Putin, Ukraynal\u0131lar diye bir ulus veya Ukrayna diye bir \u00fclke olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki pozisyonunu me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in \u201cRuslar ile Ukraynal\u0131lar\u0131n tek bir halk oldu\u011funu, onlar\u0131n bir b\u00fct\u00fcn oldu\u011funu\u201d ilan etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ancak durum bu de\u011fil. Tarih\u00e7ilerin de i\u015faret etti\u011fi \u00fczere, ortak Slav k\u00f6kenlere ra\u011fmen, verimli topraklar\u0131 boyunca \u00fclkeyi b\u00f6l\u00fcp par\u00e7alayan \u00e7e\u015fitli g\u00fc\u00e7lerin Ukraynal\u0131lar\u0131n kaderlerini belirlemi\u015f olmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131, son dokuz y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca Ukraynal\u0131lar Ruslardan farkl\u0131 bir deneyimin i\u00e7inden ge\u00e7ti. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu par\u00e7alanmalara ve i\u015fgallere ra\u011fmen, mesela daima bir Ukrayna dilinin bulunmas\u0131, onlar\u0131 farkl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Rus olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan insanlar\u0131n en eski kay\u0131tlar\u0131, \u0130skandinav (Varangian veya \u0130sve\u00e7) prensleri ve Slav \u015fehirleri, \u00f6zellikle Novgorod ve Kiev hakk\u0131nda hikayeler i\u00e7eriyor. Prens Rurik, Novgorod\u2019u y\u00f6neten bir hanedan kurmu\u015f ve halefi Oleg, 9. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda Kiev’i ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015fti. Rurik prensleri Kiev\u2019i ba\u015fkent yapt\u0131lar ve Konstantinopolis’teki Patrik taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilen Ortodoks H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011fa ge\u00e7meyi kabul ettiler. Rus halk\u0131; Bat\u0131 ve G\u00fcney Slav dillerini konu\u015fan Polonyal\u0131lar, \u00c7ekler, Slovaklar, H\u0131rvatlar, S\u0131rplar, Bulgarlar ve di\u011ferlerinin aksine, Do\u011fu Slavca konu\u015fanlar olarak ay\u0131rt edildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ukrayna\u2019n\u0131n k\u00f6keni 9. y\u00fczy\u0131la, \u00f6zellikle 882 senesine dayan\u0131r; o sene, kendilerine \u201cRus\u201d diyen (bug\u00fcnk\u00fc anlam\u0131yla de\u011fil, fonetik olarak) bir grup \u0130skandinav taraf\u0131ndan, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Ukrayna\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Kiev\u2019in merkez al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir Slav devleti kuruldu. Tarih\u00e7ilerin Kiev Rus olarak adland\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 bu b\u00fcy\u00fck Orta\u00e7a\u011f devleti, hem Ukrayna\u2019n\u0131n hem de Rusya\u2019n\u0131n k\u00f6keniydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
O s\u0131ralarda uzun bir kuzeydo\u011fu s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131ndan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey olmayan Moskova, 12. y\u00fczy\u0131lda kuruldu. 988\u2019de Kiev b\u00fcy\u00fck knezi I. Vladimir, resm\u00ee din olarak Ortodoks Hristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 benimsedi. B\u00fcy\u00fck Vladimir ayn\u0131 zamanda (yine bug\u00fcnk\u00fc anlam\u0131yla de\u011fil ama fonetik olarak) Rus krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bug\u00fcn\u00fcn Belarus, Ukrayna ve Rusya\u2019s\u0131ndan Balt\u0131k Denizi\u2019ne dek konsolide etmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
