{"id":2238,"date":"2021-05-02T13:33:33","date_gmt":"2021-05-02T10:33:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/?p=2238"},"modified":"2021-05-02T13:33:35","modified_gmt":"2021-05-02T10:33:35","slug":"asi-kitligi-ve-kapitalizm","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/2021\/05\/02\/asi-kitligi-ve-kapitalizm\/","title":{"rendered":"A\u015f\u0131 k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve kapitalizm"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Yazar:\u00a0<\/strong>Reynaldo Saccone*<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7eviri:\u00a0<\/strong>Ilg\u0131n Akkaya<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130lk defa \u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerin Uluslararas\u0131 Birli\u011fi \u2013 D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Enternasyonal\u2019in\u00a0Correspondencia Internaciona<\/em>l (Uluslararas\u0131 Haberle\u015fme) isimli dergisinin Nisan 2021 say\u0131s\u0131nda yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

***<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

8 Aral\u0131k 2020 Sal\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fc, Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k vatanda\u015f\u0131 89 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki Margaret Keenan, resmi a\u015f\u0131 program\u0131 alt\u0131nda, t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada a\u015f\u0131lanan ilk insan oldu. O g\u00fcnden 24 Mart 2021\u2019e de\u011fin, yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fcz g\u00fcn i\u00e7erisinde t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada 489 milyon doz (d\u00fcnyadaki her 100 insandan 6.27\u2019si) a\u015f\u0131 vuruldu. En iyimser tahminlere g\u00f6re a\u015f\u0131lama bu h\u0131zla devam etti\u011fi takdirde t\u00fcm d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunun %70\u2019inin tek bir dozla a\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in en az 2 y\u0131l ge\u00e7mesi gerekecek. Peki neden b\u00f6yle bir a\u015f\u0131 k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya\u015fanmakta?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7o\u011fu a\u015f\u0131n\u0131n en az iki doz verilmesi gerekti\u011fi hesaba kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u2018\u2019s\u00fcr\u00fc ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019\u2019 denen \u015feyin ger\u00e7ekle\u015febilmesi i\u00e7in en az \u00fc\u00e7 bu\u00e7uk y\u0131l ge\u00e7mesi gerekecek. Ama insan n\u00fcfusunun ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131k hale gelmesi uzad\u0131k\u00e7a yeni vir\u00fcs varyantlar\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kma tehlikesi de daha ciddi bir sorun olarak belirecek. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pandemi s\u00fcresince \u015fu ana dek teyit edilmi\u015f 125 milyon enfeksiyon vakas\u0131 varken 2.750.000 insan hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti ve son haftalarda \u00f6l\u00fcm oranlar\u0131nda bir art\u0131\u015f ya\u015fanmakta. Ve yeni bir sorun kap\u0131da, vir\u00fcs\u00fcn mutasyon ge\u00e7irmesi dolay\u0131s\u0131yla yeni varyantlar yay\u0131lmakta. Bunlardan ikisi \u2014 Brezilya\u2019da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan Manaus vir\u00fcs\u00fc ve G\u00fcney Afrika mutasyonu \u2014 bu varyantlar aras\u0131nda en tehlikeli olanlar. G\u00f6r\u00fcnen o ki ikisi de orijinal varyanttan daha bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 ve tehlikeliler. Bu varyantlar ayr\u0131ca a\u015f\u0131lama yoluyla edinilen ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131ktan ka\u00e7abilmekteler. Uzmanlara g\u00f6re, vir\u00fcs\u00fcn yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tlayacak \u00f6nlemlerdeki noksanl\u0131klar nedeniyle Brezilya a\u015f\u0131ya diren\u00e7li varyantlar\u0131n geli\u015fimi i\u00e7in uygun bir ortam sa\u011flamakta. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Vir\u00fcsler s\u00fcrekli mutasyona u\u011framaktad\u0131rlar. Vir\u00fcs\u00fcn yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 engelleyecek \u00f6nlemlerin yetersiz olmas\u0131 durumunda vir\u00fcs i\u00e7in avantaj sa\u011flayan mutasyonlar se\u00e7ilecek ve vir\u00fcs pop\u00fclasyonunda bask\u0131n hale geleceklerdir.” (https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/mundo\/noticias-america-latina-56510603). <\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Bir n\u00fcfusun a\u015f\u0131lanma s\u00fcresi uzad\u0131k\u00e7a vir\u00fcs\u00fcn diren\u00e7li, daha tehlikeli ve agresif varyantlar\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fme ihtimali y\u00fckselecektir.