{"id":61,"date":"2019-02-16T01:29:39","date_gmt":"2019-02-15T22:29:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/94.237.85.66\/?p=61"},"modified":"2019-02-16T01:29:40","modified_gmt":"2019-02-15T22:29:40","slug":"borges-sabato-cruyff-castro-ve-arjantin-cuntasi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/2019\/02\/16\/borges-sabato-cruyff-castro-ve-arjantin-cuntasi\/","title":{"rendered":"Borges, Sabato, Cruyff Castro ve Arjantin Cuntas\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

G\u00fcne\u015f \u00c7elikkol\u2019un bu yaz\u0131s\u0131 Mesele dergisinin May\u0131s 2007 tarihli 5. say\u0131s\u0131nda yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130ngiltere ile Arjantin aras\u0131nda ya\u015fanan Malvinas (Falkland) Adalar\u0131 i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan sava\u015f\u0131n, Morenocu hareketin Arjantin\u2019deki geli\u015fimi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nemi sebebiyle, bu kapsaml\u0131 yaz\u0131y\u0131 sitemize aktard\u0131k.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

24 Mart gecesi saat 1\u2019de general Jose Rogelio Villereal, silahl\u0131 kuvvetlerin y\u00f6netime el koyma karar\u0131 ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, kendisini tutuklayacaklar\u0131n\u0131 bildirir, art\u0131k ba\u015fkan olmayan Isabel Peron\u2019a. Saat 03.30\u2019da, iktidarda art\u0131k kara ordusu komutan\u0131 korgeneral Jorge Rafael Videla, donanma komutan\u0131 amiral Emilio Eduardo Massera ve hava kuvvetleri komutan\u0131 tu\u011fgeneral Orlando Agosti\u2019den olu\u015fan askeri cunta vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ertesi g\u00fcnden itibaren birbiri pe\u015fi s\u0131ra \u00e7\u0131kan bildirilerle meclis ve siyasal partiler kapat\u0131lacak, \u00fcniversite \u00f6zerkli\u011fi ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kald\u0131r\u0131lacak, ask\u0131ya al\u0131nan anayasan\u0131n yerine cunta t\u00fcz\u00fck belgesi konacak, cuntan\u0131n se\u00e7ti\u011fi Videla yeni de facto ba\u015fkan olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Arjantin yasalar\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcm cezas\u0131n\u0131 1906\u2019da b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde k\u0131s\u0131tlam\u0131\u015f, 1917\u2019de tamamen kald\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 1933\u2019teki askeri idare bu cezay\u0131 \u00f6zel bir yasayla ge\u00e7ici olarak ve belli ko\u015fullarla geri getirmi\u015f, 1960\u2019lardaysa demokratik h\u00fck\u00fcmet \u2018\u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131ll\u0131k bir s\u00fcreli\u011fine\u2019 buna yeltendi\u011fi halde ba\u015faramam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Videla cuntas\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcm cezas\u0131n\u0131 da geri getirdi. Ger\u00e7i uygulanmayacakt\u0131, oras\u0131 ayr\u0131: O kadar zahmetle g\u00f6stermelik de olsa mahkeme kurmak, karar\u0131n alt\u0131n\u0131 imzalay\u0131p ileride ba\u015fa bela olabilecek bir sorumluluk almak pek ak\u0131l k\u00e2r\u0131 say\u0131lmazd\u0131, sokak ortas\u0131nda vurmak veya kaybetmek gibi daha i\u015flevsel \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler dururken.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Silahl\u0131 kuvvetler, ulusal g\u00fcvenlik veya polisin itibar\u0131n\u0131 zedelemek yahut \u00fclkeyi kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla haber, yaz\u0131, g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc da\u011f\u0131tanlara on y\u0131la kadar hapis cezas\u0131 verilece\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klayan cunta kimi bulsa tutukluyordu: Cordoba\u2019l\u0131 m\u00fccadeleci sendikac\u0131 Rene Salamanca tutuklan\u0131rken sa\u011f Peronist sendikac\u0131 Lorenzo Miguel de tutuklan\u0131yordu ki, adalet sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f olsun. Eski ba\u015fkan Hector Campora\u2019y\u0131 tutuklama giri\u015fimiyse gelebilecek tepkilerden dolay\u0131 rafa kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00fcnya devletleri itirazs\u0131z, \u0131\u015f\u0131k h\u0131z\u0131yla tan\u0131m\u0131\u015flard\u0131 Arjantin\u2019deki darbe h\u00fck\u00fcmetini. IMF bir s\u00fcrat, daha Videla\u2019n\u0131n yemin t\u00f6reninin arifesinde, 28 Mart\u2019ta uzatt\u0131 yard\u0131m elini. Isabel Peron h\u00fck\u00fcmeti daha ge\u00e7ende 127 milyon dolar kredi istedi\u011finde ayak direyen IMF, itirazlar\u0131ndan an\u0131nda vazge\u00e7ip musluklar\u0131 a\u00e7t\u0131. Ongania diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc y\u0131llar\u0131ndaki \u00f6\u011frenci eylemlerinin \u2018bir \u00fcniversitede profes\u00f6rden \u00e7ok polis varsa oraya okul de\u011fil cezaevi denir\u2019 slogan\u0131ndaki mecaz bu defa hakikate d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. 30 Mart\u2019ta yeniden a\u00e7\u0131lan \u00fcniversitelerin koridorlar\u0131nda \u00fcniformal\u0131lar dola\u015f\u0131yor, kap\u0131lar\u0131nda tanklar bekliyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2 Nisan\u2019da yeni ekonomi program\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klayan sivil bakan Martinez de Hoz, Arjantin\u2019i yabanc\u0131 sermaye ile \u00f6zel \u015firketlere arma\u011fan ederken fabrikalar \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma kamplar\u0131na \u00e7evrilmi\u015fti \u00e2deta. Askeri diktat\u00f6rl\u00fck d\u00f6neminde Renault, Mercedes ve Ford otomobil fabrikalar\u0131nda o kadar \u00e7ok i\u015f\u00e7i temsilcisi, sendikac\u0131 kaybedilmi\u015ftir ki, \u00fclke demokrasiye d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde bu fabrikalarda ya\u015fananlar da masaya yat\u0131r\u0131lacak, y\u0131llar sonra ba\u015fkan Nestor Kirchner, Mercedes i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin ailelerini ba\u015fkanl\u0131k binas\u0131nda kabul edecektir. Yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 devlet \u015fiddetinin destek\u00e7isi ve orta\u011f\u0131 konumundaki Ford y\u00f6neticileri de pek \u00e7ok \u00f6l\u00fcmden sorumlu tutulmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Askeri darbe PRT-ERP ve Montoneros\u2019un silahl\u0131 eylemlerini ve siyasal \u00e7alkant\u0131lar\u0131 gerek\u00e7e g\u00f6stermi\u015fse de kaybedilen 30 bin ki\u015fiden y\u00fczde 30\u2019unun end\u00fcstri i\u015f\u00e7isi olmas\u0131, yan sekt\u00f6rlerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar ve beyaz yakal\u0131larla beraber bu toplamdaki sendikal\u0131 \u00fccretlilerin y\u00fczde 57\u2019yi bulmas\u0131, kay\u0131plar aras\u0131nda silahl\u0131 m\u00fccadele kadrolar\u0131 aras\u0131na girmemi\u015f 27 bin i\u015f\u00e7i, \u00f6\u011frenci, halk hareketi