{"id":22,"date":"2019-01-23T16:24:46","date_gmt":"2019-01-23T13:24:46","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/94.237.85.66\/?p=22"},"modified":"2019-02-16T02:28:04","modified_gmt":"2019-02-15T23:28:04","slug":"emperyalizm-kapitalizmin-en-yuksek-asamasi-ozet","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/2019\/01\/23\/emperyalizm-kapitalizmin-en-yuksek-asamasi-ozet\/","title":{"rendered":"Emperyalizm: Kapitalizmin en y\u00fcksek a\u015famas\u0131 (\u00d6zet)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Lenin\u2019in 1916 Ocak ve Temmuz aylar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yazm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu \u201cEmperyalizm \u2013 Kapitalizmin En Y\u00fcksek A\u015famas\u0131\u201d adl\u0131 \u00fcnl\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zetini a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da okuyucular\u0131m\u0131zla payla\u015f\u0131yoruz.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

I. \u00dcRET\u0130M\u0130N YO\u011eUNLA\u015eMASI VE TEKELLER<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sanayideki ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fcme ve \u00fcretimin dikkat \u00e7ekici bir h\u0131zla s\u00fcrekli daha b\u00fcy\u00fck i\u015fletmelerde yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131, kapitalizmin en belirleyici \u00f6zelliklerinden biridir. Modern sanayi istatistikleri bize bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 hakk\u0131nda en b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fckl\u00fc ve en sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 verileri sunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2026Modern kapitalizmin bir ba\u015fka ileri \u00fclkesi, Kuzey Amerika\u2019daki Birle\u015fik Devletler\u2019de \u00fcretimin yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131 daha da g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir geli\u015fme g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Buradaki istatistikler, sanayiyi daha dar anlam\u0131yla ele al\u0131r ve i\u015fletmeleri, y\u0131ll\u0131k \u00fcretim de\u011ferine g\u00f6re grupland\u0131r\u0131r. 1904\u2019te 1 milyon dolar ve \u00fczeri y\u0131ll\u0131k \u00fcretime sahip 1900 b\u00fcy\u00fck i\u015fletme vard\u0131 (yani toplam 216 bin 180 i\u015fletmenin binde 9\u2019u). Bu i\u015fletmelerde, 1 milyon 400 bin i\u015f\u00e7i \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu (yani 5.5 milyon i\u015f\u00e7inin y\u00fczde 25.6\u2019s\u0131), ve toplam \u00fcretimleri 5.6 milyar dolard\u0131 (yani toplam 14.8 milyar dolar\u0131n y\u00fczde 38\u2019i). Be\u015f y\u0131l sonra, 1909\u2019da bu rakamlar s\u0131ras\u0131yla \u015f\u00f6yleydi: 3 bin 60 b\u00fcy\u00fck i\u015fletme (268 bin 491 i\u015fletmenin y\u00fczde 1.1\u2019i), 2 milyon i\u015f\u00e7i (yani 6.6 milyonun y\u00fczde 30.5\u2019i), 9 milyar dolarl\u0131k \u00fcretim (20 milyar 700 bin dolar i\u00e7inde y\u00fczde 43.8\u2019i).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dclkedeki toplam sanayi \u00fcretiminin neredeyse yans\u0131, bu i\u015fletmelerin y\u00fczde birinin elindedir! Bu \u00fc\u00e7 bin dev i\u015fletme 258 sanayi dal\u0131n\u0131 kapsamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Buradan a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr ki, yo\u011funla\u015fma, geli\u015fiminin belli bir a\u015famasmda kendili\u011finden tekelle\u015fmeye yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, birka\u00e7 d\u00fczine dev i\u015fletme kendi aralar\u0131nda kolayca anla\u015fabilir ve \u00f6te yandan tam da i\u015fletmelerin ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 devasa boyut, rekabeti zorla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r ve tekelle\u015fme e\u011filimim do\u011furur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rekabetin tekele d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi, modern kapitalist ekonominin en \u00f6nemli olgular\u0131ndan biridir hatta en \u00f6nemlisidir\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2026Yar\u0131m y\u00fczy\u0131l \u00f6nce, Marks \u201cKapital\u201dini yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada serbest rekabet, ekonomistlerin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu taraf\u0131ndan bir \u201cdo\u011fa yasas\u0131\u201d olarak kabul edilmekteydi. Kapitalizmin teorik ve tarihsel analizini yaparak, serbest rekabetin \u00fcretimin yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 do\u011furdu\u011funu, bu yo\u011funla\u015fman\u0131n ise, geli\u015fmesinin belirli bir a\u015famas\u0131nda tekele yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kan\u0131tlayan Marks\u2019\u0131n eserlerini, resmi bilim, sessizlik suikast\u0131yla \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Tekel bug\u00fcn bir ger\u00e7ek haline gelmi\u015ftir. Ekonomistler, y\u0131\u011f\u0131nla kitap yazarak tekellerin farkl\u0131 belirtilerini tarif ediyor ve hep bir a\u011f\u0131zdan \u201cMarksizm\u2019in \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc\u201d ilan etmeyi s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyorlar. Ne var ki, bir \u0130ngiliz atas\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn dedi\u011fi gibi \u201cger\u00e7ekler inat\u00e7\u0131d\u0131r\u201d ve ho\u015fumuza gitse de gitmese de onlar\u0131 hesaba katmak gerekir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ger\u00e7ekler g\u00f6stermektedir ki, kapitalist \u00fclkeler aras\u0131ndaki koruyucu g\u00fcmr\u00fckler ya da serbest ticaret gibi farkl\u0131l\u0131klar yaln\u0131zca, tekellerin bi\u00e7imlerinde ya da ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f s\u00fcrelerinde \u00f6nemsiz farklara neden olmaktad\u0131r ve \u00fcretimdeki yo\u011funla\u015fma sonucunda tekellerin do\u011fu\u015fu, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc geli\u015fme a\u015famas\u0131ndaki kapitalizmin genel ve temel yasas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2026Demek ki tekellerin tarihinin en \u00f6nemli a\u015famalar\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. On dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n altm\u0131\u015fl\u0131 ve yetmi\u015fli y\u0131llar\u0131nda serbest rekabet, geli\u015fmesinin en y\u00fcksek, doruk noktas\u0131na ula\u015f\u0131r; tekeller, belli belirsiz, embriyon halindedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. 