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A\u015f\u0131lama: Umudun krizi<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Pandemi gittik\u00e7e daha da tehlikeli bir hal almaktayken \u00fcst\u00fcne bir de iki tarafl\u0131 bir a\u015f\u0131 krizi patlak vermekte: \u00dcretim ve da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m krizi. Yukar\u0131da \u00fcretimdeki yetersizli\u011fe ili\u015fkin verileri g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f bulunmaktay\u0131z. Da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m s\u00fcrecinde de benzer bir yetersizlik mevcut. Sat\u0131n al\u0131nan ya da sipari\u015f verilen ve teslimat\u0131 tamamlanan a\u015f\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131 aras\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir u\u00e7urum var. Arjantin D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya g\u00f6re Mart 2021\u2019de, y\u00fcksek ve orta gelirli \u00fclkeler 3.9 milyar doz a\u015f\u0131 sat\u0131n alm\u0131\u015fken bunlar\u0131n sadece 513 milyonu, yani sipari\u015f edilenin %13.16\u2019s\u0131 teslim edilmi\u015f bulunmakta. Bu durum a\u015f\u0131 sat\u0131n alan \u00fclkelerle a\u015f\u0131 \u00fcreten \u00e7okuluslu \u015firketler aras\u0131nda \u015fiddetli \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 beraberinde getirmekte. Avrupa Birli\u011fi\u2019nin Pfizer, Moderna ve AstraZeneca\u2019y\u0131 hedef alan \u015fikayetleri g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcnde. Bunlardan biri de AstraZeneca ve \u0130talyan h\u00fck\u00fcmeti aras\u0131nda, Roma\u2019n\u0131n yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda bir depoda sevkiyat bekleyen 30 milyon doz Oxford a\u015f\u0131s\u0131 bulundu\u011funun ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 ve h\u00fck\u00fcmetin bu a\u015f\u0131lara el koyma ihtimali \u00fczerinden geli\u015fen gerilim. La Stampa<\/em> gazetesindeki habere g\u00f6re, Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k\u2019a ihra\u00e7 edilmek \u00fczere depoda bekletilen bu a\u015f\u0131lara ili\u015fkin \u0130talyan h\u00fck\u00fcmetine ya da Avrupa Birli\u011fi yetkililerine bilgi verilmemi\u015f. Bunun yan\u0131nda, da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131n e\u015fit olmayan bir \u015fekilde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m krizinin bir di\u011fer y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturmakta. Bu konu baz al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kan rakamlar b\u00fcy\u00fck bir e\u015fitsizli\u011fi g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne sermekte. T\u00fcm d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunun sadece %6.27\u2019si a\u015f\u0131lanabilmi\u015fken Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k n\u00fcfusunun %46\u2019s\u0131, ABD\u2019nin %39\u2019u a\u015f\u0131lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. A\u015f\u0131lanmada Avrupa Birli\u011fi ortalamas\u0131 ise %14\u2019t\u00fcr, yani bu \u00fclke ve b\u00f6lgelerin a\u015f\u0131lanma oran\u0131 d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunun a\u015f\u0131lanma oran\u0131n\u0131n en az iki kat\u0131ndan fazlad\u0131r. Pfizer ile \u00f6zel anla\u015fmas\u0131 olan \u0130srail ve \u00f6zel sat\u0131n alma politikalar\u0131ndan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc \u015eili ve Arap Emirlikleri bu e\u015fitsizli\u011fin ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7eken \u00fclkelerden.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Brezilya (%7.5), Panama (%7.42) ve Arjantin (7.37) ise d\u00fcnya ortalamas\u0131 civarlar\u0131nda. Rusya ve \u00c7in, t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyaya a\u015f\u0131 ihra\u00e7 etmelerine ra\u011fmen n\u00fcfuslar\u0131n\u0131n sadece y\u00fczde 6.71 ve 5.76\u2019s\u0131n\u0131 a\u015f\u0131lam\u0131\u015f durumda. T\u00fcm bunlara ra\u011fmen yukar\u0131da de\u011finilen \u00fclkelerin durumu d\u00fcnyan\u0131n kalan\u0131ndan \u00e7ok daha iyi durumda; bu \u00fclkeler “d\u00fcnya \u00fczerindeki t\u00fcm a\u015f\u0131laman\u0131n y\u00fczde 90\u2019\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015f durumdalar.” (https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/issue\/todayspaper\/2021\/03\/21\/todays-new-york-times<\/a>). Oysaki, ABD\u2019nin Duke \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nde