militan\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131, diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn ger\u00e7ek amac\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne seriyor olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Fa\u015fist ter\u00f6r sayesinde hayata ge\u00e7irilebilen i\u015f\u00e7i d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 politikalar\u0131n Isabel Peron h\u00fck\u00fcmetinden ba\u015flayan ser\u00fcveni, 1975-1980 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda 450 bin end\u00fcstri i\u015f\u00e7isinin i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131na, i\u015fsiz n\u00fcfusun 1981\u2019de 1,5 milyona ula\u015fmas\u0131na, kay\u0131ts\u0131z-g\u00fcvencesiz \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n 4 milyona t\u0131rmanmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Videla, Massera, Agosti\u2019den olu\u015fan cunta, t\u0131pk\u0131 \u00f6ncekiler gibi Bat\u0131l\u0131 ve H\u0131ristiyan de\u011ferler ad\u0131na uyguluyorlard\u0131 icraatlar\u0131n\u0131. Kendisine sunulan fahri doktoralardan birini ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 t\u00f6rende sosyoloji veya felsefe profes\u00f6r\u00fc edas\u0131yla konu\u015fan Massera, Marx\u2019\u0131n \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet, Freud\u2019un cinsellik, Einstein\u2019\u0131n g\u00f6relilik \u00fczerine yazd\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n Bat\u0131 toplumlar\u0131n\u0131 temel de\u011ferlerinden uzakla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtiyor, Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bir co\u011frafya de\u011fil zihniyet haline geldi\u011fini ve art\u0131k Arjantin\u2019de yeniden onar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyordu. T\u0131pk\u0131 Yunanistan\u2019da oldu\u011fu gibi Arjantin\u2019deki cunta da \u2018Bat\u0131l\u0131 de\u011ferleri yozla\u015ft\u0131ran hippilik gibi ak\u0131mlar\u0131\u2019, erkeklerin sa\u00e7 uzatmas\u0131n\u0131 yasakl\u0131yordu. Geceleri trafik kontrol\u00fc yapan askeri birlikler, elde makas, uzun sa\u00e7l\u0131 erkeklerin icab\u0131na da bakacaklard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yay\u0131nc\u0131 ve yazar Tilo Arerst Wenner darbeden birka\u00e7 saat sonra sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011fram\u0131\u015f, kendisinden bir daha haber al\u0131namam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 5 May\u0131s 1976\u2019da bu defa yazar Haroldo Pedro Conti ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Buenos Aires Tango\u2019nun yazar\u0131 \u0130spanya do\u011fumlu \u015fair Lucina Alvarez de Barros ile e\u015fi yazar Oscar Osvaldo Barros, 7 May\u0131s 1976\u2019da ordu b\u00fcnyesindeki bir komando birli\u011fi taraf\u0131ndan ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131lar -t\u0131pk\u0131 di\u011ferleri gibi onlardan da bir daha haber al\u0131namad\u0131. Edebiyat ele\u015ftirmeni Miguel Angel Bustos\u2019u 30 May\u0131s 1976\u2019da polis oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyen birileri; \u015fair Enrique Gregorio Courau\u2019yu 18 Temmuz 1976\u2019da silahl\u0131 kuvvetler; sosyolog Roberto Carri\u2019yi 24 \u015eubat 1977\u2019de kimli\u011fi me\u00e7hul ba\u015fka birileri; gazeteci \u015fair Osvaldo Balbi\u2019yi 11 A\u011fustos 1978\u2019de denizci subaylar ka\u00e7\u0131rd\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00fcba haber ajans\u0131 Prensa Latina kurucular\u0131ndan; J.P. Sartre, Yoko Ono ve Dylan Tomas\u2019\u0131n \u0130spanyolca \u00e7evirmeni Susana \u2018Piri\u2019 Lugones, 21 Aral\u0131k 1977\u2019de ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, ESMA\u2019da \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Gazeteci-\u015fair Darbo Sebastian Dorronzoro (25 Haziran 1976), \u015fair-\u00f6\u011fretim \u00fcyesi Alicia Eguren de Cooke (26 Ocak 1977), yazar-avukat Luis Natalio Elenzvaig (19 May\u0131s 1977), grafik tasar\u0131mc\u0131-\u015fair Claudio Arnoldo Ferraris (30 Temmuz 1977), \u015fair Hugo Oscar Sanchez (14 \u015eubat 1978), gazeteci Norberto Armando Habegger (30 Temmuz 1978), yazar Hector German Oeserheld (Temmuz 1978) diye uzay\u0131p gidiyordu liste. Gidiyordu, en az\u0131ndan gidecekti ama \u015funu da sormak gerekir elbette: Kimin umurundayd\u0131 ki?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

New York Times, Washington Post, Le Monde sayfalar\u0131nda Arjantin\u2019de siyasal istikrar sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u00fcjdelenirken, ulusal bas\u0131n geri kalacak de\u011fildi cuntaya \u00f6vg\u00fcler d\u00fczmekte. Pop\u00fcler dergi La Gente\u2019ye g\u00f6re, ne bir askere, ne politikac\u0131ya, ne politikaya bula\u015fm\u0131\u015f bir askere benzeyen Videla, olsa olsa bir ahl\u00e2k tutkunu, sanki ba\u015fka \u00e7a\u011flardan kopup gelmi\u015f bir melek say\u0131labilirdi. \u0130nsan haklar\u0131 konusunda \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131k yap\u0131nca \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden kapat\u0131lacak La Opinion, \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f anlamda bir merkez sol lider profili \u00e7iziyordu Videla hakk\u0131nda yazarken.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kitaplar yasaklan\u0131r, \u00fcniversiteler ablukaya al\u0131n\u0131r, yazarlar kaybedilirken, 19 May\u0131s 1976\u2019da Arjantin edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda tan\u0131nan iki b\u00fcy\u00fck devi, muhafazak\u00e2r sa\u011f kanad\u0131n temsilcisi Borges ile bir zamanlar Kom\u00fcnist Parti\u2019nin gen\u00e7lik \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015f olan sol edebiyat\u00e7\u0131 Ernesto Sabato, Videla\u2019ya destek ziyaretinde bulundular. Ernesto Sabato \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015fta gazetecilere yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamada, diktat\u00f6r\u00fcn entelekt\u00fcel kimli\u011fini g\u00f6klere \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131rken, b\u00f6ylesine k\u00fclt\u00fcrl\u00fc, ince ve nazik bir asker ba\u015fkanla tan\u0131\u015fmaktan duydu\u011fu memnuniyeti \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fczce dile getirmekteydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Johann Cruyff\u2019un En \u015e\u0131k Gol\u00fc<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c\u00d6lene kadar de\u011fil,\u201d diyordu Massera, \u201cdaha da \u00f6teye, zafere kadar gidece\u011fiz\u201d. Videla ise 10 \u015eubat 1977\u2019de, Tucuman operasyonlar\u0131n\u0131n y\u0131ld\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fc vesilesiyle yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 konu\u015fmada a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 ayn\u0131 \u015feyleri s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor, esip g\u00fcrl\u00fcyordu: \u201cM\u00fccadele s\u00fcr\u00fcyor, s\u00fcrecek.