1873 krizinden sonra, hen\u00fcz istisnai, s\u00fcreklilik g\u00f6stermeyen ge\u00e7ici olgular durumundaki karteller, \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde geli\u015fir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. On dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131ndaki bir at\u0131l\u0131m d\u00f6nemi ve 1900-1903 krizi: Karteller b\u00fct\u00fcn ekonomik ya\u015fam\u0131n temellerinden biri haline gelir. Kapitalizm, emperyalizme d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Karteller, sat\u0131\u015f ko\u015fullar\u0131, \u00f6deme vadeleri vb. \u00fczerine anla\u015fmalar yaparlar. Pazarlar\u0131, kendi aralar\u0131nda b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrler. \u00dcretilecek \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin miktar\u0131m saptarlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fiyatlar\u0131 belirlerler. K\u00e2r\u0131 tek tek i\u015fletmeler aras\u0131nda b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcrler vb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2026Tekel! Bu, \u201ckapitalist geli\u015fmenin en son a\u015famas\u0131n\u0131n\u201d son s\u00f6z\u00fcd\u00fcr. Ne var ki, bankalar\u0131n rol\u00fcn\u00fc dikkate almazsak, modern tekellerin ger\u00e7ek g\u00fcc\u00fc ve \u00f6nemi konusundaki kavray\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131z, son derece yetersiz, eksik ve s\u0131\u011f olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. BANKALAR VE YEN\u0130 ROLLER\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bankalar\u0131n temel ve as\u0131l i\u015flevi, \u00f6demelerde arac\u0131l\u0131k hizmeti g\u00f6rmektir. B\u00f6ylece bankalar, at\u0131l durumdaki para sermayeyi, aktif, yani k\u00e2r sa\u011flayan sermayeye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcrler; her t\u00fcrden parasal geliri toplayarak kapitalist s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n emrine verirler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bankac\u0131l\u0131k geli\u015fti\u011fi ve az say\u0131da kurulu\u015fta yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde bankalar, al\u00e7akg\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc arac\u0131lar olmaktan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p, t\u00fcm kapitalistlerin ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck i\u015fletmecilerin para sermayelerinin hemen hemen b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc oldu\u011fu gibi, s\u00f6z konusu \u00fclkedeki ya da bir dizi \u00fclkedeki \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131yla hammadde kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc de elinde bulunduran \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc tekeller haline gelirler. \u00c7ok say\u0131da al\u00e7akg\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc arac\u0131n\u0131n bir avu\u00e7 tekelciye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi, kapitalizmin geli\u015ferek kapitalist emperyalizme d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesinin temel s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinden birini olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Bu nedenle \u00f6ncelikle bankac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131 \u00fczerinde durmam\u0131z gerekir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2026Birka\u00e7 kapitalistin cari hesaplar\u0131n\u0131 tutan banka, g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrde salt teknik, yaln\u0131zca yard\u0131mc\u0131 bir faaliyet y\u00fcr\u00fctmektedir. Oysa bu faaliyetler devasa boyutlara ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman, bir avu\u00e7 tekelcinin, banka ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131, cari hesaplar ve ba\u015fka mali i\u015flemler arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla \u00f6nce tek tek kapitalistlerin i\u015f durumlar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgilenme, ard\u0131ndan onlar\u0131 kontrol etme, kredi al\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fleterek ya da daraltarak, kolayla\u015ft\u0131rarak ya da zorla\u015ft\u0131rarak, onlar\u0131 etki alt\u0131na alma ve sonunda kaderlerini tamamen ele ge\u00e7irme, gelirlerinin d\u00fczeyini belirleme, onlar\u0131 sermayeden yoksun b\u0131rakma ya da sermayelerini h\u0131zla ve b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde art\u0131rmalar\u0131na izin verme vb. olana\u011f\u0131na kavu\u015farak t\u00fcm kapitalist toplumun ticari ve sanayi i\u015flemlerini kendilerine ba\u011fl\u0131 k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2026Bankalarla sanayi aras\u0131ndaki s\u0131k\u0131 ba\u011flant\u0131ya gelince; bankalar\u0131n yeni rol\u00fc, \u00f6zellikle burada, belki de en somut bi\u00e7imde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Banka, bir i\u015fadam\u0131n\u0131n senetlerini \u0131skonto etti\u011finde, ona bir cari hesap a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131nda vb. bu i\u015flemler, tek tek ele al\u0131n\u0131rsa, s\u00f6z konu\u015fu i\u015fadam\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 en ufak bir bi\u00e7imde s\u0131n\u0131rlamaz ve banka, al\u00e7akg\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc arac\u0131 rol\u00fcn\u00fcn d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f olmaz. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, bu i\u015flemlerin art\u0131p d\u00fczenli bir hal alma\u015f\u0131; bankan\u0131n dev boyutlardaki sermayeleri elinin alt\u0131na \u201ctoplamas\u0131\u201d; bir i\u015fadam\u0131n\u0131n cari hesab\u0131n\u0131 tutarak bankan\u0131n m\u00fc\u015fterisinin ekonomik durumu hakk\u0131nda giderek daha kesin ve daha eksiksiz bilgi edinen bir konuma gelmesi ki tam da b\u00f6yle olmaktad\u0131r sonucu, sanayi kapitalistinin bankaya ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 giderek artar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayn\u0131 zamanda, bankalar ile en b\u00fcy\u00fck sanayi ve ticari i\u015fletmeler aras\u0131nda, deyim yerindeyse ki\u015fisel bir birlik; hisse senetleri al\u0131m\u0131 yoluyla, banka m\u00fcd\u00fcrlerinin ticari ve sanayi i\u015fletmelerinin denetim (ya da y\u00f6netim) kurullar\u0131na girmesi ve tersi yoluyla kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 bir kayna\u015fma ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Alman ekonomist Jeideis, sermayelerin ve i\u015fletmelerin bu t\u00fcrden yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131 \u00fczerine ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 veriler toplam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Berlin\u2019in en b\u00fcy\u00fck alt\u0131 bankas\u0131,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

m\u00fcd\u00fcrlerince 344 sanayi \u015firketinde ve y\u00f6netim kurulu \u00fcyelerince 407 di\u011fer sanayi \u015firketinde, yani toplam 751 \u015firkette temsil edilmektedir. 289 \u015firkette bu bankalar, ya denetim kurullar\u0131nda iki \u00fcyeye ya da y\u00f6netim kurulu ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na sahipler. Bu ticaret ve sanayi \u015firketlerini, \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli sanayi dallar\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz: Sigortac\u0131l\u0131k, ula\u015ft\u0131rma, lokantac\u0131l\u0131k, tiyatro, uygulamal\u0131 sanatlar vb. \u00d6te yandan, bu alt\u0131 bankan\u0131n (1910\u2019da) denetim kurullar\u0131nda, aralar\u0131nda Krupp\u2019un bir m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir denizcilik i\u015fletmesi olan \u201cHapag\u201d\u0131n (HamburgAmerika hatt\u0131) bir m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc vb. vb. olmak \u00fczere, 51 b\u00fcy\u00fck sanayici yer al\u0131yordu. Bu alt\u0131 bankan\u0131n her biri 1895\u2019ten 1910\u2019a kadar, say\u0131lar\u0131 281 ile 419 aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fen birka\u00e7 y\u00fcz sanayi \u015firketinin hisse senetleri ve tahvillerine kat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bankalar ile sanayi aras\u0131ndaki \u201cki\u015fisel birlik\u201d, bu ikisiyle h\u00fck\u00fcmet aras\u0131ndaki \u201cki\u015fisel birlik\u201dle tamamlan\u0131r. Jeideis, \u015f\u00f6yle yaz\u0131yor: \u201cDenetim kurulu sandalyeleri, \u00fcnl\u00fc ki\u015filere ve resmi makamlarla ili\u015fkilerde kimi kolayl\u0131klar (!!) sa\u011flayabilecek eski devlet memurlar\u0131na seve seve sunulmaktad\u0131r.\u201d\u2026 \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck bir bankan\u0131n denetim kurulunda, genellikle\u2026 bir parlamento \u00fcyesi ya da Berlin Belediyesi\u2019nden bir \u00fcye bulunur.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Demek ki, b\u00fcy\u00fck kapitalist tekellerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve geli\u015fmesi, \u201cdo\u011fal\u201d ve \u201cdo\u011fa\u00fcst\u00fc\u201d yollardan tam h\u0131zla s\u00fcrmektedir. Modern kapitalist topluma h\u00fckmeden birka\u00e7 y\u00fcz finans kral\u0131 aras\u0131nda, sistemli bir bi\u00e7imde bir \u00e7e\u015fit i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r: \u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2026Demek ki 20. Y\u00fczy\u0131l, eski kapitalizmin yeni kapitalizme, genel olarak sermaye egemenli\u011finin mali sermaye egemenli\u011fine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

III. MAL\u0130 SERMAYE VE MAL\u0130 OL\u0130GAR\u015e\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cSanayi sermayesinin s\u00fcrekli b\u00fcy\u00fcyen bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc\u201d, diye yazar Hilferding, \u201conu kullanan sanayicilere ait de\u011fildir. Bu sermayeyi kullanma olana\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ancak kendileriyle ili\u015fkideki sermaye sahibini temsil eden banka arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla elde ederler. \u00d6te yandan banka, sermayesinin gittik\u00e7e b\u00fcy\u00fcyen b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc sanayiye ba\u011flamak zorundad\u0131r. B\u00f6ylelikle banka, giderek artan oranda sanayi kapitalisti haline gelir. Banka sermayesi i\u00e7in, yani bu yolla asl\u0131nda sanayi sermayesine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f para bi\u00e7imindeki sermaye i\u00e7in, mali sermaye ifadesini kullan\u0131yorum.\u201d Demek ki mali sermaye, \u201cBankalar\u0131n denetim alt\u0131nda bulundurdu\u011fu, sanayicilerin kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 sermayedir.