietnam\u2019dan ordusunu \u00e7ekmek zorunda kald\u0131. \u201cVietnam Sendromu\u201d deyi\u015fi uyduruldu ve Vietnam halk\u0131, Amerikan emperyalizminin yenilmez olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterdi. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z, Nahuel Moreno\u2019nun konu ile ilgili metninden faydalanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 umuyoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

***<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in Devrimi\u2019nin zaferini, Vietnam Ulusal Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 izledi. Bir dereceye kadar, \u00c7in\u2019deki devrimci s\u00fcrecin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 burada tekerr\u00fcr etti. Halk ve k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fck, emperyalist g\u00fc\u00e7lerin s\u00fcrekli sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131na kararl\u0131l\u0131k ve cesaretle kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k verdi. \u00c7in k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcyle ayn\u0131 y\u00f6ntemi kulland\u0131lar: gerilla sava\u015f\u0131. Ne var ki, bu m\u00fccadeleyi \u00f6zg\u00fc birka\u00e7 \u00f6zellik var. Hindi\u00e7in Kom\u00fcnist Partisi \u00fczerinde Stalinistlerin etkisi, \u00c7in partisine k\u0131yasla \u00e7ok daha b\u00fcy\u00fck; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu b\u00f6lgede kom\u00fcnizm, ba\u015fta Frans\u0131z Kom\u00fcnist Partisi olmak \u00fczere daha \u00e7ok Bat\u0131\u2019ya ba\u011fl\u0131. Bu olgu, Hindi\u00e7in Kom\u00fcnist Partisi\u2019ne oport\u00fcnist bir nitelik veriyor. Ayr\u0131ca Hindi\u00e7in ve Fransa\u2019daki s\u00fcrg\u00fcnler aras\u0131nda Tro\u00e7kizm\u2019in etkisi, \u00c7in\u2019e k\u0131yasla \u00e7ok daha b\u00fcy\u00fck ve \u00f6nemli.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hindi\u00e7inli bir Tro\u00e7kist, yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 belgede \u015f\u00f6yle diyordu: \u201cJapon i\u015fgalinin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131, belli ba\u015fl\u0131 ayaklanmalara sahne oldu: Ekim 1940\u2019da Tonkin\u2019de; Kas\u0131m 1940\u2019da Cochin\u2019de; Ocak 1941\u2019de Anam\u2019da. Japon ve Frans\u0131z emperyalistler, halk hareketlerini ac\u0131mas\u0131zca bast\u0131rmak i\u00e7in bir araya geldiler. Viet Minh\u2019in Hindi\u00e7in\u2019in Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in Birli\u011fi kurmas\u0131, o d\u00f6neme rastlar. Bu \u00f6rg\u00fct, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuvazi ile liberal burjuvazinin sol kanad\u0131n\u0131 temsil eden iki milliyet\u00e7i parti, (Stalinist ve Tro\u00e7kist) iki kom\u00fcnist parti, kad\u0131n \u00f6rg\u00fctleri, \u00e7ift\u00e7iler, i\u015f\u00e7iler, askerler ve gen\u00e7likten olu\u015fuyordu. 1941\u2019de haz\u0131rlanan program\u0131, bir demokratik \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckler program\u0131yd\u0131.Bu programda tar\u0131m reformu talebi yer alm\u0131yordu; ama Japonlar\u0131n, Frans\u0131zlar\u0131n ve Hindi\u00e7inli \u2018fa\u015fistler\u2019in m\u00fclklerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, Kilise\u2019ninkilere de el koyulmas\u0131 programa dahildi. Sonu\u00e7 de\u011fi\u015fmedi; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc t\u00fcm bu m\u00fclk sahibi insanlar, i\u015fgalci Japonya ile i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapt\u0131lar ve P\u00e9tain h\u00fck\u00fcmetine boyun e\u011fdiler. Program\u0131n ikinci temel sorunu, istilac\u0131 herhangi bir \u00fclkeye kar\u015f\u0131 silahl\u0131 m\u00fccadeleydi<\/em>\u201d. (1)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Japonya\u2019n\u0131n yenilmesi, kitle hareketinin y\u00fckseli\u015fe ge\u00e7mesine neden oldu ve \u00f6rg\u00fctler yerel h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri avu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7ine ald\u0131lar. Viet Minh, h\u00e2l\u00e2 var olan tek merkezi h\u00fck\u00fcmet. Frans\u0131z emperyalizmine olan \u201cba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u201d g\u00f6stermeye \u00e7abalayarak, halk \u00f6rg\u00fctlerini da\u011f\u0131t\u0131yor. Paris\u2019te, Ho Chi Minh\u2019in yolda\u015f\u0131 Thorez (her ikisi de Kom\u00fcnist Parti\u2019ye \u00fcye), imparatorlu\u011fun bakan\u0131yd\u0131 ve Hindi\u00e7in\u2019in \u201cortak \u00fcye\u201d olarak imparatorluk s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde kalmas\u0131 i\u00e7in her t\u00fcrl\u00fc \u00e7areye ba\u015fvurdu. Ancak, Ho Chi Minh ile Fransuz h\u00fck\u00fcmeti aras\u0131ndaki pazarl\u0131klar, Frans\u0131z ve Hindi\u00e7inli kom\u00fcnistlerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k