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6yle bir \u00fcsl\u00fbptu ki bu, i\u015fin asl\u0131n\u0131 bilmeden kulak kabartan herhangi biri, Arjantin ordusunun ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k sava\u015f\u0131 verdi\u011fini yahut bir yerleri fethetti\u011fini sanabilir, y\u0131ld\u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fc kutlan\u0131lan \u015feyin alt\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fc bir polisiye operasyon oldu\u011funa, ordunun da zaten kendi \u00fclkesinde sava\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131na, d\u00fc\u015fman denenlerin de yabanc\u0131 bir devlet ordusunun askerleri falan de\u011fil, yine Arjantin yurtta\u015flar\u0131 oldu\u011funa inanmakta g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fck \u00e7ekebilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Videla, Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k Operasyonu\u2019nun \u00fclke tarihindeki \u00f6neminden ve halen s\u00fcren sava\u015fta b\u00fct\u00fcn ulusun birlik olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011finden bahsededursun, silahl\u0131 kuvvetlerin daha kendi i\u00e7inde o kadar birlik olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u015fik\u00e2rd\u0131 asl\u0131nda.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eiddetin bini bir parayd\u0131. Solcular, i\u015f\u00e7iler, \u00f6\u011frenciler yetmezmi\u015f gibi yoksullardan yana veya insan haklar\u0131na duyarl\u0131 din g\u00f6revlilerini de hedef tahtas\u0131na yerle\u015ftiren<\/p>\n\n\n\n

diktat\u00f6rl\u00fck, son olarak Frans\u0131z rahibeler L\u00e9onie Duquet ve Alice Domon\u2019u ka\u00e7\u0131rm\u0131\u015f, bu su\u00e7u Montoneros\u2019a y\u0131kmaya kalksa da inanan pek \u00e7\u0131kmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu arada \u015f\u00fck\u00fcr ki, belki tek umut \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya teselli kayna\u011f\u0131, cuntaya verilen uluslararas\u0131 ve medyatik deste\u011fin bir nebze olsun azalmas\u0131yd\u0131. Art\u0131k bu i\u015fin kayna\u011f\u0131nda cuntan\u0131n pisliklerinin yeterince ortaya d\u00f6k\u00fclmesi mi vard\u0131r, yoksa istediklerini \u00e7oktan elde eden b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7lerin demokrat k\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ku\u015fanmas\u0131 m\u0131, oras\u0131n\u0131 allah bilir. \u00d6yle ki, Arjantin h\u00fck\u00fcmeti ekonomiyi \u00e7okuluslulara teslim edip ABD\u2019ye b\u00fct\u00fcn istediklerini verdikten sonra, ABD\u2019nin yeni ba\u015fkan\u0131 Jimmy Carter bile Arjantin h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin insan haklar\u0131 ihlallerinden dem vurmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130sve\u00e7 yurtta\u015f\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenci Dagmar Hagelin\u2019in ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 Stockholm\u2019\u00fcn sorun \u00e7\u0131karmas\u0131, 2 \u015eubat 1977\u2019de yay\u0131nlanan Uluslararas\u0131 Af \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc raporu, Buenos Aires Herald gazetesi yay\u0131n y\u00f6netmeni \u0130ngiliz gazeteci Robert Cox\u2019un tutuklanmas\u0131 derken, hafiften de olsa de\u011fi\u015fiyordu dengeler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dcstelik, ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131lan \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n ak\u0131betini \u00f6\u011frenebilmek umuduyla her per\u015fembe Mayo Meydan\u0131\u2019nda d\u00f6n\u00fcp duran anneler, o civardan y\u00fcr\u00fcyenlerin \u2018aman \u015fimdi olay \u00e7\u0131kar\u2026\u2019 korkusuyla ad\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zland\u0131rmalar\u0131na yol a\u00e7an bir avu\u00e7 ka\u00e7\u0131k muamelesi g\u00f6r\u00fcyorlarsa da h\u00e2l\u00e2, pek yak\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnya onlar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan haberdar olacakt\u0131. Bunun vesilesiyse, Videla\u2019n\u0131n halkla ili\u015fkiler kampanyas\u0131yd\u0131 asl\u0131nda: 1978 k\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Arjantin\u2019de d\u00fczenlenen FIFA D\u00fcnya Futbol Kupas\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Futbolculardan ziyade istihbarat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n mesai yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kupan\u0131n hen\u00fcz ilk ma\u00e7\u0131 oynanmadan tart\u0131\u015fmalar ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. D\u00fcnya Kupas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bir cezaevinde d\u00fczenlenemeyece\u011fini s\u00f6yleyenler, s\u00fcrg\u00fcndeki Arjantinli diplomatlar\u0131n \u00f6n ayak oldu\u011fu bir uluslararas\u0131 platform olu\u015fturmu\u015flar, FIFA\u2019y\u0131 topa tutmaya ve uluslararas\u0131 kamuoyunun dikkatini futbol \u00fczerinden insan haklar\u0131 sorunlar\u0131na \u00e7ekmeye koyulmu\u015flard\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn g\u00fc\u00e7leriyle. Organizasyon komitesinde askerlerin de yer almas\u0131na FIFA ba\u015fta ses \u00e7\u0131karmam\u0131\u015fsa da, Montoneros militanlar\u0131n\u0131n Arjantin\u2019deki komiteye y\u00f6nelik d\u00fczenledi\u011fi bir-iki suikasttan sonra kupan\u0131n g\u00fcvenli\u011finin sa\u011flan\u0131p sa\u011flanamayaca\u011f\u0131na dair soru i\u015faretleri \u00e7o\u011falm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Arjantin orta s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na gelince, bu kupa g\u00f6z boyamaya fazlas\u0131yla yetiyordu ama, darbenin \u00fczerinden ge\u00e7en iki y\u0131l, cuntay\u0131 da eskitmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131 hafiften de olsa. Ekonomi t\u00f6kezleyece\u011fine dair g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc i\u015faretler veriyor, Miami\u2019ye kalkan u\u00e7aklara daha rahat yer bulunuyordu art\u0131k.