B\u00f6lgede konu\u015fulan \u00e7ok say\u0131da Do\u011fu Slav leh\u00e7esinden, sonunda Ukraynaca, Belarus\u00e7a ve Rus\u00e7a dilleri geli\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Orta\u00e7a\u011f Kiev Rus y\u00f6netimi 400 y\u0131l kadar s\u00fcrd\u00fc ve 13. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Mo\u011fol istilac\u0131lar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131p i\u015fgal edildi. 13. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda, prensliklerden olu\u015fan Rus federasyonu Mo\u011fol \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu taraf\u0131ndan fethedildi. 200 y\u0131l sonra, 1480’de Moskova B\u00fcy\u00fck Prensi \u0130van, Litvanyal\u0131lar\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131yla Mo\u011follar\u0131 yendi. \u00d6zetle 14. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonunda, Mo\u011fol g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn azalmas\u0131ndan yararlanan Moskova B\u00fcy\u00fck Prensli\u011fi ve Litvanya B\u00fcy\u00fck D\u00fckal\u0131\u011f\u0131 (daha sonra Polonya\u2019ya kat\u0131ld\u0131) eski Rus topraklar\u0131n\u0131 kendi aras\u0131nda b\u00f6ld\u00fc. Do\u011fu Slavlar\u0131n kalan topraklar\u0131 (bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Belarusya ve Ukrayna), \u0130van\u2019\u0131n de\u011fil Litvanya y\u00f6netimi alt\u0131nda kald\u0131. Litvanya 1385\u2019te, Mo\u011follardan yeni kurtar\u0131lan Novgorod ve Moskova y\u00f6netimi yerine Polonya Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile hanedan birli\u011fi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi, Ortodokslu\u011fu de\u011fil Katolik inanc\u0131 kabul etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kiev ve \u00e7evresindeki topraklar, Polonya-Litvanya Toplulu\u011fu\u2019nun egemenli\u011fine girdi. Ve Bat\u0131 Ukrayna\u2019daki Gali\u00e7ya veya Karpat Gali\u00e7yas\u0131, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel izleri hala mevcut olan Avusturya-Macaristan\u2019\u0131n imparatorluk ayg\u0131t\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan uzun bir s\u00fcre y\u00f6netildi. 1569\u2019da Lublin Antla\u015fmas\u0131 uyar\u0131nca b\u00fct\u00fcn Ukrayna Polonya Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131’na devredildi. Do\u011fu Ukrayna daha sonra, 17. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda isyan eden Kazaklar\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131yla Ruslar taraf\u0131ndan Polonya’dan al\u0131nd\u0131. Ancak Bat\u0131 Ukrayna, 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonuna kadar Polonya’n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak kald\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ukrayna’n\u0131n 14. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren yakla\u015f\u0131k 500 y\u0131l boyunca Polonya-Litvanya egemenli\u011finde kalmas\u0131, sonraki 200 y\u0131ll\u0131k Rus y\u00f6netiminin silemeyece\u011fi bir etki yaratt\u0131. B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde Katolik olan Polonya-Litvanya aristokrasisi, Ortodoks inanc\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 Ukraynal\u0131 k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc y\u00f6netiyordu. Ancak Ukraynal\u0131 liderler, k\u0131smen Polonyal\u0131 ve Litvanyal\u0131 soylular\u0131n sahip oldu\u011fu demokratik \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckleri ve ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131 elde etmek i\u00e7in m\u00fccadeleye giri\u015ftiler. \u00d6te yandan Rus \u00c7arlar\u0131n\u0131n (ba\u015fta Ivan olmak \u00fczere) Ukrayna halk\u0131 \u00fczerindeki bask\u0131lar\u0131 demokratik haklar aray\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7indeki Ukraynal\u0131lar\u0131 siyasi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel olarak Bat\u0131\u2019ya d\u00f6nmelerine yol a\u00e7t\u0131. 1596\u2019da Uniate Kilisesi\u2019nin kurulmas\u0131yla birlikte Bat\u0131 Ukrayna\u2019daki bir\u00e7ok Ortodoks grubu Papa\u2019n\u0131n otoritesini kabul etti (kendi Ortodoks rit\u00fcellerini ve uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131 devam ettirmekle birlikte).