talep etmemesine ra\u011fmen ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z oldu. Stalinstlerin politikas\u0131, Fransa\u2019daki \u00e7o\u011fu Hindi\u00e7inli i\u015f\u00e7inin, Hindi\u00e7in\u2019in tam ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 isteyen tek parti olan Tro\u00e7kist partinin saflar\u0131na ge\u00e7mesine neden oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerdeki \u00e7\u0131kar emellerinid\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnenFrans\u0131z emperyalizmi, Ho Chi Minh\u2019in h\u00fck\u00fcmeti gibi bir ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z milliyet\u00e7i h\u00fck\u00fcmetin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na izin veremezdi ve Hindi\u00e7in\u2019in kademeli i\u015fgaline g\u00fcneyden ba\u015flad\u0131. Kas\u0131m 1946\u2019dan itibaren, Ho Chi Minh g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin tamamen denetiminde bulunan kuzeye y\u00f6nelik sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131 \u2013 Ho Chi Minh, burjuvaziye ulusal birlik h\u00fck\u00fcmetinde bir yer vermek yoluyla onun deste\u011fini korumaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131.Bu reformist hat, tar\u0131m reformunun ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131n\u0131 tehlikeli bir \u015fekilde ertelemenmesine neden oldu: gerilla sava\u015f\u0131, burjuvaziyle ulusal birlik ad\u0131na y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcld\u00fc. \u201c1953\u2019te Parti ve H\u00fck\u00fcmet, \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7leri \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015ftirmek ve Direni\u015f\u2019e itici g\u00fc\u00e7 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in tar\u0131m reformunu ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmeye karar verdiler<\/em>\u201d diyerek Giap itiraf ediyor bunu.(2)<\/strong> O andan itibaren, ulusal kurtulu\u015f i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan Vietnam gerilla sava\u015f\u0131 bir tar\u0131m reformuna d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Vietnaml\u0131 sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n efsanevi kahramanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n tek a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131, bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6nderli\u011fin stratejik h\u00fcnerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, \u00e7ift\u00e7iler ve sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n askerlik h\u00fcnerleri, Viet Minh\u2019in Dien Bien Phu\u2019da Frans\u0131z emperyalizmini yenilgiye u\u011fratmas\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131ld\u0131. Cenevre Anla\u015fmas\u0131, bu zaferi tan\u0131d\u0131 ve \u00fclkenin yeniden birle\u015fmesi i\u00e7in genel se\u00e7imlerin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 1956 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar,Hindi\u00e7in\u2019i iki b\u00f6lgeye b\u00f6ld\u00fc. G\u00fcneyde ise, Frans\u0131z emperyalizminin ve k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli\u011fine Amerikan emperyalizminin u\u015fa\u011f\u0131 bir kukla h\u00fck\u00fcmet dayat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yankiler, G\u00fcney Vietnam\u2019\u0131n tamamen s\u00f6m\u00fcrgele\u015ftirilmesini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in, bu kukla h\u00fck\u00fcmete Cenevra Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019na uymamas\u0131n\u0131 emretti. Bu s\u00f6m\u00fcrgele\u015ftirmeye yan\u0131t olarak 1960\u2019da, Amerikan emperyalizminin ajan\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 bir kurtulu\u015f sava\u015f\u0131 verecek olan G\u00fcney Vietnam\u2019\u0131n Kurtulu\u015fu i\u00e7in Cephe (NLF) kuruldu. Geri kalan yak\u0131n tarihe ili\u015fkin: Beyaz Saray, kendi g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin ve G\u00fcney Vietnam ordusunun \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnden \u00f6nce, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 devrimi adeta parampar\u00e7a etmek i\u00e7in kara ordusu ile hava kuvvetlerini kullan\u0131yor ve Kuzey Vietnam\u2019\u0131 bombalamaya ba\u015fl\u0131yor.Devasa bir kar\u015f\u0131-devrimci sava\u015f, g\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn \u00f6n\u00fcnde patlak veriyor: Ne SSCB ne de \u00c7in, hi\u00e7bir zaman benzer bir \u015fey ya\u015fad\u0131lar. Ancak, NFL\u2019nin \u00f6nderli\u011finin alt\u0131ndaki G\u00fcneyli kitleler ile Vietnaml\u0131lar, direnmekle kalm\u0131yor, sava\u015f\u0131n ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 yava\u015f yava\u015f de\u011fi\u015ftirmeye