k\u00fcresel sa\u011fl\u0131k ve kamu politikas\u0131 profes\u00f6r\u00fc Gavin Yamey “2.5 milyar insan\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 130 \u00fclkede tek bir insan\u0131n bile a\u015f\u0131lanmam\u0131\u015f” oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131klamakta (https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/mundo\/noticias-56433141<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ila\u00e7 \u015firketleri i\u00e7in dev bir ticari faaliyet haline getirilme plan\u0131<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Bu yeni vir\u00fcs\u00fcn genomu, Wuhan\u2019da ilk Covid-19 vakas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131ktan 11 g\u00fcn sonra ke\u015ffedildi. Bunun \u00fczerinden sadece 333 g\u00fcn ge\u00e7tikten sonra, tarihte e\u015fi benzeri g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f bir h\u0131zla ilk a\u015f\u0131lama ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi ve devasa bir k\u00fcresel a\u015f\u0131lama s\u00fcreci de ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f oldu. Grip a\u015f\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesi 20 y\u0131l s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Ve 30 y\u0131ld\u0131r s\u00fcren ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara ra\u011fmen hala bir HIV-AIDS a\u015f\u0131s\u0131 geli\u015ftiriledi. Lakin bilimin bu muazzam ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131 kapitalizme ve piyasaya yem olmu\u015ftur. Tekellerin kar h\u0131rs\u0131 ve ulusal s\u0131n\u0131rlar a\u015f\u0131 geli\u015ftirilmesine engel te\u015fkil etmektedir. Ve ortaya \u015fu \u00e7eli\u015fki \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r: \u0130nsanl\u0131k pandemiyle y\u00fczle\u015fecek bir silaha sahip olsa da bu silah\u0131 gerekti\u011fi gibi kullanamamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Peki \u00e7okuluslu \u015firketler a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131 tekellerine nas\u0131l alabildiler? Prototip a\u015f\u0131n\u0131n insanlar \u00fczerinde klinik denemelerine ba\u015fland\u0131ktan 3 hafta sonra Bill Gates prestijli New England Journal of Medicine <\/em>dergisine \u00e7okuluslu ila\u00e7 \u015firketlerinin ilkeleri \u00fczerine \u015fu deme\u00e7leri veriyordu: <\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Pandemi ile ili\u015fkili \u00fcr\u00fcnler y\u00fcksek risk ta\u015f\u0131yan yat\u0131r\u0131mlar olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in devletin fon deste\u011fi bir gereklilik; kamusal yard\u0131m ila\u00e7 \u015firketlerinin risklerini en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck seviyeye \u00e7ekecek ve bu \u015firketleri te\u015fvik edecektir. Dahas\u0131, devlet ve di\u011fer ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n k\u00fcresel kamu yarar\u0131na sadece haftalar i\u00e7inde a\u015f\u0131 tedarik edebilecek \u00fcretim tesislerini desteklemeleri gerekecektir. Bu tesisler rutin a\u015f\u0131lama programlar\u0131 i\u00e7in a\u015f\u0131 \u00fcretebilirken \u00fcretimlerini pandemi ko\u015fullar\u0131na uygun hale getirebileceklerdir. Son olarak, devletlerin a\u015f\u0131ya ihtiyac\u0131 olan pop\u00fclasyonlara a\u015f\u0131 tedarik ve da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini de finanse etmeleri gerekmektedir.” (https:\/\/www.nejm.org\/doi\/full\/10.1056\/nejmp2003762<\/a>)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u0130la\u00e7 end\u00fcstrisine ak\u0131t\u0131lan milyarlarca dolarl\u0131k kamu fonlar\u0131<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

A\u015f\u0131 \u00fcretimi b\u00fcy\u00fck emperyalist g\u00fc\u00e7lerin; ABD, Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k, Avrupa Birli\u011fi ve ayn\u0131 zamanda Rusya ve \u00c7in\u2019in en b\u00fcy\u00fck hedefiydi. A\u015f\u0131y\u0131 ilk geli\u015ftiren \u00fclke olmak yaln\u0131zca a\u015f\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fcresel sat\u0131\u015f\u0131nda stratejik bir avantaja sahip olmak de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda ticari ve politik s\u00fcrt\u00fc\u015fme ve ihtilaflar al\u0131p ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 gitmekteyken \u00f6nemli bir uluslararas\u0131 prestij sa\u011flanmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na da gelmekteydi. \u0130\u015fte bu ihtiya\u00e7 a\u015f\u0131y\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli \u00fcreten ve ihra\u00e7 eden Rusya ve \u00c7in\u2019deki a\u015f\u0131lanman\u0131n neden Brezilya ve Arjantin\u2019den geri kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamaktad\u0131r.