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu tan\u0131m, son derece \u00f6nemli bir olguyu, \u00fcretim ve sermayedeki artan yo\u011funla\u015fman\u0131n tekellere yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f olan bir boyuta ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 olgusunu g\u00f6z ard\u0131 etti\u011fi i\u00e7in eksiktir\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dcretimin yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131 ve bundan do\u011fan tekeller, bankalar\u0131n sanayiyle kayna\u015fmas\u0131 veya i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7mesi; i\u015fte, mali sermayenin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n tarihi ve bu kavram\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eimdi a\u00e7\u0131klamam\u0131z gereken, kapitalist tekeller \u201cy\u00f6netiminin\u201d, meta \u00fcretimi ve \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet d\u00fczeninde ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olarak mali oligar\u015fi haline nas\u0131l geldi\u011fidir\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2026As\u0131l dikkati, yukar\u0131da k\u0131saca s\u00f6z etti\u011fimiz \u201cholding sistemine\u201d yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131rmak gerekiyor. Bu sisteme ilk dikkat \u00e7eken Alman ekonomist Heymann, meselenin \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki gibi tan\u0131ml\u0131yor: \u201cY\u00f6netici, ana \u015firketi, ana \u015firket kendine ba\u011fl\u0131 \u015firketleri, onlar da kendilerine ba\u011fl\u0131 \u015firketleri vs. denetler. Bu yolla, \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir sermayeye sahip olmadan da devasa \u00fcretim alanlar\u0131na egemen olunabilir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, denetim i\u00e7in sermayenin y\u00fczde ellisi yetiyorsa, y\u00f6neticinin ikinci dereceden ba\u011fl\u0131 \u015firketlerin 8 milyonluk sermayesini denetleyebilmek i\u00e7in 1 milyonluk sermayeye sahip olmas\u0131 yeterlidir. \u0130\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7me \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman 1 milyonluk sermaye ile denetlenen miktar 16 milyona, 32 milyona vb. Y\u00fckselir.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ger\u00e7ekte ise deneyimler, bir anonim \u015firketi denetim alt\u0131nda tutmak i\u00e7in, hisselerin y\u00fczde k\u0131rk\u0131na sahip olman\u0131n da yeterli oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck hissedarlar\u0131n belli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn, pratikte genel kurullara kat\u0131lma vb. olana\u011f\u0131 yoktur. Burjuva safsatac\u0131lar\u0131 ve oport\u00fcnist s\u00f6zde \u201csosyal demokratlarda\u201d, beraberinde \u201csermayenin demokratikle\u015fmesini\u201d de getirece\u011fi, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00fcretimin rol\u00fcn\u00fcn ve \u00f6neminin artaca\u011f\u0131 beklentisi yaratan (yaratm\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcnen) \u201chisse sahipli\u011finin demokratikle\u015ftirilmesi\u201d, ger\u00e7ekte mali oligar\u015finin g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc art\u0131rman\u0131n bir arac\u0131d\u0131r\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2026Fakat \u201cholding sistemi\u201d yaln\u0131zca tekelcilerin g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc devasa \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerle art\u0131rmaya hizmet etmiyor, ayr\u0131ca, hi\u00e7bir cezaya u\u011framadan her t\u00fcrden \u015faibeli ve kirli i\u015fi y\u00fcr\u00fctmeyi ve halktan para s\u0131zd\u0131rmay\u0131 olanakl\u0131 k\u0131l\u0131yor. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc yasalara g\u00f6re, \u201cana \u015firketin\u201d y\u00f6neticileri, \u201c\u00f6zerk\u201d say\u0131lan \u201cba\u011fl\u0131 \u015firketten\u201d resmen sorumlu de\u011fildirler ve onlar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla her t\u00fcrl\u00fc dolap \u201c\u00e7evrilebilir\u201d\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2026Az say\u0131da elde yo\u011funla\u015fan ve fiili olarak tekel konumuna ge\u00e7en mali sermaye, \u015firketlerin kurulu\u015flar\u0131ndan, de\u011ferli k\u00e2\u011f\u0131tlar\u0131n piyasaya s\u00fcr\u00fclmesinden, devlet bor\u00e7lanmalar\u0131ndan vb. devasa ve s\u00fcrekli artan k\u00e2rlar elde etmekte, mali oligar\u015finin egemenli\u011fini sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131rmakta, b\u00fct\u00fcn toplumu tekelcilerin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131na haraca kesmektedir\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2026Mali sermayenin uluslararas\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k ve ili\u015fkiler a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131nda sermaye ihrac\u0131n\u0131n oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 rol \u00f6zel olarak incelenmelidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

IV. SERMAYE \u0130HRACI <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Serbest rekabetin tamamen egemen oldu\u011fu eski kapitalizmin ay\u0131rt edici niteli\u011fi meta ihrac\u0131yd\u0131. Kapitalizmin, tekellerin egemen oldu\u011fu en son a\u015famas\u0131n\u0131n ay\u0131rt edici niteli\u011fi ise sermaye ihrac\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kapitalizm, i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn de metala\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 geli\u015fmesinin en y\u00fcksek a\u015famas\u0131ndaki meta \u00fcretimidir. Ulusal ve \u00f6zellikle de uluslararas\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7ekte mal de\u011fi\u015fmindeki art\u0131\u015f, kapitalizmin karakteristik bir \u00f6zelli\u011fidir. Tek tek i\u015fletmelerin, sanayi dallar\u0131n\u0131n, \u00fclkelerin e\u015fit olmayan ve s\u0131\u00e7rama halinde geli\u015fmeleri, kapitalizmde ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazd\u0131r. \u0130ngiltere, di\u011ferlerinden daha \u00f6nce kapitalist bir \u00fclke haline gelmi\u015fti ve 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda serbest ticareti uygulamas\u0131yla birlikte, \u201cd\u00fcnyan\u0131n at\u00f6lyesi\u201d olma, b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fclkelere hammadde kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda mamul maddeler sa\u011flama rol\u00fcn\u00fc kendine bi\u00e7mi\u015fti. Ne var ki, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n son \u00e7eyre\u011finde, \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin bu tekeli delindi. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bir dizi \u00fclke, kendini \u201ckoruyucu\u201d g\u00fcmr\u00fck tarifeleriyle g\u00fcvenceye alm\u0131\u015f, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z kapitalist devletler haline gelmi\u015flerdi. 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n e\u015fi\u011finde, farkl\u0131 t\u00fcrden tekellerin olu\u015ftu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz: Birincisi, b\u00fct\u00fcn geli\u015fmi\u015f kapitalist \u00fclkelerin kapitalistlerinin tekelci birlikleri; ikincisi, sermaye birikiminin devasa \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclere ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 az say\u0131daki a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 zengin \u00fclkenin tekelci konumu. B\u00f6ylece ileri \u00fclkelerde ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc bir \u201csermaye fazlas\u0131\u201d ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kapitalizm, ku\u015fkusuz, bug\u00fcn her yerde sanayinin \u00e7ok gerisinde kalm\u0131\u015f tar\u0131m\u0131 geli\u015ftirebilseydi, tekni\u011fin ba\u015f d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc ilerlemesine kar\u015f\u0131n, her yerde a\u00e7l\u0131k ve sefalet i\u00e7indeki halk kitlelerinin ya\u015fam d\u00fczeyini y\u00fckseltebilseydi; a zaman bir \u201csermaye fazlas\u0131\u201d s\u00f6z konu\u015fu olmazd\u0131. \u0130\u015fte, kapitalizmin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuva ele\u015ftiricilerinin genellikle \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fckleri \u201cgerek\u00e7e\u201d tam da budur. O zaman da kapitalizm kapitalizm olmazd\u0131; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc geli\u015fmedeki dengesizlikler ve kitlelerin a\u00e7l\u0131k i\u00e7indeki varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, bu \u00fcretim bi\u00e7iminin ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz ko\u015fulu, temel ve \u00f6n ko\u015fuludur. Kapitalizm, kapitalizm olarak kald\u0131k\u00e7a, sermaye fazlas\u0131, s\u00f6z konusu \u00fclkedeki kitlelerin ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fckseltilmesi i\u00e7in de\u011fil, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu kapitalistlerin k\u00e2rlar\u0131nda bir d\u00fc\u015fme anlam\u0131na gelecektir; k\u00e2r\u0131 art\u0131rmak \u00fczere yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131na, geri kalm\u0131\u015f \u00fclkelere sermaye ihrac\u0131 bi\u00e7iminde kullan\u0131lacakt\u0131r. Geri kalm\u0131\u015f bu \u00fclkelerde k\u00e2r, genellikle y\u00fcksektir; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc buralarda sermaye az, topra\u011f\u0131n fiyat\u0131 g\u00f6reli olarak ucuz, \u00fccretler d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck ve hammadde ucuzdur. Sermaye ihrac\u0131 olana\u011f\u0131; bir dizi geri kalm\u0131\u015f \u00fclkenin daha bug\u00fcnden d\u00fcnya kapitalizmi \u00e7ark\u0131na kap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131, ana demiryollar\u0131 hatlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6\u015fenmi\u015f ya da d\u00f6\u015feniyor olmas\u0131, sanayi geli\u015fimi i\u00e7in temel ko\u015fullar\u0131n yarat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 vb. olgular taraf\u0131ndan sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sermaye ihrac\u0131n\u0131n zorunlulu\u011fu, birka\u00e7 \u00fclkede kapitalizmin \u201cfazla olgunla\u015fm\u0131\u015f\u201d olmas\u0131ndan ve sermayenin (tar\u0131m\u0131n geli\u015fmemi\u015f ve kitlelerin sefalet i\u00e7inde ya\u015f\u0131yor olmas\u0131 ko\u015fuluyla) \u201ckarl\u0131\u201d i\u015fler i\u00e7in alan s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7ekmesinden kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2026Sermaye ihrac\u0131, ihra\u00e7 edildi\u011fi \u00fclkelerde kapitalist geli\u015fmeyi etkilemekte ve ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u0131zland\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Bu nedenle sermaye ihrac\u0131, ihracat\u00e7\u0131 \u00fclkelerdeki geli\u015fmeyi belirli bir dereceye kadar yava\u015flatan bir e\u011filime sahip olsa da, bu ancak, b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyada kapitalizmin bundan sonraki geli\u015fimini geni\u015fletmek ve derinle\u015ftirmek pahas\u0131na ger\u00e7ekle\u015febilmektedir\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2026Mali sermaye, tekeller \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yaratt\u0131. Tekeller ise, her yere tekelci ilkeleri g\u00f6t\u00fcrmektedir: Serbest piyasada rekabetin yerini, k\u00e2rl\u0131 i\u015fler amac\u0131yla \u201cili\u015fkilerden\u201d yararlan\u0131lmas\u0131 almaktad\u0131r. En ola\u011fan olgu, bir bor\u00e7 verildi\u011finde,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