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ne var ki, Polonyal\u0131lar\u0131n ve Litvanyal\u0131lar\u0131n ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerini Ukraynal\u0131larla payla\u015fma ve Ukraynal\u0131lar\u0131 kendi aralar\u0131nda kurduklar\u0131 Ortak Pazar\u2019a e\u015fit ortaklar olarak kabul etme konusundaki isteksizli\u011fi yeni ayaklanmalara yol a\u00e7t\u0131. 1648\u2019de Ukrayna\u2019da Bogdan Hmelnitski liderli\u011findeki b\u00fcy\u00fck Kazak isyan\u0131, Polonya ve Litvanya y\u00f6netimlerine taleplerine kabul ettiremeyince Rus \u00c7arl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile ittifaka y\u00f6neldi. B\u00f6ylece 1667\u2019de Andrusovo Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019yla Do\u011fu Ukrayna \u00c7arl\u0131k y\u00f6netimi alt\u0131na girdi. Bat\u0131 Ukrayna ise 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonuna kadar Polonya-Litvanya Toplulu\u011fu\u2019nda kald\u0131, ard\u0131ndan da Avusturya-Macaristan \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu taraf\u0131ndan fethedildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla 17. y\u00fczy\u0131lda, Polonya-Litvanya Toplulu\u011fu ile Rusya \u00c7arl\u0131\u011f\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki sava\u015f, Dinyeper Nehri\u2019nin do\u011fusundaki topraklar\u0131n Rus \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun kontrol\u00fcne ge\u00e7mesiyle sonu\u00e7land\u0131. Bu b\u00f6lge \u201cSol Yaka\u201d Ukrayna olarak biliniyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ayn\u0131 y\u00fczy\u0131lda, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz Ukrayna\u2019s\u0131n\u0131n orta ve kuzeybat\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerinde bir Ukrayna Kazak devleti vard\u0131. Ancak 1764\u2019te, \u00c7arl\u0131k \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun ba\u015f\u0131 olan Rus \u0130mparatori\u00e7esi B\u00fcy\u00fck Katerina, Polonya\u2019n\u0131n elindeki Ukrayna topraklar\u0131ndan geni\u015f b\u00f6lgeleri ele ge\u00e7irmeye devam ederek buna bir son verdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Takip eden y\u0131llarda, Rusla\u015ft\u0131rma olarak bilinen politika uyguland\u0131; Ukraynaca\u2019n\u0131n konu\u015fulmas\u0131 ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 yasakland\u0131, insanlar Rus Ortodoks inanc\u0131na ge\u00e7meleri y\u00f6n\u00fcnde bask\u0131 g\u00f6rd\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Ukrayna bir kere daha par\u00e7aland\u0131; \u00fclkenin do\u011fusu \u00c7ar\u2019\u0131n Rus \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun bir par\u00e7as\u0131 haline gelirken, bat\u0131s\u0131 Avusturya-Macaristan \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ile Polonya kontrol\u00fc alt\u0131nda kald\u0131. Ancak 1917 devrimiyle birlikte ve Lenin\u2019in uluslara kendi kaderini tayin hakk\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131yan politikas\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda, 1922 senesinde Ukrayna ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir sosyalist cumhuriyet olarak kendini ilan etti; daha sonras\u0131nda \u00fclke, halk\u0131n\u0131n kendi iradesiyle SSCB\u2019nin par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n sonunda, Bol\u015fevik devriminin askeri zaferinin ard\u0131ndan 1921\u2019de, Lenin ve Tro\u00e7ki\u2019nin uluslar\u0131n kendi kaderlerini belirleme hakk\u0131n\u0131 hayata ge\u00e7irmeleriyle, Ukrayna\u2019n\u0131n Rus kontrol\u00fc alt\u0131ndaki k\u0131sm\u0131 Sovyet Cumhuriyeti haline geldi ve SSCB\u2019ye kat\u0131ld\u0131. Ancak, Sovyet-Polonya Sava\u015f\u0131 (1919-1921) s\u0131ras\u0131nda, bu sava\u015fa son veren Riga Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019na g\u00f6re, Ukrayna\u2019n\u0131n ve Sovyet Beyaz Rusya\u2019n\u0131n baz\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri Polonya imparatorlu\u011funa teslim edilmek zorunda kald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Stalin\u2019in iktidara geli\u015fiyle bask\u0131 geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc. Stalin\u2019in k\u00f6yl\u00fc m\u00fclkiyetlerinin zorla \u201ckolektifle\u015ftirilmesi\u201d politikas\u0131 nedeniyle 1930\u2019larda milyonlarca Ukraynal\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fc. Stalin\u2019in Nazizmin y\u00fckseli\u015fine kar\u015f\u0131 sosyal demokrat ile kom\u00fcnistlerin birle\u015fik cephesini engelleyen hatal\u0131 politikas\u0131 nedeniyle 1933\u2019te Almanya\u2019da Hitler neredeyse bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l bir \u015fekilde iktidara geldi. Nazi Almanyas\u0131 h\u0131zla yeniden silahland\u0131 ve emperyalist fetih ve ilhak politikas\u0131na giri\u015fti. 1938\u2019de Nazi Almanyas\u0131 Avusturya\u2019y\u0131, ard\u0131ndan \u00c7ekoslovakya\u2019y\u0131 ilhak etti. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te, Ukrayna Karpatlar\u0131 14 Mart 1939\u2019da \u00c7ekoslovakya\u2019dan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z hale geldi, ancak ertesi g\u00fcn Hitler, Macaristan\u2019\u0131n bu Ukrayna topraklar\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fgal etmesine izin verdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonunda \u00e7izilen Avrupa haritas\u0131, pazarlar\u0131n\u0131 ve hammadde kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletmek i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele eden Alman emperyalizminin yeniden canlanmas\u0131 sonucunda birdenbire de\u011fi\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. 23 A\u011fustos 1939\u2019da Moskova\u2019da Hitler ve Stalin\u2019in d\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri bakanlar\u0131 (Ribbentrop ve Molotov) Nazi Almanyas\u0131 ile SSCB\u2019nin Polonya topraklar\u0131n\u0131 payla\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6ren \u201cdostluk ve sald\u0131rmazl\u0131k\u201d pakt\u0131n\u0131 imzalad\u0131lar. Stalin, Hitler\u2019e bu tavizleri vermenin Nazi Almanyas\u0131 ile sava\u015f\u0131 \u00f6nleyece\u011fine inan\u0131yordu. Polonya\u2019n\u0131n bu b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesiyle, Ukrayna\u2019n\u0131n Polonya kontrol\u00fc alt\u0131nda kalan bir k\u0131sm\u0131, Stalinist kontrol alt\u0131ndaki Sovyet Ukrayna ile yeniden birle\u015ftirildi. Bu b\u00f6lgelerin n\u00fcfusu, ulusal kimli\u011fe sayg\u0131 duymak \u015f\u00f6yle dursun, h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir Rusla\u015ft\u0131rma s\u00fcrecini ba\u015flatan Stalinist b\u00fcrokrasinin do\u011frudan bask\u0131s\u0131na maruz kald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hitler Bat\u0131 Avrupa\u2019y\u0131 (\u0130ngiltere hari\u00e7) kontrol\u00fc alt\u0131na ald\u0131ktan sonra, 22 Haziran 1941\u2019de SSCB\u2019yi i\u015fgale giri\u015fti. Sovyet Ukrayna, Nazi sava\u015f makinesinin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na katland\u0131. Fa\u015fist Ukrayna Kurtulu\u015f Ordusu i\u00e7inde grupla\u015fan Ukraynal\u0131 burjuva milliyet\u00e7ileri, Nazi ordusuyla ittifak kurdular ve onlar\u0131n emri alt\u0131nda sava\u015ft\u0131lar. Stalinist diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn reddedilmesi, kitlelerin geni\u015f kesimlerinin Nazi i\u015fgalini desteklemesine ve Hitler\u2019in Almanya\u2019s\u0131n\u0131 ulusal ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k arzular\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in en iyi m\u00fcttefik olarak g\u00f6rmesine neden oldu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda 1941\u2019de ba\u015flayan Barbarossa Harek\u00e2t\u0131\u2019yla beraber Nazi Almanyas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Ukrayna\u2019y\u0131 i\u015fgali ba\u015flad\u0131. Pratikte t\u00fcm Ukrayna topraklar\u0131, iki muharebe ve ku\u015fatmaya dayanan Kiev de dahil olmak \u00fczere, neredeyse iki y\u0131l boyunca Alman kontrol\u00fcnde kald\u0131. Ukrayna’n\u0131n Nazi i\u015fgali milyonlarca insan\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc. \u0130\u015fgal s\u0131ras\u0131nda 900.000 ila 1,6 milyon Yahudi ve 3 ila 4 milyon Yahudi olmayan Ukraynal\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc tahmin ediliyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