ba\u015fl\u0131yorlar. Bu, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir \u00fclkede az say\u0131da insanla ba\u015far\u0131ld\u0131. Che Guevara\u2019n\u0131n savundu\u011fu gibi, bir\u00e7ok Vietnam yaratmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn ve zorunludur. (3)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eimdiye kadar SSCB ve \u00c7in, devletlerini ve silahl\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerini, Kuzey Vietnam ve G\u00fcneyli gerillalar\u0131 tamamen destekleyecek olan bir birle\u015fik cephede birle\u015ftirmeyi reddettiler. Sadece Castro, Bat\u0131l\u0131 devrimci entellekt\u00fceller, baz\u0131 siyah liderler, Kore ile Kuzey Vietnam ve D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Enternasyonal, bu cephenin gereklili\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fcler. SSCB\u2019nin emperyalizmle bar\u0131\u015f i\u00e7inde birlikte var olmak \u015feklindeki diplomatik stratejisinde bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik yok; Kuzey Vietnam\u2019a yard\u0131m, bu stratejinin i\u00e7indeki yaln\u0131zca bir taktik manevrad\u0131r. Mao\u2019nun \u00c7in\u2019i, birle\u015fik cephenin kendisini t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyadaki devrimci g\u00fc\u00e7lerden yal\u0131taca\u011f\u0131 bahanesiyle bu devrimci politikay\u0131 g\u00f6rmezden geliyor. Vietnaml\u0131 devrimcilerin zaferi, yaln\u0131zca emperyalizmin politikalar\u0131 i\u00e7in de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda Moskova ve Pekin\u2019in politikalar\u0131 i\u00e7in de bir fel\u00e2ket anlam\u0131na gelecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dipnotlar:<\/strong>1<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.)<\/strong> Quatri\u00e8me Internationale, n. 22, 23 ve 24, Eyl\u00fcl, Ekim, Kas\u0131m, 1945.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.)<\/strong> V\u00f5 Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1p, People\u2019s war. People\u2019s army, marxists.org\/archive\/giap\/1961-pwpa.pdf<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.)<\/strong> Al\u0131nt\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle: \u201cE\u011fer d\u00fcnyada \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn kendi paylar\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen k\u0131sm\u0131yla ve m\u00fcthi\u015f trajedileriyle, her g\u00fcnk\u00fc kahramanl\u0131klar\u0131yla, emperyalizme bitmez t\u00fckenmez darbeler indirerek, d\u00fcnya halklar\u0131n\u0131n artan nefretiyle emperyalizmin g\u00fc\u00e7lerini par\u00e7alamak i\u00e7in iki, \u00fc\u00e7 daha fazla Vietnam g\u00fcn \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131ksayd\u0131, gelece\u011fe daha g\u00fcvenli bakabilirdik!<\/em>\u201d Che Guevara, Create two, three\u2026 many Vietnams, that is the watchword, 1965.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Vietnam Devrimi Kas\u0131m 1955\u2019te ba\u015flad\u0131. May\u0131s 1975\u2019te, Amerikan emperyalizmi, Vietcong\u2019un ve b\u00fct\u00fcn Vietnam halk\u0131n\u0131n direni\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan Vietnam\u2019da yenilgiye u\u011frat\u0131ld\u0131. Bu yenilgiden \u00f6nce 1967\u2019de, Arjantinli Tro\u00e7kist\u00a0 \u00f6nder Nahuel Moreno, \u00c7in ve Hindi\u00e7in Devrimleri kitab\u0131n\u0131 yazarak d\u00fcnyay\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftiren bu iki devrimin bilan\u00e7osunu \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. B\u00f6ylesine devrimlerin \u00f6nemi, yapmaya ba\u015flad\u0131klar\u0131yla \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcr: Rus Devrimi ve \u00c7in Devrimi, Moreno\u2019nun deyi\u015fiyle, \u201cy\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":15,"featured_media":71,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[705],"tags":[92,117,68,67,118,119,116,47,115],"class_list":["post-70","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tarih","tag-devrimi","tag-kurtulus","tag-moreno","tag-nahuel","tag-savasi","tag-tarim","tag-ulusal","tag-ve","tag-vietnam"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/70","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/15"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=70"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/70\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2461,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/70\/revisions\/2461"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/71"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=70"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=70"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=70"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}