{"id":2744,"date":"2022-12-27T14:42:55","date_gmt":"2022-12-27T11:42:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/?p=2744"},"modified":"2022-12-27T14:42:57","modified_gmt":"2022-12-27T11:42:57","slug":"1920-almanyasinda-bir-askeri-darbeyi-ezen-genel-grev-isci-cephesi-1980","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/2022\/12\/27\/1920-almanyasinda-bir-askeri-darbeyi-ezen-genel-grev-isci-cephesi-1980\/","title":{"rendered":"1920 Almanyas\u0131\u2019nda bir askeri darbeyi ezen genel grev (\u0130\u015f\u00e7i Cephesi, 1980)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

1980\u2019nin \u015eubat ay\u0131nda,\u00a0\u0130\u015f\u00e7i Cephesi<\/em>\u00a0gazetesinin ilk say\u0131s\u0131nda yay\u0131mlanan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki yaz\u0131, o g\u00fcnden 7 ay sonra, 12 Eyl\u00fcl 1980\u2019de ger\u00e7ekle\u015fecek olan darbeyi \u00f6ng\u00f6rerek, \u00f6zellikle sendikal\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7iler aras\u0131nda tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in T\u00fcrk ve K\u00fcrt i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131na, 1920 y\u0131l\u0131nda gerici bir asker\u00ee darbe giri\u015fimini durduran Alman i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n bu m\u00fccadelesinin derslerini aktarmay\u0131 hedefliyordu. T\u00fcrkiye’deki Tro\u00e7kist-Morenist gelene\u011fin tarihsel de\u011ferini yitirmemi\u015f olan bu kritik belgesini, bir kere daha emek\u00e7i ve devrimci kamuoyunun dikkatine sunuyoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

***<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Y\u0131l 1920. I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan ma\u011flup olarak \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f olan emperyalist Almanya\u2019da Spartakist (1) <\/strong>ayaklanmas\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131kla sonu\u00e7lan\u0131nca sosyal demokrat Ebert (2)<\/strong> cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131, Scheidemann (3) <\/strong>da ba\u015fbakan oldu. Galip emperyalist devletler Versay Anla\u015fmas\u0131 ile Almanya\u2019ya elindeki b\u00fct\u00fcn s\u00f6m\u00fcrge \u00fclkeleri kaybettirdiler, ordusunun mevcudunu bir sava\u015f i\u00e7in yetersiz, fakat bir i\u00e7 sava\u015f i\u00e7in m\u00fckemmel derecede te\u00e7hizatlanm\u0131\u015f olan 100 bin ki\u015filik bir kara ordusuna indirdiler, donanmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne el koydular. \u015e\u00fcphesiz bu durum Alman subaylar\u0131n\u0131 fena halde sinirlendiriyordu. Ancak gene de y\u00fcksek r\u00fctbeli subaylar\u0131 i\u00e7in en ac\u0131kl\u0131 olan\u0131 da, galip devletlerin Alman y\u00f6neticilerinin elinden \u201csava\u015f su\u00e7lusu\u201d olarak ilan ettikleri Alman subaylar\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131p uluslararas\u0131 mahkemelerde yarg\u0131lamalar\u0131yd\u0131. S\u0131rf buna duydu\u011fu tepkiden Scheidemann istifa etmi\u015f, yerine Bauer ge\u00e7mi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kapp-Von L\u00fcttwitz darbesi<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Y\u00fcksek r\u00fctbeli Alman subaylar\u0131 \u201csava\u015f su\u00e7lular\u0131n\u0131n\u201d uluslararas\u0131 mahkemelere teslim edilmesinin kendileri i\u00e7in de bir tehdit anlam\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve bu konuda son derece duyarl\u0131 olduklar\u0131n\u0131 sosyal demokrat h\u00fck\u00fcmete bildirdiler. Sava\u015f bakan\u0131 Noske (4)<\/strong>, subaylar\u0131n kayg\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 payla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade etti. Ancak bu ge\u00e7ici ho\u015fnutsuzluk pek k\u0131sa s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Nitekim 1919\u2019dan beri Balkan \u00fclkelerinde K\u0131z\u0131l Ordu\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fan g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc Alman m\u00fcfrezelerinin yerine, galip devletlerce ba\u015fka kuvvetlerin yerle\u015ftirilmesi ve bunlar\u0131n Almanya’ya d\u00f6nmelerine galip emperyalistlerce izin verilmesi \u00fczerine, Alman ordusunda anla\u015fmaya kar\u015f\u0131 ho\u015fnutsuzluk yeniden had safhaya vard\u0131. Almanya\u2019da bir askeri darbe ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmeyi kafaya koymu\u015f olan subaylar\u0131n aras\u0131nda birinci s\u0131ray\u0131 kendisini Hindenburg\u2019un (5)<\/strong> halefi olarak g\u00f6rmeye ba\u015flayan Berlin\u2019deki askeri k\u0131talar\u0131n komutan\u0131 General Von L\u00fcttwitz al\u0131yordu. Bu general ayn\u0131 zamanda kendisini Alman ordusunun onurunun ve geleneklerinin bek\u00e7isi il\u00e2n etmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alman y\u00fcksek r\u00fctbeli subaylar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ho\u015fnutsuzlu\u011fun artmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7an tek sebep g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc m\u00fcfrezelerinin geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc de\u011fildi. Versay Bar\u0131\u015f Anla\u015fmas\u0131 gere\u011fince ordudaki askerlerin say\u0131s\u0131nda yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan indirim de her r\u00fctbeden subay\u0131n da ordudan ay\u0131klanmas\u0131n\u0131 beraberinde getirecekti. Nitekim general L\u00fcttwitz\u2019in Berlin yak\u0131nlar\u0131na yerle\u015fmi\u015f bulunan deniz