K\u0131z\u0131l Ordu\u2019nun askeri kar\u015f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131, \u00f6nce Stalingrad\u2019daki Nazi birliklerini durdurmay\u0131 ve daha sonra Berlin\u2019e do\u011fru y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fe ge\u00e7ilmesini olanakl\u0131 k\u0131ld\u0131. Sovyet kitlelerinin fedakarl\u0131\u011f\u0131, 1945\u2019te Nazizmin askeri olarak yenilgiye u\u011frat\u0131lmas\u0131nda belirleyici oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n sonunda, SSCB bir d\u00fcnya g\u00fcc\u00fc olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131, ancak Rus olmayan milliyetler \u00fczerindeki B\u00fcy\u00fck Rus \u015fovenizminin bask\u0131s\u0131 azalmak \u015f\u00f6yle dursun daha da artt\u0131. 1991\u2019de SSCB\u2019nin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyle birlikte (Lev Tro\u00e7ki\u2019nin \u0130hanete U\u011frayan Devrim<\/em> adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bir durumdu bu) kapitalist restorasyon s\u00fcreci ve federal devletin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131 ba\u015flad\u0131. Ukrayna parlamentosu 14 A\u011fustos 1991\u2019de SSCB\u2019yi terk ederek kendisini ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z devlet ilan etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n 1991\u2019de SSCB\u2019nin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131yla beraber Ukrayna ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir \u00fclke oldu.\u00a0 Ancak kapitalist restorasyon i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ile halk\u0131n ony\u0131llar boyunca ya\u011fmalan\u0131p yoksulla\u015fmas\u0131na neden oldu ve emek\u00e7iler ile halk \u015fimdi yeni bir trajediyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131yalar: Putin\u2019in i\u015fgali. Ukrayna\u2019n\u0131n bir ulus oldu\u011funa dair hi\u00e7bir \u015f\u00fcphe yok. Ancak bu ulusun kendi kaderini ger\u00e7ekten tayin edebilmesi, ancak bir i\u015f\u00e7i h\u00fck\u00fcmeti eliyle m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ukrayna 41 milyon n\u00fcfusa ve 603 bin kilometrekare y\u00fcz\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fcne sahip. Eskiden Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetler Birli\u011fi’nin (SSCB) bir par\u00e7as\u0131yd\u0131. \u00dclkenin Ruslar ve Belaruslularla k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve etnik ba\u011flar\u0131 mevcut. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Ukraynal\u0131lar, 1917 Rus Devrimi\u2019ne kadar devasa \u00c7arl\u0131k \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun \u00fczerinde egemenlik kurdu\u011fu, kendine has kimli\u011fi ve dili olan uluslardan biri olarak var oldu. Kendi kaderini tayin hakk\u0131 (ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olma hakk\u0131yla beraber) ve sovyet h\u00fck\u00fcmeti (i\u015f\u00e7i ve k\u00f6yl\u00fc meclislerinin iktidar\u0131), Lenin ile Tro\u00e7ki\u2019nin ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekti\u011fi Rus Devrimi\u2019yle ve Lenin\u2019in, imparatorlu\u011fu olu\u015fturan b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fclkelerde in\u015fa etmi\u015f oldu\u011fu Bol\u015fevik partiyle m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu. 1922\u2019de SSCB kuruldu ve Ukrayna\u2019y\u0131 kendi cumhuriyetlerinden biri olarak tan\u0131d\u0131 (Rusya, Beyaz Rusya, Litvanya, Letonya, Estonya, G\u00fcrcistan, Kafkasya Cumhuriyeti, birka\u00e7 Asya cumhuriyeti de kurulan yeni \u00fclkeler aras\u0131ndayd\u0131).