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stadyum kap\u0131lar\u0131na dayanan g\u00f6stericilerin diktat\u00f6rl\u00fck aleyhine sloganlar hayk\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fcnya kupas\u0131n\u0131 ev sahibi tak\u0131m kazanm\u0131\u015f, Kempes y\u0131ld\u0131zla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ancak as\u0131l unutulmaz olan, Johann Cruyff olacakt\u0131. D\u00fcnya futbolunun parlak y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131 Hollandal\u0131 oyuncu Cruyff kariyerinde b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yacak kupa f\u0131rsat\u0131n\u0131 bir yana b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015f, Arjantin\u2019deki askeri diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc protesto ederek ma\u00e7lara \u00e7\u0131kmama karar\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Videla\u2019ya Nobel S\u00fcrprizi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Askeri cunta bir kanun \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015f, CGT konfederasyonunu yasaklad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 duyurmu\u015ftu ama neye yarar? Parti veya dernek de\u011fil ki bu, sendika: B\u00fct\u00fcn binalar\u0131n\u0131 kapatsan, caddelere afi\u015f asmas\u0131n\u0131 yasaklasan da, i\u015fyerlerini kapat\u0131p b\u00fct\u00fcn i\u015f\u00e7ileri i\u015ften atmad\u0131ktan sonra bu defa da yeralt\u0131nda \u00f6rg\u00fctlenir. Nitekim, yeralt\u0131nda \u00f6rg\u00fctlenen CGT ho\u015f bir s\u00fcrpriz yapm\u0131\u015f, yasak masak dinlemeden ve cuntay\u0131 iplemeden, i\u015f\u00e7i hareketinin \u00fczerindeki \u00f6l\u00fc topra\u011f\u0131n\u0131 atmaya kalkm\u0131\u015f, 27 Nisan 1979\u2019da genel grev karar\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bask\u0131lar s\u00fcrmekte, koca bir i\u015fkencehaneye \u00e7evrilen Arjantin topraklar\u0131nda i\u015fleyen y\u00fczlerce yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 toplama kamp\u0131 insan\u0131 do\u011fdu\u011funa do\u011faca\u011f\u0131na pi\u015fman etmekteyse de, bir umut \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r belirmi\u015fti i\u015fte. Birka\u00e7 aya kalmadan Amerika Devletleri \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc (OEA), Amerikalararas\u0131 \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Komisyonu (CIDH) g\u00f6zlemcileri de olay mahalline yeti\u015fmi\u015fler, cunta ger\u00e7ekleri ne kadar gizlemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fsa da bir \u015feyler bulup rapor etmi\u015flerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

PRT-ERP ezilmi\u015f, 1500\u2019den fazla militan\u0131 karac\u0131lara ait Campo de Mayo \u00fcss\u00fcnde toplan\u0131p ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, \u00fclkeden \u00e7\u0131kmay\u0131 ba\u015faranlardan bir k\u0131sm\u0131 \u0130talya\u2019da d\u00fczenledikleri kongreyle \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn feshedildi\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015f, bir k\u0131sm\u0131ysa Nikaragua yolunu tutarak Sandinista devrimine kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ama, denizcilere ait ESMA\u2019da toplan\u0131p imha edilen 1600\u2019\u00fc a\u015fk\u0131n \u00fcyesine kar\u015f\u0131n Montoneros g\u00f6rece ayaktayd\u0131 h\u00e2l\u00e2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u015f\u00e7i hareketinin yeniden ba\u015flamas\u0131 yetmezmi\u015f gibi, Brezilya\u2019ya ka\u00e7an Montoneros militanlar\u0131 da \u2018stratejik kar\u015f\u0131-sald\u0131r\u0131\u2019 ad\u0131n\u0131 verdikleri bir askeri kampanya karar\u0131 alm\u0131\u015flar, silahl\u0131 direni\u015fi \u00f6rg\u00fctlemek \u00fczere gizlice Arjantin\u2019e ge\u00e7meye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131. \u00d6rg\u00fct lideri Mario Firmenich\u2019in buna kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131, silahl\u0131 kuvvetlerdeki g\u00f6rev payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 gere\u011fi Montoneros\u2019u bitirmekten sorumlu donanma komutan\u0131 Massera\u2019n\u0131n farkl\u0131 bir dizi hesap yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131, Massera ve Firmenich\u2019in gizlice Paris\u2019te bulu\u015ftuklar\u0131, Brezilya\u2019dan Arjantin\u2019e ge\u00e7meye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan y\u00fczlerce Montoneros \u00fcyesinin neredeyse tamam\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rda teker teker yakalanmas\u0131n\u0131n bu Paris bulu\u015fmas\u0131yla belli bir ili\u015fki ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 da s\u00f6ylenir durur ger\u00e7i, ancak bu hik\u00e2yeyi i\u015fin i\u00e7ine fazla katmadan devam edelim \u015fimdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ekonomi \u00e7\u00f6ker, d\u00fcnya kupas\u0131ndaki \u015fampiyonluktan gelen sarho\u015fluk sona erer, \u00e7atlak sesler g\u00fcnden g\u00fcne artarken, gen\u00e7ler kupas\u0131 veya d\u00fcnya tenis turnuvas\u0131ndaki ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131 ne kadar \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131karsa da durumu kurtaramayan Videla yeni bir halkla ili\u015fkiler kampanyas\u0131 vesilesi aramaktayd\u0131 o s\u0131ra. Nobel kazanan son Arjantinli, 1970\u2019de kimya dal\u0131nda bu \u00f6d\u00fcle de\u011fer bulunan Luis Federico Leloir olmu\u015ftu. Yeni bir Nobel fena m\u0131 olurdu?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Askeri diktat\u00f6rl\u00fck Jorge Luis Borges\u2019in edebiyat dal\u0131nda Nobel kazanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in hi\u00e7bir fedak\u00e2rl\u0131ktan ka\u00e7\u0131rmam\u0131\u015f, b\u00fct\u00fcn g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc seferber etmi\u015fti. Hem usta bir edebiyat\u00e7\u0131, hem de kitaplar\u0131 gazete bayilerinde satacak kadar pop\u00fcler bir yazard\u0131 Borges. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n ya\u015fayan en b\u00fcy\u00fck birka\u00e7 yazar\u0131 say\u0131lsa ad\u0131 rahatl\u0131kla ge\u00e7erdi. Son y\u0131llarda Nobel alan edebiyat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n onunla a\u015f\u0131k atamayacaklar\u0131 da ortada oldu\u011funa g\u00f6re, \u00f6d\u00fcl bu defa da Borges\u2019e gitmezse olmazd\u0131. \u00dcstelik ailevi k\u00f6klerine ve hele ki pa\u015fa dedesine d\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcn, e\u015fiyle ikinci \u00e7o\u011ful \u015fah\u0131stan konu\u015facak ve tak\u0131m elbisesini s\u0131rt\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131karmayacak kadar muhafazak\u00e2r, Bat\u0131l\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ve Avrupa de\u011ferlerini daima \u00f6nde tutan bir yazard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Videla, Borges\u2019in tez zamanda Nobel almas\u0131 i\u00e7in dualar ededursun, Buenos Aires\u2019teki \u0130sve\u00e7 b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7ili\u011finde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131, diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadelesi y\u00fcz\u00fcnden aylarca i\u015fkence g\u00f6ren mimar Adolfo Perez Esquivel\u2019i arayarak derhal gelmesini rica etti. Esquivel bunun kay\u0131plar konusunda ula\u015f\u0131lan bir bilgiyle alakal\u0131 oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f, el\u00e7ilikten i\u00e7eri girdi\u011findeyse bir kutlama masas\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcp \u015fa\u015f\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Nobel\u2019i sahiden de bir Arjantinli alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Askeri diktat\u00f6rl\u00fck ne yapaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilemeden kalakalm\u0131\u015f, gazeteler haberi gizlemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ama ne fayda? Adolfo Perez Esquivel 10 Aral\u0131k 1980\u2019de Nobel Bar\u0131\u015f \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc\u2019n\u00fc kazand\u0131. 