y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131s\u0131 Ehrhardt\u2019\u0131n komutas\u0131ndaki deniz tugay\u0131n\u0131n galip devletler taraf\u0131ndan la\u011fvedilmek istenmesine tepki g\u00f6stermesi ve \u201cbu k\u00f6t\u00fc \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda b\u00f6ylesine m\u00fckemmel bir tugay\u0131n la\u011fvedilmesine izin vermeyece\u011fini\u201d belirtmesi, bir\u00e7ok r\u00fctbeden subay\u0131n ho\u015fnutsuzlu\u011funu \u015fiddetlendirmeyi k\u00f6r\u00fckl\u00fcyordu. Vah\u015filikleri ve gaddarl\u0131klar\u0131 d\u00fcnyaca me\u015fhur se\u00e7kin Alman k\u0131talar\u0131n\u0131n la\u011fvedilmesi ayn\u0131 zamanda daha bir\u00e7ok y\u00fcksek r\u00fctbeli subay\u0131n da ordudan ay\u0131klanmas\u0131n\u0131 ve generalin, bir \u015feylerin haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7inde oldu\u011funu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131yordu. L\u00fcttwitz, h\u00fck\u00fcmeti \u201czay\u0131fl\u0131kla\u201d su\u00e7luyor, Bol\u015fevik \u201ctehdidinin\u201d artt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtiyor ve a\u00e7\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131k bir h\u00fck\u00fcmet darbesine giri\u015fece\u011fini ifade etmekten \u00e7ekinmemeye ba\u015fl\u0131yordu. Berlin polis \u015fefi albay Arens generali bu niyetinden vazge\u00e7irmek i\u00e7in parlamentodaki sa\u011f kanat liderleriyle g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmek zorunda kal\u0131yordu. Meclisin la\u011fvedilmesi ve yeni bir cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131n\u0131n se\u00e7ilmesi konusunda h\u0131zl\u0131 bir kampanya y\u00fcr\u00fctmekte olan sa\u011f kanat liderleri b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e7abalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen generali, tasar\u0131lar\u0131ndaki ihtiyats\u0131zl\u0131k konusunda ikna edemediler. General inat ediyordu ve ona g\u00f6re mevcut politikac\u0131lar s\u00fcp\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc taktirde, yap\u0131lacak olan se\u00e7imler \u00e7ok daha \u201cg\u00fczel\u201d olacakt\u0131. \u0130\u015fte Von L\u00fcttwitz bu amac\u0131na varmak i\u00e7in, darbeyi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in, aralar\u0131nda Ehrhardt, Ludendorff (6)<\/strong> gibi subaylar\u0131n ve Wolfgang Kapp gibi (b\u00fcy\u00fck imparatorluk memurlar\u0131n\u0131n temsilcisi, ayn\u0131 zamanda Prusya tar\u0131m y\u00f6neticisi) sivillerin bulundu\u011fu gizli bir \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmenin i\u00e7ine girdi. Y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131 Ehrhardt\u2019\u0131n tugay\u0131n\u0131n la\u011fvedilmesi meselesinin mecliste karara ba\u011flanaca\u011f\u0131 15 Mart g\u00fcn\u00fcnden tam \u00fc\u00e7 g\u00fcn \u00f6nce, yani 12 Mart\u2019\u0131n gece yar\u0131s\u0131nda, Ehrhardt\u2019\u0131n tugay\u0131 ba\u015fkent Berlin\u2019in \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131 bile. Ayaklananlar\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmete g\u00f6nderdikleri \u00fcltimatomda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesini istedikleri talepler \u015funlard\u0131: Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Ebert\u2019in derhal istifas\u0131, yeni se\u00e7imlerin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 ve bu arada yeni se\u00e7im sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 al\u0131nana kadar ge\u00e7ecek s\u00fcre i\u00e7in teknokratlardan olu\u015facak bir h\u00fck\u00fcmetle bu h\u00fck\u00fcmetin sava\u015f bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na bir generalin getirilmesi. Gece yans\u0131 saat 01.30\u2019da kendi b\u00fcrosunda komploya kat\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f olan askeri \u015feflerle bir toplant\u0131 yapan sava\u015f bakan\u0131 Noske darbe te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131 silahl\u0131 bir direnmenin s\u00f6z konusu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na karar verdi. Gece saat 03.00\u2019de toplanan bakanlar kurulu ba\u015fkentten derhal ayr\u0131lma karar\u0131 ald\u0131. Bakanlar Kurulu\u2019nun sadece iki \u00fcyesi Berlin\u2019de kalacakt\u0131 ve bu iki \u00fcyeden biri de ba\u015fbakan yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Schiffer\u2019di. G\u00fcne\u015f do\u011farken h\u00fck\u00fcmet \u00fcyelerinin hemen hemen t\u00fcm\u00fc ile 200\u2019den fazla soyal demokrat milletvekili, general Maercker\u2019in kanatlar\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131na girmek i\u00e7in ba\u015fkentten \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p Dresden \u015fehrinin yolunu tutmu\u015ftu bile.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcn ilk saatlerinde Ehrhardt\u2019\u0131n adamlar\u0131 Berlin\u2019i i\u015fgal ettiler ve b\u00fct\u00fcn devlet dairelerine imparatorluk bayraklar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ektiler. Ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k binas\u0131na yerle\u015fen Kapp ilk yaz\u0131l\u0131 emirlerini vermeye ba\u015flad\u0131: S\u0131k\u0131y\u00f6netim il\u00e2n edilmi\u015f, b\u00fct\u00fcn gazetelerin yay\u0131n\u0131 durdurulmu\u015ftu. General von L\u00fcttwitz, Kapp taraf\u0131ndan Genel Komutanl\u0131\u011fa getirildi, \u00f6\u011flene do\u011fru Berlin b\u00f6lgesindeki b\u00fct\u00fcn askeri birliklerle polis birlikleri darbeye ba\u011fl\u0131 olduklar\u0131n\u0131 bildirdiler. General Maercker\u2019den umduklar\u0131 korumay\u0131 bulamayan h\u00fck\u00fcmet \u00fcyeleri bu kez Stuttgart istikametinde yola koyularak general Bergmann\u2019a s\u0131\u011f\u0131nd\u0131lar. 13 Mart ak\u015fam\u0131 darbe kan d\u00f6k\u00fclmeksizin ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f gibiydi \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc ne ordudan ve ne de polisten kendisine kar\u015f\u0131 bir tepki gelmedi\u011fi gibi, \u00fclkenin kuzeyinde ve do\u011fusundaki birlikler de yeni h\u00fck\u00fcmeti tan\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 il\u00e2n ettiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Askeri darbenin ezilmesi<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Bu arada sosyal demokrat h\u00fck\u00fcmetin ka\u00e7m\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen i\u015f\u00e7i direni\u015fi kendini \u00f6rg\u00fctlemeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131 bile. Sabah\u0131n erken saatlerinden itibaren toplant\u0131ya ba\u015flayan sendikalar genel kurulu saat 11.00\u2019e vard\u0131\u011f\u0131nda askeri darbeye kar\u015f\u0131 en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc silah\u0131n\u0131 patlatt\u0131: GENEL GREV! \u00d6te yandan ba\u015fkentten ka\u00e7mam\u0131\u015f olan \u00e7ok az say\u0131daki sosyal demokrat y\u00f6neticiden biri olan Wels (7)<\/strong>, Cumhuriyetin savunulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in kar\u015f\u0131devrime kar\u015f\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n birli\u011fini konu edinen bir genel grev \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 yapan afi\u015fi bast\u0131r\u0131yordu. Wels, bu afi\u015fin alt\u0131na sosyal demokrat bakanlar\u0131n imzalar\u0131n\u0131 atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Tabii ki bakanlar\u0131n hi\u00e7birine dan\u0131\u015fmadan \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc onlar Berlin\u2019de bulunmuyorlard\u0131 ve solu\u011fu ba\u015fka \u015fehirlerde yard\u0131m dilendikleri generallerin kuca\u011f\u0131nda alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z Sosyal Demokrat Parti de \u201c\u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck i\u00e7in, devrimci sosyalizm i\u00e7in, monar\u015finin geri getirilmesine ve askeri diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131\u201d \u015feklindeki sloganlar\u0131yla i\u015f\u00e7ileri genel greve \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131yordu. Sendikac\u0131 Legien\u2019in giri\u015fimleriyle derhal ba\u015flat\u0131lan m\u00fczakereler sendikalar genel kurulunun yetkilerinin boyutlar\u0131n\u0131 fazlas\u0131yla a\u015facak olan merkez\u00ee bir grev komitesinin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcndeme getirdi. Ancak bu konuda bir anla\u015fmaya var\u0131lamad\u0131 \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu olu\u015fturan Wels ve arkada\u015flar\u0131, kendileri i\u00e7in, b\u00f6yle bir birli\u011fin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131n\u0131n amac\u0131n\u0131n \u201cEbert-Noske h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin\u201d savunulmas\u0131 oldu\u011funu, Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z Sosyal Demokrat Partililer ise s\u00f6z konusu olan\u0131n hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde \u201cEbert-Noske\u201d burjuva h\u00fck\u00fcmetini savunmak olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, esas ama\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7i cumhuriyetinin kurulmas\u0131 oldu\u011funu belirttiler. Bu durum kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki iki merkez\u00ee grev komitesi olu\u015fmu\u015f oldu. Bunlardan biri sosyal demokrat sendikac\u0131 Legien\u2019in \u00e7evresindeki ADGB (8) <\/strong>ve APA (9)<\/strong> sendikalar\u0131 ile Sosyal Demokrat Parti\u2019nin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu merkezi grev komitesi, di\u011feri ise Berlinli sendika y\u00f6neticilerinin \u00e7evresinde Rusch (10) <\/strong>ve yolda\u015flar\u0131yla Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z Sosyal Demokrat Parti y\u00f6neticilerinin olu\u015fturduklar\u0131 -ki Alman Kom\u00fcnist Partisi bu komiteye daha sonra kat\u0131ld\u0131- merkez\u00ee grev komitesi idi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00fccadelenin ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 Legien \u00e7ekiyordu. 13 Mart sabah\u0131n\u0131n erken saatlerinde ba\u015fkentten ka\u00e7ma karar\u0131 alan Sosyal Demokrat Parti\u2019nin y\u00f6neticisi durumundaki arkada\u015flar\u0131na bu tav\u0131rlar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 \u00e7ok k\u0131zm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Partisinin b\u00fct\u00fcn y\u00f6neticileri ve milletvekilleri ka\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde, o, b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e7abas\u0131n\u0131 genel grev i\u00e7in kullanmaya seferber etti. Oysa ki bu Legien daha d\u00fcne kadar genel grevin en kararl\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131yd\u0131, reformistti, revizyonistlerin ba\u015f tac\u0131yd\u0131. \u0130\u015fte y\u0131llard\u0131r burjuvazi ile s\u0131n\u0131f i\u015fbirli\u011fi politikas\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctm\u00fc\u015f olan bu Legien askeri darbeyi bozguna u\u011fratmak i\u00e7in birdenbire yeralt\u0131 