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bill Gates\u2019in a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131ndan 2 ay sonra, Donald Trump h\u00fck\u00fcmeti Operation Warp Speed adl\u0131 kamu ve \u00f6zel i\u015fletme ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerinden \u00fclkenin \u00f6nde gelen \u00e7okuluslu \u015firketlerine 10 milyar dolardan fazla destek sunmu\u015ftur. D\u00fcnya Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc ve Evaluate Pharma verilerine g\u00f6re Moderna\u2019ya 2.5 milyar, Pfizer\u2019a 2 milyar dolar, bir ABD \u015firketiyle ortakl\u0131k kuran AstraZeneca\u2019ya 1.2 milyar dolar, Novax\u2019a 1.6 milyar dolar, Johnson and Johnson\u2019a 1.5 milyar dolar ve GSK\/Sanofi\u2019ye 2.1 milyar dolar yard\u0131m yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu milyar dolarl\u0131k yard\u0131mlarla birlikte b\u00fcy\u00fck ila\u00e7 \u015firketleri kat\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rma protokollerini zay\u0131flatarak ve a\u015famalar\u0131 k\u0131saltarak s\u00fcratle faz 1 ve faz 2 denemelerine giri\u015fmi\u015flerdir. 2020 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n ortalar\u0131na gelindi\u011finde, daha b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7apl\u0131 faz 3 denemeleri ba\u015flamadan bu \u015firketler hen\u00fcz \u00fcretilmemi\u015f \u00fcr\u00fcnlerini satmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131 bile. Yukar\u0131da da de\u011finilen Arjantin Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 82 milyon n\u00fcfusa sahip olan Almanya\u2019n\u0131n 311 milyon doz, 127 milyon n\u00fcfusluk Japonya\u2019n\u0131n ise 564 milyon doz a\u015f\u0131 sat\u0131n ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. Duke \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nin bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131na g\u00f6re ila\u00e7 \u015firketleri 7.3 milyar doz a\u015f\u0131y\u0131 daha \u00fcretilmeden satm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve bu a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131n da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilseydi 2021 itibariyle d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunun yar\u0131s\u0131 a\u015f\u0131lanm\u0131\u015f olacakt\u0131. A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sat\u0131\u015f yeni bir s\u00fcbvansiyon haline gelmi\u015ftir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tekellerin kar\u0131n\u0131 garanti alt\u0131na alan \u00f6zel kanunlar<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u00dcretimlerine destek i\u00e7in sunulan devlet yard\u0131mlar\u0131ndan tatmin olmayan tekeller bunun yan\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 ve karlar\u0131n\u0131 garanti alt\u0131na alacak yasa d\u00fczenlemeleri i\u00e7in de talepte bulunmaktad\u0131rlar. Arjantin de bu duruma \u00f6rnek verilebilir. Kas\u0131m 2020\u2019de meclis iktidar partisi ve burjuva muhalefetin oylar\u0131yla (Sol Cephe – Birlik ret oyu kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r) \u00e7okuluslu \u015firketlerin taleplerine g\u00f6re bir yasa tertip edilmi\u015ftir. Yasa, ila\u00e7 tekellerini a\u015f\u0131n\u0131n yan etkilerinden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilecek yasal i\u015flemlere kar\u015f\u0131 dokunulmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flarken fiyat ve \u00f6demeleri i\u00e7eren s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin, \u00fcretim s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin gizlili\u011fini garanti alt\u0131na almakta, a\u00e7\u0131labilecek tazminat davalar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda bu \u015firketleri Arjantin yasalar\u0131ndan muaf k\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ve Pfizer\u2019la y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen pazarl\u0131klar\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc bas\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131klama yapan Arjantin Sa\u011fl\u0131k Bakan\u0131 emperyalist tekellerin bu taleplerini kendi a\u011fz\u0131yla itiraf etmi\u015ftir: “Onlar\u0131n istedikleri yasay\u0131 ge\u00e7irdik ama bu yeterli de\u011fildi, daha fazlas\u0131n\u0131 istediler.” Anla\u015fmalar\u0131n gizli kalmas\u0131, onlara sat\u0131\u015f durumuna g\u00f6re fiyatlar \u00fczerinde oynama imkan\u0131 sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. Burjuva demokrasisinin \u015feffafl\u0131k laflar\u0131na tezat bir \u015fekilde t\u00fcm anla\u015fmalar kapal\u0131 kap\u0131lar arkas\u0131nda, gizli sakl\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.