29 Mart 1981\u2019deyse Videla\u2019n\u0131n yerine Viola gelecekti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Diktat\u00f6rl\u00fck Y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131yor: \u00d6l\u00fcm Mele\u011fi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Videla\u2019n\u0131n yerini alan Viola, \u00fclkenin ekonomik sorunlar\u0131na, kendisinin de sa\u011fl\u0131k sorunlar\u0131na \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm bulmakla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcyd\u00fc acilen. Kredi musluklar\u0131 kesilmi\u015f, d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7lar alm\u0131\u015f ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, end\u00fcstri \u00e7\u00f6km\u00fc\u015f, bir vakitler \u0130sa Mesih yerine konan yabanc\u0131 sermaye \u00fct\u00fcp gitmi\u015fti. Martinez de Hoz bakanl\u0131ktan al\u0131nd\u0131, onun yerine ekonomiyi bat\u0131rma konusunda daha az \u0131srarc\u0131 birileri bulundu ama ne fayda\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mart\u2019ta gelen Viola Kas\u0131m\u2019da i\u015f g\u00f6remez olmu\u015f, yetkilerini i\u00e7i\u015fleri bakan\u0131na devredip hastanede \u015fifa aramaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Aral\u0131k ay\u0131 ba\u015flar\u0131nda istifa etti, \u00fclkeden birisi a\u011fz\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7acak oldu\u011funda haddini bildirmelerine kar\u015f\u0131n kendi i\u00e7lerinde her kafadan bir ses \u00e7\u0131kan silahl\u0131 kuvvetlerin tepesi, ge\u00e7ici ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Carlos Alberto Lacoste\u2019nin devrald\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcnler boyunca tart\u0131\u015f\u0131p durdu, 22 Aral\u0131k 1981\u2019de Leopoldo Galtieri yeni de facto ba\u015fkan oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uzla\u015fanlar uzla\u015f\u0131rken, CGT\u2019nin \u2018Brasil\u2019 diye bilinen m\u00fccadeleci kanad\u0131 isyan bayra\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f, Arjantin\u2019i sarsacak b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 tamamlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131: Takvimler 30 Mart 1982\u2019yi g\u00f6sterdi\u011finde 100 binden fazla i\u015f\u00e7i, \u00f6\u011frenci, muhalif sel olup akm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 Buenos Aires caddelerine. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n en geni\u015f caddesi olan 9 de Julio\u2019da \u2018Kahrolsun Diktat\u00f6rl\u00fck!\u2019 pankartlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn g\u00f6rkemiyle yeniden sahneye \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f, Galtieri\u2019nin bast\u0131\u011f\u0131 toprak k\u00f6k\u00fcnden sallanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Askerler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bu gidi\u015fat hi\u00e7 de hayra al\u00e2met de\u011fildi do\u011frusu: Kom\u00fcnizm \u00e2deta hortlam\u0131\u015f, hayalet yeniden piyasaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu arada partiler yeniden kuruluyor, muhalifler birle\u015fiyor, eylemler birbirini izliyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Galtieri oynayabilece\u011fi son kart\u0131 oynamaya karar vermi\u015f, g\u00fcndemi de\u011fi\u015ftirmek niyetiyle bir acele, askeri birlikleri alarma ge\u00e7irmi\u015fti. \u0130ngiliz egemenli\u011finde bulunan ancak Arjantin\u2019in hak iddia etti\u011fi Malvinas adalar\u0131, askeri yoldan geri al\u0131nacakt\u0131. \u00c7ok ge\u00e7e kalmadan Arjantin birlikleri taarruzu ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015flar,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malvinas\u2019\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Puerto Argentina\u2019ya (\u0130ngilizce\u2019si: Port Stanley) \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015flard\u0131 bile.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malvinas harek\u00e2t\u0131 i\u015fe yarad\u0131 ve iklim bir anda de\u011fi\u015fti. 10 Nisan\u2019da Plaza de Mayo\u2019da toplanan y\u00fcz binler Galtieri\u2019nin s\u00f6ylevini dinlemi\u015flerdi. \u0130ngilizlere kar\u015f\u0131 at\u0131p tutan diktat\u00f6r, \u201cGelmek isteyen isteyen varsa gelsin,\u201d diyordu, \u201conlara iyi bir sava\u015f g\u00f6sterece\u011fiz\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Galtieri sonradan kurulacak mahkeme ve ara\u015ft\u0131rma komisyonunun ortaya koyaca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere, sava\u015fa haz\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 de\u011fildi asl\u0131nda. \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin sava\u015fa girmeyece\u011fini, girse bile ufak birka\u00e7 at\u0131\u015fmadan sonra uluslararas\u0131 toplumun arabuluculu\u011fuyla sava\u015f\u0131n bitece\u011fini, \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcn diplomasiye kalaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 san\u0131yor, \u00e7\u0131kmayaca\u011f\u0131ndan emin oldu\u011fu bir sava\u015f\u0131 bahane ederek milliyet\u00e7i nutuklar sallama f\u0131rsat\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131yordu. \u0130\u015fler umdu\u011fu gibi giderse diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011fe taze kan a\u015f\u0131lanm\u0131\u015f olaca\u011f\u0131 kesindi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gelgelelim, emperyal g\u00f6steri pe\u015findeki \u0130ngiltere, n\u00fckleer silahlarla donat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kocaman bir birlik g\u00f6nderip de pazarl\u0131k masan\u0131n ad\u0131n\u0131 bile anmaks\u0131z\u0131n sava\u015fa girince ve \u015eili \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye yard\u0131m edip, ABD\u2019den de hay\u0131r gelmeyince i\u015fin rengi de\u011fi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ngiltere sava\u015fa girerken, Arjantin\u2019in emperyal bir g\u00fcce kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f kazanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayabilecek tek yola hayli uzak durdu\u011fu s\u0131r de\u011fildi. Arjantin b\u00f6ylesi bir sava\u015fta kazanmak istiyorsa