<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kapitalizmin restorasyonu ile 1991\u2019de SSCB da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131 ve Ukrayna ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yeniden kazand\u0131 ve n\u00fcfusun \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu i\u00e7in sert bir ekonomik gerileme ya\u015fand\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bug\u00fcn Ukrayna\u2019da resm\u00ee dil Ukraynaca ancak Rus\u00e7a \u00fclkenin do\u011fusunda ve g\u00fcneyinde yayg\u0131n olarak konu\u015fulmakta. N\u00fcfusun yakla\u015f\u0131k %30\u2019u ana dili olarak Rus\u00e7a konu\u015fuyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Ukrayna bug\u00fcn yoksul bir \u00fclke. Kapitalist restorasyonla beraber hak kay\u0131plar\u0131 e\u015fli\u011finde esnek \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131 ve \u00e7okuluslu \u015firketler \u00fclkeye ak\u0131n etti. Ancak \u00fclke tar\u0131msal \u00fcr\u00fcnler noktas\u0131nda olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemli kaynaklara sahip. Ay\u00e7i\u00e7e\u011fi ya\u011f\u0131 \u00fcretiminde d\u00fcnya birincisi iken, Rusya ile ABD\u2019nin ard\u0131ndan d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fck bu\u011fday \u00fcreticisi. Yine patateste d\u00fcnya \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc ve m\u0131s\u0131rda da d\u00fcnya be\u015fincisi. \u00dclkenin ayn\u0131 zamanda s\u0131nai geli\u015fmi\u015flik d\u00fczeyi de y\u00fcksek, \u00f6zellikle g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc \u00e7elik \u00fcretileri aras\u0131nda. Oligar\u015fik bir burjuvazinin egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131nda olan Ukrayna\u2019da 2021\u2019de ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na gayri safi has\u0131la y\u0131lda 4958 dolard\u0131 (Arjantin\u2019inkinin yar\u0131s\u0131 ve Rusya\u2019n\u0131nkinin yar\u0131s\u0131ndan az).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Putin, Ukraynal\u0131lar diye bir ulus veya Ukrayna diye bir \u00fclke olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki pozisyonunu me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in \u201cRuslar ile Ukraynal\u0131lar\u0131n tek bir halk oldu\u011funu, onlar\u0131n bir b\u00fct\u00fcn oldu\u011funu\u201d ilan etti. Ancak durum bu de\u011fil. Tarih\u00e7ilerin de i\u015faret etti\u011fi \u00fczere, ortak Slav k\u00f6kenlere ra\u011fmen, verimli topraklar\u0131 boyunca \u00fclkeyi b\u00f6l\u00fcp par\u00e7alayan \u00e7e\u015fitli g\u00fc\u00e7lerin Ukraynal\u0131lar\u0131n kaderlerini belirlemi\u015f olmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131, son […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":2641,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[705,1026],"tags":[1024,153,76],"class_list":["post-2640","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tarih","category-ukrayna","tag-putin","tag-rusya","tag-ukrayna"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2640","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2640"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2640\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2642,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2640\/revisions\/2642"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2641"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2640"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2640"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2640"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}\u00c7a\u011fda\u015f Ukrayna<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n