faaliyetine giri\u015fti ve bu amac\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in kom\u00fcnistler de dahil olmak \u00fczere t\u00fcm i\u015f\u00e7i partileriyle ve \u00f6rg\u00fctleriyle yak\u0131n temasa ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu arada Alman Kom\u00fcnist Partisi de, en parlak y\u00f6neticilerinden biri olan Levi (11)<\/strong> hapiste bulundu\u011fundan, tam bir \u015fa\u015fk\u0131nl\u0131k i\u00e7indeydi. Partinin merkezi, bir tek Jakob Welcher\u2019in \u015fiddetli muhalefetine ra\u011fmen, 14 Mart g\u00fcn\u00fc yay\u0131n organ\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 ile askeri darbeye bu \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131 koyman\u0131n anlams\u0131z oldu\u011funu \u015fu \u015fekilde belirtti:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cBu \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda i\u015f\u00e7iler genel greve gitmeli midir? Daha \u00e7ok yak\u0131n bir ge\u00e7mi\u015fte Ebert-Noske\u2019nin sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda bozguna u\u011fram\u0131\u015f olan i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131, bu silahs\u0131zlanm\u0131\u015f haliyle ve \u00e7ok daha k\u00f6t\u00fc \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda hareket edebilme yetene\u011fine sahip de\u011fildir. G\u00f6revimizin a\u00e7\u0131k konu\u015fmak oldu\u011funu san\u0131yoruz. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 askeri diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadelesini kendi belirleyece\u011fi zaman ve \u015fartlarda y\u00fcr\u00fctecektir: Bu \u015fartlar ise hen\u00fcz olu\u015fmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Ama Alman i\u015f\u00e7ileri bu y\u0131lg\u0131nl\u0131k \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 dinlemediler. 14 Mart g\u00fcn\u00fcnden itibaren -Pazar g\u00fcn\u00fcne rastlamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen- i\u015f\u00e7i hareketinin g\u00fcc\u00fc ve geni\u015fli\u011fi kendini g\u00f6stermeye ba\u015flad\u0131. En \u00f6nemli ula\u015ft\u0131rma ara\u00e7lar\u0131 olan trenler pe\u015f pe\u015fe durmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Saat 17.00\u2019ye geldi\u011finde Berlin\u2019de ne su, ne havagaz\u0131, ne elektrik vard\u0131 ve bir tek tramvay\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 da g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fcyordu. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 \u015fehrin her taraf\u0131nda i\u015f\u00e7ilerle askerler aras\u0131nda dala\u015fmalar ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ayn\u0131 g\u00fcn askeri darbeye ilk ciddi tepkiler gelmeye ba\u015flad\u0131: Chemnitz\u2019de, Brandler\u2019in (13)<\/strong> y\u00f6netimindeki kom\u00fcnistlerin giri\u015fimiyle b\u00fct\u00fcn sendikalar\u0131 ve i\u015f\u00e7i partilerini kapsayan bir eylem komitesi olu\u015fturuldu. Bu eylem komitesi \u00e7ok s\u00fcratli hareket ederek derhal bir i\u015f\u00e7i milisi olu\u015fturdu ve bu milis de \u015fehrin tren istasyonunu, posta merkezini ve belediye binas\u0131n\u0131 hemen ele ge\u00e7irdi. Leipzig\u2019de b\u00fct\u00fcn i\u015f\u00e7i parti ve \u00f6rg\u00fctleri aras\u0131nda m\u00fczakereler ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ama kom\u00fcnistler di\u011fer \u00f6rg\u00fctler taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan genel grev \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131nda bulunan metni imzalam\u0131yorlard\u0131. Ay\u0131n 13\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc 14\u2019\u00fcne ba\u011flayan gece Dortmund\u2019da i\u015f\u00e7i g\u00f6stericilerle polis aras\u0131nda ilk \u015fiddetli \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar patlak verdi. Ay\u0131n 14\u2019\u00fcnde Ruhr b\u00f6lgesinde ilk \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar ba\u015flad\u0131. General von Watter, birliklerine, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin silahlanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131klar\u0131 Hagen \u015fehri \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcmeleri emrini verdi. Sosyal Demokrat ve Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z Sosyal Demokrat partili i\u015f\u00e7iler buna kar\u015f\u0131 ortak bir genel grev \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131nda bulundular. Leipzig\u2019de, Balkanlardan d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015f olan g\u00f6n\u00fcl\u00fc Alman birlikleri bir i\u015f\u00e7i g\u00f6sterisinin \u00fczerine ate\u015f a\u00e7t\u0131lar, yirmi iki ki\u015fi \u00f6ld\u00fc. Buna ra\u011fmen \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar devam etti. Chemnitz\u2019de i\u015f\u00e7i \u00f6rg\u00fctleri 3000 ki\u015filik bir i\u015f\u00e7i milisi kurmaya karar verdiler. Berlin\u2019de ise, ilk yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamadaki hatan\u0131n bilincine varan Alman Kom\u00fcnist Partisi merkezi de genel grev \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131nda bulundu. Ancak merkez gene olaylar\u0131n ve m\u00fccadelenin gerisinden gidiyordu \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131nda \u201cproletaryan\u0131n silahlanmas\u0131\u201d \u015fiar\u0131n\u0131 h\u00e2l\u00e2 kullanm\u0131yordu:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cHaydi genel greve! Kahrolsun askeri diktat\u00f6rl\u00fck! Kahrolsun burjuva demokrasisi! B\u00fct\u00fcn iktidar i\u015f\u00e7i konseylerine! (…) Konseylerin i\u00e7inde, kom\u00fcnistler proletarya diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in, konseyler cumhuriyeti i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele edeceklerdir! \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler sokaklara \u00e7\u0131kmay\u0131n, her g\u00fcn i\u015f yerlerinizde toplan\u0131n! Beyaz muhaf\u0131zlar\u0131n sizleri tahrik etmesine imkan tan\u0131may\u0131n!