Tro\u00e7kist lider Nahuel Moreno\u2019nun bas bas ba\u011f\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi devrimci bir yola girmeliydi: D\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7lar\u0131n iptali, d\u00fc\u015fman devletle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn \u015firketlerin millile\u015ftirilmesi, halk\u0131n silahland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, \u0130ngiliz \u015firketlerinin \u00fcst kademe y\u00f6neticileri ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere d\u00fc\u015fmanla i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapabilecek b\u00fct\u00fcn unsurlar\u0131n tutuklanarak kur\u015funa dizilmesi, banka hesaplar\u0131na el konmas\u0131, d\u00fcnyadaki ilerici h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerden ve SSCB\u2019den kamuya a\u00e7\u0131k bir duyuruyla silah istenmesi, d\u00fcnya \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finde bir siyasal ve askeri kampanya \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi suretiyle cephe sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131 topyek\u00fbn sava\u015fa \u00e7evirmekti bunun yolu. Galtieri\u2019nin yapamayacaklar\u0131ysa tam da bunlard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Donanma subay\u0131 Alfredo Astiz ESMA\u2019da g\u00f6rev alm\u0131\u015f, kendine kay\u0131p yak\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcs\u00fc vererek Plaza de Mayo Anneleri hareketine ve yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki Arjantinli siyasi g\u00f6\u00e7menler aras\u0131na s\u0131zm\u0131\u015f, kendi halk\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sava\u015ftaki mahirli\u011finden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc \u2018\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn sar\u0131\u015f\u0131n mele\u011fi\u2019 diye an\u0131l\u0131r olmu\u015ftu. 25 Nisan 1982\u2019de, ba\u015f\u0131nda bulundu\u011fu birlik \u0130ngilizler taraf\u0131ndan kedi gibi k\u0131st\u0131r\u0131l\u0131nca, tek kur\u015fun s\u0131kacak cesareti bulamay\u0131p \u015ferefsizce teslim oldu. Astiz\u2019in teslimiyet \u00e2n\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren foto\u011fraf, yurtsever nutuklar\u0131n ard\u0131na ustaca gizlenmi\u015f ger\u00e7e\u011fi bir anda a\u00e7\u0131k etmi\u015f, yaln\u0131zca kendi halk\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fabilen silahl\u0131 kuvvetlerin itibar\u0131 iki paral\u0131k edilmi\u015fti. Arjantin birlikleri 14 Haziran\u2019da Malvinas\u2019a veda ettiler, ertesi g\u00fcn de muazzam bir kalabal\u0131k diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc devirmek \u00fczere Buenos Aires meydanlar\u0131n\u0131 doldurdu. Galtieri 18 Haziran\u2019da yerini ge\u00e7ici olarak Alfredo Oscar Saint Jean\u2019a b\u0131rakarak istifa edecek, 1 Temmuz\u2019daysa son cunta \u015fefi Reynaldo Bignone i\u015f ba\u015f\u0131na ge\u00e7ecekti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Arjantin zincirlerinden bo\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 art\u0131k. Sol partiler ve gazetelere ait lokaller yeniden a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131yor, pankartlar yaz\u0131l\u0131yor, sokaklar doluyor, bir devrim ya\u015fan\u0131yordu. Maocu PCR, \u201cTa\u015f \u00fcst\u00fcnde ta\u015f b\u0131rakmayal\u0131m!\u201d diye hayk\u0131r\u0131yor, Moreno\u2019nun PST\u2019si, \u201cUlusu satan b\u00fct\u00fcn subaylar infaz duvar\u0131na!\u201d hayk\u0131r\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fckseltiyordu: \u201cSon askeri diktat\u00f6rl\u00fckte g\u00f6rev alm\u0131\u015f b\u00fct\u00fcn subaylar su\u00e7ludur ve hepsi kur\u015funa dizilmelidir.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5 Ekim\u2019de on binlerce ki\u015filik bir kortej Plaza de Mayo\u2019yu zorlam\u0131\u015f, 16 Aral\u0131k\u2019daysa 1 \u00f6l\u00fc, 80 yaral\u0131, 120 g\u00f6zalt\u0131 pahas\u0131na meydana girilmi\u015f ve ba\u015fkanl\u0131k binas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fc, iktidar\u0131n kalesi sava\u015f alan\u0131na d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn devrilmesi fazla gecikmedi. \u00d6m\u00fcr boyu hapis mahk\u00fbmu Alfredo Astiz ise halen cezaevindedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Uluslararas\u0131 \u0130li\u015fkiler, Kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k \u0130\u015fler<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Arjantin\u2019deki diktat\u00f6rl\u00fck \u015eili\u2019deki Pinochet deneyiminden ders \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015f, SSCB\u2019ye ufak bir kap\u0131 aralaman\u0131n fena olmayaca\u011f\u0131na kanaat getirmi\u015fti. Hem b\u00f6yle bir politika, uluslararas\u0131 toplumdaki tepkileri gemlemenin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra diplomasi masalar\u0131nda pazarl\u0131k imk\u00e2nlar\u0131 sa\u011flar, i\u015fe yarard\u0131. Arjantin cuntas\u0131 \u015eili\u2019dekinden farkl\u0131 olarak y\u00fczde y\u00fcz Washington damgas\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131mad\u0131\u011f\u0131na, ABD taraf\u0131ndan yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f de\u011fil yaln\u0131zca desteklenmi\u015f, te\u015fvik edilmi\u015f oldu\u011funa g\u00f6re bu m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fc. ABD\u2019nin b\u00f6lgedeki esas o\u011flan\u0131 Pinochet oldu\u011fundan b\u00f6yle bir gereklilik de s\u00f6z konusuydu. \u00dcstelik \u015eili\u2019den farkl\u0131 olarak Arjantin\u2019de b\u00fct\u00fcn solun destekledi\u011fi bir sosyalist h\u00fck\u00fcmet de\u011fil, Isabel Peron devrilmi\u015fti. Darbeye uzanan s\u00fcre\u00e7teki silahl\u0131 sol eylemcilere resmi kom\u00fcnist partisi ve solun di\u011fer baz\u0131 sekt\u00f6rleri pek s\u0131cak bakmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, solun bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 ulusal veya uluslararas\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7ekte kazanmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn gibiydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yaln\u0131zca SSCB de\u011fil, K\u00fcba da iyi bir ortak say\u0131labilirdi. Latin Amerika\u2019daki sol \u00f6rg\u00fctlere destek olan ve diktat\u00f6rl\u00fcklere demedi\u011fini b\u0131rakmayan K\u00fcba bir yolla ba\u011flanabilirse, ne \u00e2l\u00e2yd\u0131. Juan Domingo Peron zaman\u0131nda Arjantin, K\u00fcba\u2019ya uygulanan ambargoyu delmi\u015f, ABD markalar\u0131n\u0131n Arjantin\u2019deki fabrikalarda \u00fcretti\u011fi mallar sosyalist adaya sat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Havana sokaklar\u0131nda 1959\u2019dan beri ilk defa g\u0131c\u0131r g\u0131c\u0131r Ford arabalar