borcun bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn, krediyi sa\u011flayan \u00fclkeden, \u00f6zellikle silah, gemi gibi \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin al\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 \u015fart\u0131n\u0131n konulmas\u0131d\u0131r\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2026Sermaye ihra\u00e7 eden \u00fclkeler, s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn mecaz anlam\u0131yla d\u00fcnyay\u0131 kendi aralar\u0131nda payla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak mali sermaye, ayn\u0131 zamanda d\u00fcnyan\u0131n do\u011frudan payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131na da yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V. D\u00dcNYANIN KAP\u0130TAL\u0130ST B\u0130RL\u0130KLER ARASINDA PAYLA\u015eILMASI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kapitalistlerin tekel birlikleri, karteller, i\u015fveren birlikleri, tr\u00f6stler her \u015feyden \u00f6nce, kendi \u00fclkelerinin \u00fcretimini \u015f\u00f6yle ya da b\u00f6yle tamamen ele ge\u00e7irerek i\u00e7 pazar\u0131 aralar\u0131nda payla\u015f\u0131rlar. Ancak kapitalizm ko\u015fullar\u0131nda i\u00e7 pazar, d\u0131\u015f pazara kopmaz bir bi\u00e7imde ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Kapitalizm, d\u00fcnya pazar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7oktan yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sermaye ihrac\u0131 artt\u0131k\u00e7a, dev tekel birliklerinin yabanc\u0131 \u00fclke ve s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerle ili\u015fkileri ve \u201cn\u00fcfuz alanlar\u0131\u201d her a\u00e7\u0131dan geni\u015fledik\u00e7e, \u201cdo\u011fal olarak\u201d bu birlikler aras\u0131nda d\u00fcnya \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finde anla\u015fmalara var\u0131ld\u0131, uluslararas\u0131 karteller kuruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2026Uluslararas\u0131 karteller, kapitalist tekellerin bug\u00fcn hangi boyutlara varm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu ve kapitalist birlikler aras\u0131ndaki m\u00fccadelenin ne u\u011fruna verildi\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedirler. Bu son nokta en \u00f6nemlisidir: Tek ba\u015f\u0131na o, olaylar\u0131n tarihsel-ekonomik anlam\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc m\u00fccadelenin bi\u00e7imi de\u011fi\u015febilir ve \u00e7e\u015fitli, g\u00f6rece ikincil ve ge\u00e7ici nedenlerden dolay\u0131 s\u00fcrekli olarak da de\u011fi\u015fmektedir. Ama m\u00fccadelenin \u00f6z\u00fc ve s\u0131n\u0131f i\u00e7eri\u011fi, s\u0131n\u0131flar var olduk\u00e7a kesinlikle de\u011fi\u015femez.. ..Kapitalistlerin d\u00fcnyay\u0131 kendi aralar\u0131nda payla\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n nedeni, onlar\u0131n k\u00f6t\u00fc ruhlu olmalar\u0131 de\u011fildir, aksine var\u0131lan yo\u011funla\u015fma a\u015famas\u0131n\u0131n, onlar\u0131 k\u00e2r elde edebilmek i\u00e7in bu yolda ilerlemek zorunda b\u0131rakmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu s\u0131rada payla\u015f\u0131m, \u201csermayeye\u201d, \u201cg\u00fcce\u201d g\u00f6re ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Meta \u00fcretimi ve kapitalizm d\u00fczeninde ba\u015fka bir payla\u015fma y\u00f6ntemi s\u00f6z konu\u015fu olamaz. G\u00fc\u00e7 ise, ekonomik ve politik geli\u015fmeyle birlikte de\u011fi\u015fir; olup bitenleri kavrayabilmek i\u00e7in, g\u00fc\u00e7ler dengesinin de\u011fi\u015fiminin hangi sorunlar\u0131 sonuca ba\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilmek gerekir. Bu de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin, \u201csalt\u201d ekonomik ya da ekonomik olmayan (\u00f6r. askeri) t\u00fcrden olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, kapitalizmin en yeni \u00e7a\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin temel g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri de\u011fi\u015ftirebilecek bir niteli\u011fe sahip olmayan, ikincil bir sorundur\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2026Kapitalizmin son a\u015famas\u0131, bize, kapitalist birlikler aras\u0131nda d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ekonomik a\u00e7\u0131dan payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 temelinde belirli ili\u015fkilerin do\u011fdu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. Buna ko\u015fut ve ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak da politik birlikler, devletleraras\u0131nda, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n toprak bak\u0131m\u0131ndan payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeler u\u011fruna m\u00fccadele, \u201cekonomik b\u00f6lgeler u\u011fruna m\u00fccadele\u201d temelinde belirli ili\u015fkiler kurulmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

VI. D\u00dcNYANIN B\u00dcY\u00dcK G\u00dc\u00c7LER ARASINDA PAYLA\u015eILMASI<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2026 (19. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131ndaki -y.) bu d\u00f6nemin ay\u0131rt edici \u00f6zelli\u011finin d\u00fcnyan\u0131n nihai payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek gerekir. Nihai ile kastedilen, yeniden payla\u015fman\u0131n olanaks\u0131z oldu\u011fu de\u011fil -aksine yeni payla\u015fmalar olas\u0131 ve ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazd\u0131r; ama kapitalist \u00fclkelerin s\u00f6m\u00fcrge politikas\u0131n\u0131n, gezegenimizdeki sahipsiz topraklar\u0131n i\u015fgalini tamamlam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130lk kez d\u00fcnya tamamen payla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bulunmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6yle ki, bundan sonra art\u0131k yaln\u0131zca yeniden payla\u015f\u0131mlar s\u00f6z konusudur; yani sahipsiz topraklar\u0131n ele ge\u00e7irilmesi de\u011fil, topraklar\u0131n bir \u201csahibin\u201d elinden \u00f6tekinin eline ge\u00e7mesi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci d\u00fcnya politikas\u0131n\u0131n, \u201ckapitalizmin en yeni a\u015famas\u0131yla\u201d, mali sermayeyle s\u0131k\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131ya ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu \u00f6zel bir d\u00f6nemden ge\u00e7mekteyiz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu nedenle, hem bu a\u015faman\u0131n \u00f6ncekilerden fark\u0131n\u0131, hem de bug\u00fcnk\u00fc durumu olabildi\u011fince kesin olarak a\u00e7\u0131klamak i\u00e7in, her \u015feyden \u00f6nce ger\u00e7ekleri yans\u0131tan veriler \u00fczerinde ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak durmak gerekir. Burada \u00f6ncelikle iki somut soru g\u00fcndeme gelmektedir: S\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci politikan\u0131n yo\u011funluk kazanmas\u0131, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeler u\u011fruna verilen m\u00fccadelenin keskinle\u015fmesi tam olarak mali sermaye a\u015famas\u0131nda m\u0131 g\u00f6zlenmektedir? Ve bu a\u00e7\u0131dan d\u00fcnya g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde nas\u0131l payla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ngiltere\u2019de serbest rekabetin en \u00fcst d\u00fczeye ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 1840-1860 d\u00f6neminde, \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin \u00f6nde gelen burjuva politikac\u0131lar\u0131, s\u00f6m\u00fcrge politikas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yorlard\u0131; s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerin kurtulu\u015funun ve \u0130ngiltere\u2019den tam ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kazanmalar\u0131n\u0131n ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz ve yararl\u0131 oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesindeydiler..<\/p>\n\n\n\n

..19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda ise \u0130ngiltere\u2019de g\u00fcn\u00fcn kahramanlar\u0131, a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a emperyalizmi vaaz eden ve dizginsiz bir pervas\u0131zl\u0131kla emperyalist politikalar y\u00fcr\u00fcten Cecil Rhodes ile Joseph Chamberlain\u2019d\u0131!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2026Cecil Rhodes, emperyalist g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri hakk\u0131nda, yak\u0131n arkada\u015f\u0131, gazeteci Stead\u2019in aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi 1895\u2019te \u015funlar\u0131 s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir: \u201cD\u00fcn Londra\u2019da East End\u2019deydim\u201d (i\u015f\u00e7i mahallesinde) \u201cve i\u015fsizlerin bir toplant\u0131s\u0131na kat\u0131ld\u0131m. Ekmek hayk\u0131r\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey olmayan vah\u015fi konu\u015fmalar\u0131 dinledikten sonra eve giderken emperyalizmin \u00f6nemini her zamankinden daha fazla kavrad\u0131m\u2026 B\u00fcy\u00fck fikrim, toplumsal sorunu \u00e7\u00f6zmektir. Yani, Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k\u2019\u0131n k\u0131rk milyonluk n\u00fcfusunu kanl\u0131 bir i\u00e7-sava\u015ftan korumak i\u00e7in, biz s\u00f6m\u00fcrge politikac\u0131lar\u0131, fazla n\u00fcfusu yerle\u015ftirmek, fabrika ve madenlerde \u00fcretilen mallara yeni pazarlar a\u00e7mak i\u00e7in yeni topraklar ele ge\u00e7irmeliyiz. Daima s\u00f6ylemi\u015fimdir: imparatorluk, bir mide sorunudur, i\u00e7 sava\u015f istemiyorsan\u0131z, emperyalist olmak zorundas\u0131n\u0131z.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2026Mali sermayeye ku\u015fkusuz en fazla \u201crahatl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d ve fayday\u0131 sa\u011flayan; boyun e\u011fdirilen \u00fclke ve halklar\u0131n politik ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmesini de i\u00e7eren t\u00fcrden bir boyun e\u011fdirmedir. Yar\u0131-s\u00f6m\u00fcrge \u00fclkeler, bu bak\u0131mdan \u201cara a\u015fama\u201d \u00f6zelli\u011fi g\u00f6sterirler. Mali sermaye \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n geriye kalan b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc payla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra, yar\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 bu \u00fclkeler u\u011fruna m\u00fccadelenin \u00f6zellikle \u015fiddetlenmek zorunda olu\u015fu do\u011fald\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2026\u201dMali sermaye, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck de\u011fil, egemenlik ister\u201d diyor, hakl\u0131 olarak Hilferding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

VII. KAP\u0130TAL\u0130ZM\u0130N \u00d6ZEL B\u0130R A\u015eAMASI OLARAK EMPERYAL\u0130ZM<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eimdi yukar\u0131da emperyalizm \u00fczerine s\u00f6ylediklerimizi \u00f6zetlemeye ve belirli sonu\u00e7lar \u00e7\u0131karmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131z gerekiyor\u2026 \u2026Emperyalizmin olabildi\u011fince k\u0131sa bir tan\u0131m\u0131 istenseydi, emperyalizmin, kapitalizmin tekelci a\u015famas\u0131 oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek gerekirdi\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2026bir tan\u0131m, bir olgunun \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 t\u00fcm a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131yla birlikte hi\u00e7bir zaman kapsayamayaca\u011f\u0131ndan, genel olarak b\u00fct\u00fcn tan\u0131mlar\u0131n ancak s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 ve g\u00f6reli bir \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 unutmaks\u0131z\u0131n a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki be\u015f maddeyi i\u00e7erecek bir emperyalizm tan\u0131m\u0131 yapmak gerekir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1) \u00dcretim ve sermayenin yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n, ekonomik ya\u015famda belirleyici rol\u00fc oynayan tekelleri yaratacak kadar y\u00fcksek bir geli\u015fme a\u015famas\u0131na ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2) Banka sermayesiyle sanayi sermayesinin i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7ip kayna\u015fmas\u0131 ve bu \u201cmali sermaye\u201d temelinde bir mali oligar\u015finin olu\u015fmas\u0131;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3) Meta ihrac\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 olarak sermaye ihrac\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zellikle b\u00fcy\u00fck bir anlam kazanmas\u0131;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4) D\u00fcnyay\u0131 