\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak, 15 Mart g\u00fcn\u00fcnden itibaren Kapp-L\u00fcttwitz h\u00fck\u00fcmeti tamamen fel\u00e7le\u015fmi\u015f bir durumdayd\u0131. Bel\u00e7ikal\u0131 sosyalist Louis De Brouckere \u015f\u00f6yle yaz\u0131yor:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cSessiz ve korkun\u00e7 g\u00fcc\u00fcyle, genel grev, (…) onlar\u0131n elini kolunu ba\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Berlin\u2019de tam bir sessizlik h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcr\u00fcyordu. \u0130ktidar matbaalarda bir afi\u015f bile bast\u0131ram\u0131yordu. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k Ruhr\u2019da harekete ge\u00e7en Lichtschlag\u2019\u0131n g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc birlikleri silahl\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7i m\u00fcfrezelerinin \u015fiddetli sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131na u\u011frad\u0131. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde, Leipzig\u2019de de, Frankfurt\u2019ta da, Halle\u2019de de, Kiel\u2019de de kavga veriliyordu. \u00c7ok ge\u00e7meden Wilhelmshaven\u2019deki deniz erleri ayakland\u0131lar ve ba\u015flar\u0131ndaki amiral von Leventzow ile 400 subay\u0131 tutuklad\u0131lar. Chemnitz\u2019de, gene kom\u00fcnistlerin giri\u015fimiyle, i\u015f\u00e7i partilerinin temsilcilerinden olu\u015fan bir eylem komitesi, i\u015f\u00e7ileri, b\u00fct\u00fcn i\u015f yerlerindeki i\u015f\u00e7i konseyleri delegelerini se\u00e7meye \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131. Bu \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131dan hemen birka\u00e7 saat sonra 75 bin i\u015f\u00e7i kendi partilerinin delegelerine oylar\u0131n\u0131 kulland\u0131lar. Sonu\u00e7ta ald\u0131klar\u0131 oyla orant\u0131l\u0131 olarak Kom\u00fcnist Partisi 691, Sosyal Demokrat Parti 668, Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z Sosyal Demokrat Parti 100 ve Demokratlar da 95 delege elde ettiler. Bu delegeler kendi aralar\u0131ndan \u015fehrin i\u015f\u00e7i konseyini se\u00e7tiler: 10 kom\u00fcnist, 9 sosyal demokrat, 1 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z sosyal demokrat ve 1 demokrat. Brandler bu devrimci \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmenin 3 ba\u015fkan\u0131ndan biriydi. Kar\u015f\u0131devrimci bask\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin silahs\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya tarafs\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin ise silahlanm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu bu b\u00fcy\u00fck sanayi b\u00f6lgesinde \u015fehir i\u015f\u00e7i konseyinin otoritesi ve prestiji herkes taraf\u0131ndan tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131z kabul edilir hale geldi. Birka\u00e7 ay sonra bu olay\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesini anlat\u0131rken Brandler \u015f\u00f6yle yazacakt\u0131:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cChemnitz\u2019de genel grev, burjuvazinin silahs\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin silahlanmas\u0131 ve siyasi i\u015f\u00e7i konseylerinin derhal se\u00e7imi \u015fiarlar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya atan ilk parti biz olduk. Gene, kom\u00fcnist partisinin g\u00fcc\u00fc sayesinde, b\u00fct\u00fcn bu \u015fiarlar\u0131 ilk olarak hayata ge\u00e7irebilen de bizler olduk.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Ger\u00e7ekten de Chemnitz\u2019deki hareket askeri darbeye kar\u015f\u0131 sa\u011flam bir i\u015f\u00e7i direni\u015f cephesinin temellerini atm\u0131\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

16 Mart g\u00fcn\u00fc m\u00fccadele Almanya\u2019n\u0131n hemen b\u00fct\u00fcn b\u00f6lgelerinde s\u00fcrmektedir (belki biraz Berlin hari\u00e7 \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc ba\u015fkentte askeri birlikler ezici bir \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011fe sahiptir). Ruhr b\u00f6lgesinde, Hagen\u2019de, Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z Sosyal Demokrat militan Stemmer ve bir maden i\u015f\u00e7isi Joseph Ernst\u2019in giri\u015fimleriyle olu\u015fan bir eylem komitesi bir askeri komite kurmu\u015f ve birka\u00e7 saat i\u00e7erisinde 2000 i\u015f\u00e7iyi silahland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Daha sonralar\u0131 kendisine \u201c\u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerin K\u0131z\u0131l Ordusu\u201d ad\u0131 verilen bu birlik hemen b\u00fct\u00fcn Ruhr i\u015f\u00e7ilerini pe\u015fine takarak Dortmundt \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fe ge\u00e7ti. Leipzig\u2019de birdenbire ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan silahl\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7i m\u00fcfrezelerine kar\u015f\u0131 Alman ordu birlikleri ancak kentin merkezini savunabilir hale gelmi\u015flerdi. Kootbus\u2019da, binba\u015f\u0131 Buchrucker, emrindeki