dola\u015fmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, d\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fc Do\u011fu Bloku mallar\u0131n\u0131n yerini albenili elektrikli ev aletleri alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Askeri diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn ilk i\u015flerinden biri K\u00fcba\u2019yla ili\u015fkileri sona erdirmek, b\u00fct\u00fcn bunlara bir son nokta koymak olmu\u015ftu ger\u00e7i ama, fazla zaman ge\u00e7meden i\u015fler tekrar eskisine d\u00f6necek, Havana ile Buenos Aires yak\u0131nla\u015facakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ABD ba\u015fkan\u0131 Jimmy Carter Arjantin\u2019i insan haklar\u0131n\u0131 ihlal etmekle su\u00e7lay\u0131nca diktat\u00f6r Videla\u2019n\u0131n da tepesi atm\u0131\u015f, Arjantin\u2019in d\u00fcnyadaki b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fclkelerle ticaret yapaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ki, K\u00fcba\u2019ya uygulanan ambargonun yeniden delinece\u011finden ba\u015fka anlam \u00e7\u0131km\u0131yordu bundan. Fidel Castro mesaj\u0131 ald\u0131, Videla\u2019y\u0131 1978\u2019de Havana\u2019da toplanan Ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131z Devletler zirvesine \u00f6zel konuk olarak \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SSCB\u2019nin Latin Amerika\u2019yla u\u011fra\u015fan masalar\u0131ndaysa bayram vard\u0131 \u00e2deta. ABD\u2019nin askeri diktat\u00f6rl\u00fcklerle donatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u0131tada bir pencere a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, Arjantin-SSCB aras\u0131 ticari ili\u015fkiler patlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00d6yle derinden bir muhabbetti ki bu, 1982\u2019de Arjantin\u2019deki insan haklar\u0131 ihlalleri meselesi Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler g\u00fcndemine gelince, cuntaya kar\u015f\u0131 karar \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 SSCB ve Do\u011fu Bloku uluslar\u0131n\u0131n delegeleri engelleyeceklerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Malvinas adalar\u0131 i\u00e7in Galtieri cuntas\u0131 \u0130ngiltere\u2019yle sava\u015fa tutu\u015ftu\u011fundaysa saflar iyice de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015fti. SSCB ve Do\u011fu Bloku, bat\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n \u2018sald\u0131rgan ulus\u2019 sayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Arjantin\u2019e diplomatik destek sunarken, cuntay\u0131 \u015ferh koymaks\u0131z\u0131n ve kamuoyuna a\u00e7\u0131k nutuklarla destekleyen iki \u00fclke K\u00fcba ve Sandinist Nikaragua olmu\u015ftu. Arjantin\u2019deki h\u00fck\u00fcmetin emperyalizme kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 duyuran Castro \u2018K\u00fcba, Cezayir, Hindistan, Arjantin\u2019 ekseninden s\u00f6z ediyor, Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler k\u00fcrs\u00fcs\u00fcnden yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 konu\u015fmada Arjantin\u2019i selaml\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Darbeciler a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sol partileri yasaklay\u0131p \u00fcyelerini avlamaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flar, Kom\u00fcnist Parti\u2019yi ise SSCB\u2019nin dostlu\u011fu hat\u0131r\u0131na yasaklamam\u0131\u015f, yaln\u0131zca kapatm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, partinin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ask\u0131ya al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ve siyaset yasa\u011f\u0131 getirilmi\u015fti ama, \u00fcyeleri arananlar listesine konmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Parti binalar\u0131n\u0131 bo\u015falt\u0131p tabelalar\u0131 indirir, evlerine gidebilirlerdi. Uygulama ayn\u0131 olmuyordu tabii. Kom\u00fcnist Parti\u2019ye mensup sendikac\u0131lar, \u00f6\u011frenci liderleri alan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndaki faaliyetlerinden dolay\u0131 tutuklan\u0131yor, \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcyorlard\u0131. \u00dcstelik parti binas\u0131n\u0131n tahliye edildi\u011fi g\u00fcn bu i\u015fle u\u011fra\u015fan iki \u00fcye, polisin \u2018m\u00fcnferit vaka\u2019 kazas\u0131na kurban gidip katledilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancak Kom\u00fcnist Parti y\u00f6netiminin tavr\u0131n\u0131 hi\u00e7bir \u015fey de\u011fi\u015ftiremezdi yine de. Ba\u015fka memleketlerde kat\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 toplant\u0131larda Arjantin\u2019deki cuntan\u0131n demokratik niteli\u011fini y\u00fccelten, ya\u015fanan baz\u0131 insan haklar\u0131 ihlallerinin sebebinin askerlere darbeden ba\u015fka \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm yolu b\u0131rakmayan a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sol ter\u00f6r oldu\u011funu savunan parti y\u00f6neticileri, Videla\u2019n\u0131n tek alternatifinin Pinochet tarz\u0131 bir diktat\u00f6r olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtiyor, Arjantin\u2019deki cuntay\u0131 ilerici ve ABD\u2019ye mesafeli g\u00f6r\u00fcyorlard\u0131. Diktat\u00f6rl\u00fck ufak siyasal hesaplar pe\u015finde ko\u015fan kom\u00fcnist b\u00fcrokratlar\u0131n hayal dahi edemeyece\u011fi bi\u00e7imde, y\u00fcz binlerin kitlesel eylemiyle, i\u015f\u00e7i m\u00fccadelesiyle devrildi. Kom\u00fcnist Parti\u2019nin tarihi 16. Kongresi kapsaml\u0131 bir \u00f6zele\u015ftiri verecek, merkez komitesini ve Moskovac\u0131 ihanet \u00e7etesini mahk\u00fbm edecekti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cuntac\u0131lar Yarg\u0131lan\u0131yor: \u201cBir Daha Asla!\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cunta \u00fcyesi amiral Emilio Massera askeri diktat\u00f6rl\u00fck devrilmeden, onu cinayetten sorumlu tutan savc\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 davayla 21 Haziran 1983\u2019de tutukland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bask\u0131 d\u00f6nemi sorumlular\u0131 tela\u015fa kap\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Partiler se\u00e7imlere haz\u0131rlan\u0131r, sokaklar kitlelerin eylemlerine sahne olurken, \u2018Askeri Cuntan\u0131n Kalk\u0131\u015fmaya ve Ter\u00f6rizme Kar\u015f\u0131 Sava\u015f \u00dczerine Son Belgesi\u2019ni imzalayan son diktat\u00f6r<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reynaldo Bignone, bu sava\u015fta ya\u015fananlar\u0131 Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n yarg\u0131layaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildiren bir af yasas\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131 22. Askeri diktat\u00f6rl\u00fck hen\u00fcz sonlanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ama ne gam, hemen ertesi g\u00fcn, 23 Eyl\u00fcl\u2019de, Jorge Torlasco ve Guillermo Ledesma adl\u0131 iki yarg\u0131\u00e7 anayasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 olan bu karar\u0131n ge\u00e7ersiz say\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