\u00a0 \u00d6rnek vermek gerekirse, Avrupa\u2019da a\u015f\u0131 \u00fcreticileriyle anla\u015f\u0131lan fiyatlar g\u00f6stermektedir ki \u2013 ki bu anla\u015fman\u0131n gizlili\u011fini Bel\u00e7ikal\u0131 bir bakan bozmu\u015ftur \u2013 \u0130spanya\u2019da 40 milyon insan i\u00e7in verilecek Pfizer a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131 1 milyar avroyu a\u015farken AstraZeneca ile sadece 140 milyon avroya ayn\u0131 say\u0131da insan\u0131 a\u015f\u0131layabilmekteyiz. (Rafael Vilasanjuan, realinstitutoelcano.org, 3 \u015eubat 2021)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A\u015f\u0131 patentleri tekelleri g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na almakta ve a\u015f\u0131 \u00fcretimini geriletmekte<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Bill Gates\u2019in de tavsiye etti\u011fi devlet yard\u0131mlar\u0131 ve \u00f6n \u00f6demeler, a\u015f\u0131 \u00fcretimini b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda ve belki de tamamen finanse etmektedir. Ama \u00e7okuluslu \u015firketlerin tekel konumlar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131ran \u015fey, her \u015firkete belli a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131n \u00fcretim ve sat\u0131\u015f hakk\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zel k\u0131lan patentlerdir. Patent sahibi para kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda izin, lisans vermedik\u00e7e patentlenmi\u015f bir \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc bir ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcretmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Her ne kadar bahsi ge\u00e7en a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131n \u00fcretimi kamu b\u00fct\u00e7elerinden destek alan \u00fcniversitelerde, hastanelerde ve bilim merkezlerinde on y\u0131llar s\u00fcren ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar temelinde kolektif \u00e7abalar sayesinde m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131l\u0131nsa da \u00e7okuluslu \u015firketler i\u015fte bu patentler vas\u0131tas\u0131yla a\u015f\u0131 \u00fcretimini tekellerine almaktad\u0131rlar. Bunun sonucunda her \u00fclkede ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen bilimsel faaliyetler tekellerin karlar\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan \u00fccretsiz verilere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmektedir. Minnesota \u00dcniversitesi\u2019nden biyolog Rob Wallace, D\u00fcnya Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn k\u00fcresel influenza tarama a\u011f\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde farkl\u0131 \u00fclkelerden senelik elde etti\u011fi viral varyant \u00f6rneklerini \u00e7okuluslu \u015firketlere grip a\u015f\u0131s\u0131 \u00fcretmelerine olanak sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in \u00fccretsiz g\u00f6nderdi\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klamaktad\u0131r (https:\/\/monthlyreview.org\/product\/big_farms_make_big_flu\/<\/a>). Hem tekil \u00fclkelerin yasalar\u0131 hem de D\u00fcnya Ticaret \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn anla\u015fmalar \u00fczerinden dayatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 kanunlar bu \u00fclkelerin, tekellerin patent ve telif haklar\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmelerini sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Neden a\u015f\u0131 k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131yay\u0131z?<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Devasa tesislerin ila\u00e7 \u015firketlerine nas\u0131l pe\u015fke\u015f \u00e7ekildi\u011fini g\u00f6rd\u00fck: B\u00fcy\u00fck devlet yard\u0131mlar\u0131, \u00f6n \u00f6demeler, tekelleri koruyan yasalar ve de t\u00fcm bunlara ek olarak uluslararas\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7ekte garanti hastalar. Yine de \u00fcretilen a\u015f\u0131lar en geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkeler i\u00e7in bile yeterli de\u011fil. Ve bu bariz a\u015f\u0131 k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7okuluslu \u015firketler ile farkl\u0131 devletler, \u00f6zellikle de Avrupa Birli\u011fi\u2019ndeki devletler aras\u0131nda sert s\u00fcrt\u00fc\u015fmeleri tetiklemektedir. Hatta bu s\u00fcrt\u00fc\u015fmeler \u00f6yle bir noktaya gelmi\u015ftir ki, Avrupa Konseyi ba\u015fkan\u0131 Charles Michel h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin patentleri ge\u00e7ici olarak tan\u0131mamalar\u0131na izin veren Avrupa Birli\u011fi y\u00f6netmeli\u011finin 122 numaral\u0131 maddesinin uygulanabilece\u011fi \u00fczerinden \u00f6nce Pfizer\u2019\u0131, sonra da AstraZeneca\u2019y\u0131 tehdit etmi\u015ftir. \u015eirketler ise fabrikalar\u0131n yeni kuruldu\u011funu ve bundan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc daha b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7apl\u0131 \u00fcretimin olanakl\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia etmektedirler. Kapitalist sanayinin \u00f6nemli \u00f6zelliklerinden birinin yeni \u00fcretim ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131na uyum sa\u011flama kapasitesi ve h\u0131z\u0131 oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde bunun ne denli uydurma bir arg\u00fcman oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclebilmektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin Ford\u2019un \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda sava\u015f u\u00e7aklar\u0131 \u00fcretmek \u00fczere yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve y\u0131lda on binden fazla u\u00e7ak \u00fcretti\u011fini biliyoruz. Sadece tek bir \u015firket bu d\u00f6nemde ABD sanayisinin y\u0131ll\u0131k u\u00e7ak \u00fcretiminin neredeyse \u00e7eyre\u011fini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebilmi\u015ftir. Kaynak ve hammadde yetersizli\u011fi modern sanayinin g\u00fcc\u00fc dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda pek bir \u015fey ifade etmemektedir. Burada meselenin bu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Laboratuvarlar zaten muazzam karlar elde etmektedirler. Devlet yard\u0131mlar\u0131, \u00f6n \u00f6demeler ve b\u00fcy\u00fck ihtimalle t\u0131pk\u0131 influenza a\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda oldu\u011fu \u00fczere a\u015f\u0131n\u0131n her y\u0131l vurulacak olmas\u0131 ve a\u015f\u0131 \u00fcretiminin s\u00fcreklili\u011finin kesinle\u015fmesi bu \u015firketlerin hisse de\u011ferlerini y\u00fckseltmektedir. \u00d6rnek vermek gerekirse, Moderna\u2019n\u0131n hisse de\u011feri Trump\u2019\u0131n May\u0131s 2020\u2019de sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 devlet yard\u0131m\u0131ndan sonra bir g\u00fcn i\u00e7erisinde %30 artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. O zamandan bu yana, Moderna ve benzeri ila\u00e7 \u015firketlerinin hisse de\u011ferleri son derece y\u00fcksek seviyelerde seyretmektedir. \u0130\u015fte bundan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc ila\u00e7 sanayisi kar oran\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fmamaktad\u0131r. Az bir yat\u0131r\u0131mla devasa karlar elde eden bu \u015firketler neden daha fazla sermayeyi riske soksun ki? Rekabeti engelleyen patentlerin garantisine sahip olan tekellerin \u00fcretimi artt\u0131rmak gibi bir gereksinimleri yoktur. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Patentleri ortadan kald\u0131rarak a\u015f\u0131 \u00fcretimini tekellerin zincirlerinden kurtarmal\u0131y\u0131z<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Halklar ve i\u015f\u00e7iler, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015firketlerle ayn\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karlara sahip de\u011fildirler. Halklar\u0131n ve i\u015f\u00e7ilerin iste\u011fi pandemiyi yok etmek, sa\u011fl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ve ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 korumakt\u0131r. Patentler ise d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ihtiyac\u0131 olan a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131n \u00fcretiminin kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na dikilmi\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fck bir engeldir. D\u00fcnya Ticaret \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn anla\u015fmalar\u0131nda, h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin patentleri durdurmalar\u0131na izin veren, Doha Deklarasyonu’nun 2. maddesine benzer yasal bo\u015fluklar mevcuttur. D\u00fcnya Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc ba\u015fkan\u0131 Tedros Ghebreyesus da bir bas\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131nda bu konuya de\u011finmi\u015ftir. Tedos “A\u015f\u0131 \u00fcretme kapasitesi olan \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u00fclke TRIPS anla\u015fmas\u0131nda da belirtildi\u011fi \u00fczere fikri m\u00fclkiyet haklar\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7ersiz k\u0131l\u0131p kendi a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcretmeye ba\u015flayabilirler” diyerek 1994\u2019te D\u00fcnya Ticaret \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn t\u00fcm 194 \u00fcyesi taraf\u0131ndan kabul edilen anla\u015fmaya at\u0131fta bulunmu\u015ftur. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Bu hususlar acil durumlar i\u00e7in belirlenmi\u015ftir\u2026 E\u015fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f bir d\u00f6nem i\u00e7erisindeyiz ve D\u00fcnya Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc bu hususlar\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131 ve patent haklar\u0131n\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmektedir.” (https:\/\/news.un.org\/en\/story\/2021\/03\/1086512<\/a>). <\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Yine de bu a\u00e7\u0131klamalar laf\u0131n \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7ememi\u015ftir. Bundan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin pandemiyle m\u00fccadele i\u00e7in a\u015f\u0131 ve di\u011fer \u00fcr\u00fcn ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 i\u00e7eren patentleri yok saymaya zorlayacak g\u00fc\u00e7ler dengesini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in i\u015f\u00e7ileri ve halklar\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctlemek ve harekete ge\u00e7irmek gerekmektedir. A\u015f\u0131lar, kolektif \u00fcretimin bir \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr ve pandemiyle m\u00fccadelede i\u015f\u00e7iler ve halklar\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131na verilmelidir. \u00dcretim \u00e7okuluslu tekellerin elinde oldu\u011fu s\u00fcrece yeterli a\u015f\u0131 \u00fcretilmeyecektir. Patentleri ortadan kald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in t\u00fcm ila\u00e7 sanayisinin sadece pandemiyle m\u00fccadele temelinde de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda i\u015f\u00e7ilerin ve halklar\u0131n t\u00fcm sa\u011fl\u0131k ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak temelinde kamula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 talep ediyoruz.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

*<\/strong>: Doktor, Arjantin’de Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u0130\u015f\u00e7ileri Sendikas\u0131’n\u0131n Buenos Aires te\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131n eski ba\u015fkan\u0131, Sosyalist Sol \u00f6nderi.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Yazar:\u00a0Reynaldo Saccone* \u00c7eviri:\u00a0Ilg\u0131n Akkaya \u0130lk defa \u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerin Uluslararas\u0131 Birli\u011fi \u2013 D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Enternasyonal\u2019in\u00a0Correspondencia Internacional (Uluslararas\u0131 Haberle\u015fme) isimli dergisinin Nisan 2021 say\u0131s\u0131nda yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. *** 8 Aral\u0131k 2020 Sal\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fc, Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k vatanda\u015f\u0131 89 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki Margaret Keenan, resmi a\u015f\u0131 program\u0131 alt\u0131nda, t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada a\u015f\u0131lanan ilk insan oldu. O g\u00fcnden 24 Mart 2021\u2019e de\u011fin, yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fcz g\u00fcn i\u00e7erisinde t\u00fcm […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":2239,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[924],"tags":[987,888,889,989,857,988],"class_list":["post-2238","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-covid-19","tag-asi","tag-covid","tag-covid-19-2","tag-dunya-saglik-orgutu","tag-koronavirus","tag-patent"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2238","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2238"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2238\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2240,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2238\/revisions\/2240"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2239"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2238"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2238"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2238"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}