birliklere elinde silah bulunan her sivile g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fckleri yerde ate\u015f a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 emrini verdi. Stettin\u2019de, Chemnitz\u2019dekini \u00f6rnek alan bir eylem komitesi olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftu ve darbe taraftarlar\u0131 ile ona kar\u015f\u0131 olanlar aras\u0131ndaki m\u00fccadele \u015fehrin garnizonunda b\u00fct\u00fcn \u015fiddetiyle s\u00fcr\u00fcyordu. Berlin\u2019de tutuklu bulundu\u011fu cezaevinden Alman Kom\u00fcnist Partisi merkezine yollad\u0131\u011f\u0131 mektupta Levi (partinin en \u00f6nemli liderlerindendi) partisinin pasif davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131na ate\u015f p\u00fcsk\u00fcr\u00fcyor, askeri darbeye kar\u015f\u0131 verilecek m\u00fccadelenin ne kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck devrimci f\u0131rsatlar sundu\u011funu g\u00f6remedi\u011fini s\u00f6yledi\u011fi yolda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 siyasi k\u00f6rl\u00fckle su\u00e7luyordu. Zaten Berlin\u2019in d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki b\u00fct\u00fcn kom\u00fcnist partili yolda\u015flar\u0131 da kendisi gibi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. Nitekim Ruhr b\u00f6lgesinin kom\u00fcnist militanlar\u0131 proletaryan\u0131n silahlanmas\u0131 ve burjuva demokrasisi taraftarlar\u0131n\u0131n derhal d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda tutulacaklar\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7i konseylerinin se\u00e7ilmesi \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Alman Kom\u00fcnist Partisi\u2019nin Berlin d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki h\u00fccrelerine yollad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve genel grevi reddeden 13 Mart tarihli ilk \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 parti \u00fcyeleri taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7ok so\u011fuk kar\u015f\u0131lanm\u0131\u015f ve emirlerin hi\u00e7biri yerine getirilmemi\u015fti. Ger\u00e7ekten de kom\u00fcnist i\u015f\u00e7iler, hemen her yerde partilerinin merkezinin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerine muhalefet ederek b\u00fct\u00fcn i\u015f\u00e7ileri genel greve \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rm\u0131\u015flar ve bu \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmelerin i\u00e7erisine girmi\u015flerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00fct\u00fcn i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n bu birle\u015fik tepkisi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda Berlin\u2019de umutsuzlu\u011fa kap\u0131lan Kapp-Bauer h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin ba\u015fkentte temsilci olarak b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu ba\u015fbakan yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Schiffer ile m\u00fczakereye oturdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kapp\u2019\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin ayaklar\u0131 art\u0131k tamamen bo\u015flukta sallanmaktad\u0131r. Ba\u015fkent et ve ekmek s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7ekmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Merkez Bankas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc Kapp\u2019\u0131n kendisinden istedi\u011fi 10 milyon mark\u0131 vermeyi reddetmi\u015ftir. Bu durum kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda iyice \u00e7\u0131lg\u0131na d\u00f6nen Kapp, 16 Mart g\u00fcn\u00fc saat 13.00\u2019de, saat 16.00\u2019dan ge\u00e7erli olmak \u00fczere \u201cisyan\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn eleba\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n ve b\u00fct\u00fcn grev g\u00f6zc\u00fclerinin kur\u015funlanmas\u0131\u201d emrini \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131r. Kapp\u2019\u0131n bu emrine bu kez de, muhakkak surette bir i\u00e7 sava\u015fa yol a\u00e7aca\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle b\u00fcy\u00fck patronlar kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karlar. B\u00fcy\u00fck patronlardan olu\u015fan bir heyetin ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7eken Ernst von Borsig, Kapp\u2019\u0131 ziyaret ederek kendisinden zora ba\u015fvurmamas\u0131n\u0131 ister ve \u015f\u00f6yle der:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c\u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki birlik \u00f6ylesine muazzam ki, greve gitmi\u015f olan milyonlarca i\u015f\u00e7i ile bu hareketin eleba\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 ay\u0131rt etmek imkans\u0131z hale geldi.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Ruhr i\u015f\u00e7ileri Dortmund\u2019u sabah 06.00\u2019da ele ge\u00e7irdiler. Ay\u0131n 16\u2019s\u0131n\u0131 17\u2019sine ba\u011flayan gece bu kez, hem de Berlin\u2019de, bir istihk\u00e2m alay\u0131 ayaklanarak kendi subaylar\u0131n\u0131 tutuklad\u0131. Bu subaylar\u0131 cezaevinden kurtarmak i\u00e7in askeri darbenin demir g\u00fcc\u00fc olan Ehrhardt tugay\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcdahalesi gerekti. Bu durumda darbecilerin direnmeyi s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmesi halinde bir i\u00e7 sava\u015f ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazla\u015facak ve i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n zaferi de m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilecekti. Hem de bu zafer, hem darbecileri, hem de ka\u00e7m\u0131\u015f olan h\u00fck\u00fcmete kar\u015f\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fecekti \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc i\u015f\u00e7ilerin ve onlarla birlikte darbecilere kar\u015f\u0131 ayaklanan askerlerin ka\u00e7ak h\u00fck\u00fcmete olan g\u00fcvenleri her ge\u00e7en saat biraz daha sars\u0131l\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