30 Ekim\u2019de a\u00e7\u0131lan sand\u0131klardan UCR\u2019nin demokrasi vaat eden aday\u0131 Raul Alfonsin birinci \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. \u0130ktidara geldikten sonra da, Arjantin\u2019in bir d\u00f6nemine damga vuracak \u2018\u00e7ift deccal\u2019 teorisinin eseri 157 ve 158 numaral\u0131 kararnameleri yay\u0131nlad\u0131. Sosyal demokrat Alfonsin bir yanda sol gerillalar\u0131n, di\u011fer yanda cuntac\u0131lar\u0131n yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 iki cephenin demokrasiye zarar verdi\u011fini savunuyordu. \u015eiddetin iki taraf\u0131n\u0131 da mahk\u00fbm etmek kolayd\u0131r ama, gerillaya silah b\u0131rakmas\u0131n\u0131 sal\u0131k verirken orduya laf etmek, \u00f6rne\u011fin kurmay heyetinin tutuklanmas\u0131n\u0131 istemek g\u00f6ze al\u0131nabilecek bir risk de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alfonsin ise y\u00fckselen kitlesel eylemlerin sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 taban bas\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131n tesiriyle olsa gerek ayk\u0131r\u0131 bir i\u015f yapm\u0131\u015f, iki kanad\u0131n da yarg\u0131lanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 duyurmu\u015ftu. Ho\u015f, o kanatlardan biri alt\u0131 y\u0131ld\u0131r i\u015fkencenin, \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn, katliam\u0131n bin bir t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc ama vars\u0131n olsundu. 157 say\u0131l\u0131 karar \u2018iktidara g\u00fc\u00e7 kullanarak gelmek amac\u0131yla siyasal eylemin \u015fiddet i\u00e7eren yollar\u0131na ba\u015fvuran\u2019 d\u00f6rt Montoneros ve bir PRT-ERP liderinin, 158 numaral\u0131 olansa cuntalarda g\u00f6rev alm\u0131\u015f dokuz generalin yarg\u0131lanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 duyurdu. 15 Aral\u0131k\u2019ta cuntalar\u0131n su\u00e7 bilan\u00e7osunu incelemek \u00fczere Kay\u0131plar Ulusal Komisyonu (CONADEP) olu\u015fturuldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mecliste kararlar al\u0131n\u0131yor, dokunulmazl\u0131klar kald\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rken askerlerin yarg\u0131lanmas\u0131 sivil mahkemelere veriliyordu. Kendi kendine af yasas\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karan cunta \u015fefi Reynaldo Bignone, harp okulu m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc oldu\u011fu 1976\u2019da Luis Steimberg ve Luis Garcia adl\u0131 iki askerin kaybedilmesinden sorumlu tutularak 10 Ocak 1984\u2019de tutukland\u0131 ve yarg\u0131\u00e7 Oliveri\u2019nin huzurunda buldu kendini. Cunta \u00fcyeleriyse CONADEP\u2019in haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u2018Nunca Mas\u2019 (Bir Daha Asla) ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 raporda yer verilen su\u00e7lardan 22 Nisan 1985\u2019de yarg\u0131\u00e7 \u00f6n\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131lar; 18 Eyl\u00fcl\u2019de haklar\u0131nda \u00f6m\u00fcr boyu hapis cezas\u0131 istendi ve 9 Aral\u0131k 1985\u2019te mahk\u00fbm edildiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jorge Luis Borges ba\u015flarda diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011fe destek vermi\u015f, y\u0131llar sonra bir g\u00fcn, Plaza de Mayo annelerinin kendisini ziyarete geldi\u011fini, onlar\u0131 dinledi\u011fini, kay\u0131plar\u0131 siyasal ama\u00e7la kullananlar varsa da baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7ten bir \u00fcz\u00fcnt\u00fc duydu\u011funu anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, su\u00e7lar\u0131 ne olursa olsun her su\u00e7luya kendini mahkeme \u00f6n\u00fcnde savunma hakk\u0131 verilmesi gerekti\u011fine inand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yazacakt\u0131 Clarin gazetesine. Ernesto Sabato ise bir Alman gazetesine verdi\u011fi yaz\u0131da \u00f6zele\u015ftiri yap\u0131yor, toplumun b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun y\u00fckselen \u015fiddetten bunalarak \u00e7areyi bir askeri darbede arad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemde kendisinin de bu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n etkisinde kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bunun hata oldu\u011funu yaz\u0131yordu. Raul Alfonsin, cuntac\u0131lar\u0131n su\u00e7 dosyas\u0131n\u0131 haz\u0131rlayan CONADEP\u2019in ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na Ernesto Sabato\u2019yu getirmi\u015fti. Borges ise \u0130spanyol haber ajans\u0131 EFE\u2019nin teklifini kabul ederek gazetecilik yapacak, cunta \u00fcyelerinin cezaland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 haberini d\u00fcnya Borges\u2019in c\u00fcmleleriyle \u00f6\u011frenecekti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00fcne\u015f \u00c7elikkol, Mesele dergisi, Say\u0131: 05, May\u0131s 2007<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

G\u00fcne\u015f \u00c7elikkol\u2019un bu yaz\u0131s\u0131 Mesele dergisinin May\u0131s 2007 tarihli 5. say\u0131s\u0131nda yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130ngiltere ile Arjantin aras\u0131nda ya\u015fanan Malvinas (Falkland) Adalar\u0131 i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan sava\u015f\u0131n, Morenocu hareketin Arjantin\u2019deki geli\u015fimi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nemi sebebiyle, bu kapsaml\u0131 yaz\u0131y\u0131 sitemize aktard\u0131k. 24 Mart gecesi saat 1\u2019de general Jose Rogelio Villereal, silahl\u0131 kuvvetlerin y\u00f6netime el koyma karar\u0131 ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, kendisini tutuklayacaklar\u0131n\u0131 bildirir, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":62,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[705],"tags":[104,101,33,103,105,102,47],"class_list":["post-61","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tarih","tag-arjantin","tag-borges","tag-castro","tag-cruff","tag-cuntasi","tag-sabato","tag-ve"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/61","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=61"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/61\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":63,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/61\/revisions\/63"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/62"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=61"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=61"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=61"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}