17 Mart g\u00fcn\u00fc u\u011fram\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu bozgunun fark\u0131na varan Kapp ka\u00e7may\u0131 tercih etti. Kendisinden daha politik olan subaylar\u0131n bu maceraya son vermesini isteyen bask\u0131lar\u0131 sonucu general von L\u00fcttwitz de ayn\u0131 Kapp gibi, ama ondan birka\u00e7 saat sonra ka\u00e7maktan ba\u015fka \u00e7are bulamad\u0131. \u00dcstelik korkusundan bu i\u015fi o kadar acele ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi ki, duruma ili\u015fkin yaz\u0131l\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131n\u0131 yapma i\u015fini askeri darbe ile devirdi\u011fi ba\u015fbakan yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 sosyal demokrat Schiffer\u2019e havale etmekten bile utanmad\u0131. Art\u0131k kendi birliklerine emir ge\u00e7iremez duruma gelen yard\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131 ise, generalin yerine, bu darbe te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fcne hi\u00e7 kar\u0131\u015fmam\u0131\u015f bir generalin getirilmesini istediler. \u015e\u00fcphesiz bu i\u015f i\u00e7in bi\u00e7ilmi\u015f kaftan olan ki\u015fi general von Seeckt idi. Sonu\u00e7 olarak askeri darbe 100 saatten fazla s\u00fcrememi\u015f, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n direni\u015fi ve \u00f6zellikle genel grev eylemiyle par\u00e7a par\u00e7a edilerek ezilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ama hen\u00fcz her \u015fey bitmi\u015f de\u011fildi. Nitekim ayn\u0131 g\u00fcn Berlin\u2019de ilk silahl\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar patlak verdi. Neuk\u00f6lln\u2019de kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 at\u0131\u015flar ba\u015flad\u0131, Kottbus kap\u0131s\u0131nda ise i\u015f\u00e7iler askeri birliklere kar\u015f\u0131 barikatlar kurmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Nuremberg\u2019de, askeri birlikler g\u00f6sterici i\u015f\u00e7ilerin \u00fczerine ate\u015f a\u00e7arak 22 i\u015f\u00e7inin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne yol a\u00e7\u0131nca ger\u00e7ek bir kar\u015f\u0131 ayaklanma ba\u015flad\u0131. Suhl\u2019de i\u015f\u00e7i milisleri askeri birliklerin bir talim merkezini ele ge\u00e7irerek, orada bulunan b\u00fct\u00fcn silahlara ve cephaneli\u011fe el koydular. Dortmund\u2019da sosyal demokratlar\u0131n kontrol\u00fcndeki polis birlikleri K\u0131z\u0131l Ordu\u2019nun saflar\u0131na kat\u0131larak g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc Alman birliklerine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Genel Grev her tarafta s\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Art\u0131k burjuvazi i\u00e7in sorun, Kapp\u2019\u0131n ka\u00e7mas\u0131yla genel grevin son bulup bulmayaca\u011f\u0131 idi. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc ya genel grev bitecek, her \u015fey normale d\u00f6necek veya birdenbire patlam\u0131\u015f olan devrimci dalga yeni bir i\u00e7 sava\u015fa g\u00f6t\u00fcrecekti. Bu i\u00e7 sava\u015f ise burjuva cumhuriyetinin yerini bir \u0130\u015e\u00c7\u0130 CUMHUR\u0130YET\u0130\u2019nin almas\u0131yla sonu\u00e7lanabilirdi\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

***<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Dipnotlar:<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

1.) <\/strong>Spartakistler: Rosa Luxemburg, Karl Liebknecht ve Sosyal Demokrat Parti\u2019nin sava\u015f aleyhtar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kurulan Spartak\u00fcs Birli\u011fi\u2019nin \u00fcyelerine verilen ad. Bu grup daha sonra Alman Kom\u00fcnist Partisi\u2019ni kurmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.)<\/strong> Ebert (1871-1925): Sosyal Demokrat Parti\u2019nin sa\u011f kanat liderlerinden. \u015eubat 1919\u2019da cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 se\u00e7ildi ve \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne kadar bu g\u00f6revde kald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.)<\/strong> Scheidemann (1865-1939): Sosyal Demokrat Parti\u2019nin sa\u011f kanad\u0131n\u0131n lideriydi. 1918\u2019de Prens Max von Baden h\u00fck\u00fcmetine kat\u0131ld\u0131. 1918 Kas\u0131m Devrimi\u2019nin ezilmesini ve Rosa Luxemburg ile Karl Liebknecht\u2019in ve Alman proleter devrimcilerinin katledilmesini sa\u011flad\u0131. 1933\u2019e kadar, yeni Hitler\u2019in iktidar\u0131 almas\u0131na kadar meclisteki sosyal demokrat gruba ba\u015fkanl\u0131k etti ve bu tarihte Almanya\u2019dan ka\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4.)<\/strong> Noske (1868-1946): 1919\u2019da sosyal demokrat Savunma Bakan\u0131, Spartakist Ayaklanmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. Rosa Luxemburg ile Karl Liebknecht\u2019in \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmeleri emrini verdi. Daha sonra Hanover eyaleti cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6revini \u00fcstlendi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5.) <\/strong>Hindenburg (1847-1934): Fransa-Prusya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda Alman ordular\u0131n\u0131n komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yaparak Rusya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 baz\u0131 \u00f6nemli muharebeleri kazanm\u0131\u015f bir Prusyal\u0131 mare\u015fal. 1925\u2019te Sosyal Demokrat Parti\u2019nin muhalefetine ra\u011fmen cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 se\u00e7ildi. 1932\u2019de, bu kez de SDP\u2019nin deste\u011fiyle yeniden se\u00e7ildi. Ocak 1933\u2019te Hitler\u2019i ba\u015fbakanl\u0131\u011fa atad\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

6.)<\/strong> Ludendorff (1865-1937): Hitler\u2019i destekleyen bir Alman generali. Kapp darbesinden sonra 1932 y\u0131l\u0131nda Hall darbesine de kat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7.)<\/strong> Wels (1873-1939): Sosyal demokrasinin y\u00f6neticilerinden. Berlin komutan\u0131 olarak Noske\u2019nin emirleriyle Spartakist Ayaklanmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 bast\u0131rd\u0131; bundan sonra parti y\u00fcr\u00fctme kurulunda Ebert\u2019in yerini ald\u0131 ve 1933\u2019e kadar bu g\u00f6revde kald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8.)<\/strong> ADBGB: Genel Alman Sendikalar Federasyonu. H\u00fcr Sendikalar ad\u0131yla da bilinen bu \u00f6rg\u00fct SDP\u2019nin kontrol\u00fc alt\u0131ndayd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

9.)<\/strong> AFA: Memurlar sendikas\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

10.)<\/strong> Rusch (1884-?): Metal i\u015f\u00e7isi. SDP\u2019nin Berlin’deki bir fabrikadaki i\u015f\u00e7ilerin g\u00fcvenini kazanm\u0131\u015f delegesi (1914\u2019te). 1918 Kas\u0131m\u2019\u0131ndaki konseyler y\u00fcr\u00fctme kurulunda sosyal demokrat \u00fcye. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131l\u0131n Aral\u0131k ay\u0131nda Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z Sosyal Demokrat Parti\u2019ye ge\u00e7ti. Kapp darbesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda bu partinin Berlin sendikalar sorumlusu. 1922\u2019de yeniden SDP\u2019ye d\u00f6nc\u00fc. Daha sonraki y\u0131llarda ne oldu\u011fu bilinmiyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

11.)<\/strong> Levi (1883-1930): Rosa Luxemburg\u2019un avukat\u0131. Spartakist ve kom\u00fcnist. Mart 1921\u2019den sonra Alman Kom\u00fcnist Partisi\u2019nden ihra\u00e7 edildi ve Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z Sosyal Demokrat Parti\u2019den d\u00f6nenlerle birlikte SDP\u2019ye girdi. 1930\u2019da intihar etti. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

12.) <\/strong>Walcher (1887 – ): Spartakistler hareketinin \u00fcyesi ve Alman Kom\u00fcnist Partisi\u2019nin kurucular\u0131ndan biri idi. Daha sonra partiden ayr\u0131ld\u0131. \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan sonra yeniden d\u00f6nd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

13.)<\/strong> Brandler (1881-1967): Spartakistlerin \u00fcyesi ve kom\u00fcnist partisinin kurucular\u0131ndand\u0131. Mart 1921 g\u00fcnlerinde ve 1923 bozgunu s\u0131ras\u0131nda partinin y\u00f6neticisiydi; Stalin bu olaylar\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn sorumlulu\u011funu Brdndler\u2019e y\u00fckledi. Brandler 1924\u2019te liderlikten al\u0131nd\u0131ktan sonra sa\u011f kanat bir hizip kurdu. Kom\u00fcnist Parti Muhalefeti ad\u0131 verilen bu hizip 1929\u2019da Alman Kom\u00fcnist Partisi\u2019nden ayr\u0131ld\u0131. II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019na kadar ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir \u00f6rg\u00fct olarak varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

1980\u2019nin \u015eubat ay\u0131nda,\u00a0\u0130\u015f\u00e7i Cephesi\u00a0gazetesinin ilk say\u0131s\u0131nda yay\u0131mlanan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki yaz\u0131, o g\u00fcnden 7 ay sonra, 12 Eyl\u00fcl 1980\u2019de ger\u00e7ekle\u015fecek olan darbeyi \u00f6ng\u00f6rerek, \u00f6zellikle sendikal\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7iler aras\u0131nda tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in T\u00fcrk ve K\u00fcrt i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131na, 1920 y\u0131l\u0131nda gerici bir asker\u00ee darbe giri\u015fimini durduran Alman i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n bu m\u00fccadelesinin derslerini aktarmay\u0131 hedefliyordu. T\u00fcrkiye’deki Tro\u00e7kist-Morenist gelene\u011fin tarihsel de\u011ferini yitirmemi\u015f olan […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":2746,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1081],"tags":[1083,827,1084],"class_list":["post-2744","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gelenegimiz-ulusal-dokumanlar","tag-almanya","tag-genel-grev","tag-kapp-darbesi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2744","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2744"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2744\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2745,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2744\/revisions\/2745"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2746"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2744"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2744"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2744"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}