kendi aralar\u0131nda payla\u015fan uluslararas\u0131 tekelci kapitalist birliklerin olu\u015fmas\u0131; ve<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5) Yery\u00fcz\u00fc topraklar\u0131n\u0131n kapitalist b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7ler aras\u0131nda payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n tamamlanmas\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Emperyalizm; tekellerin ve mali sermaye egemenli\u011finin belirginle\u015fti\u011fi, sermaye ihrac\u0131n\u0131n ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc bir \u00f6nem kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 tr\u00f6stlerce payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve yery\u00fcz\u00fc topraklar\u0131n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck kapitalist \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n tamamland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir geli\u015fim a\u015famas\u0131ndaki kapitalizmdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sorun \u015fudur: Bir yandan \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7lerin geli\u015fmesi ile sermayenin yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki, di\u011fer yandan da s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerin payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ile mali sermayenin \u201cn\u00fcfuz b\u00f6lgeleri\u201d aras\u0131ndaki e\u015fitsizli\u011fi, kapitalizm ko\u015fullar\u0131nda ortadan kald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in sava\u015ftan ba\u015fka bir ara\u00e7 var m\u0131d\u0131r?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

VIII. KAP\u0130TAL\u0130ZM\u0130N ASALAKLI\u011eI VE \u00c7\u00dcR\u00dcMES\u00ce<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eimdi bir de, emperyalizmin \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli, bu konudaki incelemelerde genelde yeterince \u00f6nemsenmeyen bir y\u00f6n\u00fc \u00fczerinde durmam\u0131z gerekiyor. Emperyalizme \u00f6zg\u00fc asalakl\u0131ktan s\u00f6z ediyoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz gibi, emperyalizmin en k\u00f6kl\u00fc ekonomik temeli tekeldir. Bu, kapitalist bir tekeldir, yani kapitalizmden do\u011fmu\u015f ve kapitalizmin, meta \u00fcretiminin, rekabetin genel ko\u015fullar\u0131 i\u00e7inde, bu genel ko\u015fullarla s\u00fcrekli ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmez<\/p>\n\n\n\n

bir \u00e7eli\u015fki halinde bulunan bir tekeldir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n, di\u011fer tekeller gibi o da, ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olarak durgunluk ve \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcme e\u011filimine yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r. Tekel fiyatlar\u0131, ge\u00e7ici olarak bile olsa, uygulamaya sokuldu\u011fu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde, teknik ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla da di\u011fer b\u00fct\u00fcn ilerlemelerin, geli\u015fmelerin itici g\u00fcc\u00fc bir dereceye kadar yok olur; ve o \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde teknik ilerlemeyi yapay olarak engelleme yolunda ekonomik olanaklar do\u011far. Bir \u00f6rnek verelim:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Amerika\u2019da Owens ad\u0131nda biri, \u015fi\u015fe \u00fcretiminde devrim yaratan bir makine icat etmi\u015ftir. Alman \u015fi\u015fe fabrikat\u00f6rleri karteli, Owens\u2019in patentini sat\u0131n al\u0131r ve uygulamaya konulmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemek \u00fczere rafa kald\u0131r\u0131r. Elbette, kapitalizm ko\u015fullar\u0131nda tekel, d\u00fcnya pazar\u0131ndaki rekabeti tamamen ve \u00e7ok uzun bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7in ortadan kald\u0131ramaz (bu arada, ultraemperyalizm teorisinin sa\u00e7ma olu\u015funun nedenlerinden biri de budur). Teknik geli\u015fmelerle \u00fcretim maliyetini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrme ve k\u00e2r\u0131 art\u0131rma olana\u011f\u0131, do\u011fal olarak yeniliklere yol a\u00e7ar. Fakat tekele \u00f6zg\u00fc durgunluk ve \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcme e\u011filimi i\u015flemeye devam eder ve belirli sanayi dallar\u0131nda, belirli \u00fclkelerde, belirli zaman dilimleri i\u00e7in bask\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7ok geni\u015f, zengin veya uygun yerlerdeki s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelere egemen olma tekeli de ayn\u0131 y\u00f6nde i\u015fler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Devam edelim. Daha \u00f6nce g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz gibi emperyalizm, 100-150 milyar franka kadar ula\u015fan de\u011ferli ka\u011f\u0131t bi\u00e7imindeki para sermayesinin az say\u0131da \u00fclkede, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde y\u0131\u011f\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir. Rantiye s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n, daha do\u011frusu tabakan\u0131n, yani \u201ckupon keserek\u201d ya\u015fayan, hi\u00e7bir bi\u00e7imde herhangi bir i\u015fletmede \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma gereksinimi olmayan, meslekleri aylakl\u0131k olan ki\u015filerin, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde \u00e7o\u011falmas\u0131 bundand\u0131r\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2026 D\u00fcnyan\u0131n payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 ve \u00c7in\u2019in yan\u0131 s\u0131ra di\u011fer \u00fclkelerin s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesi anlam\u0131na, bir avu\u00e7 zengin \u00fclke i\u00e7in y\u00fcksek tekel k\u00e2rlar\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelen emperyalizm, proletaryan\u0131n \u00fcst tabakalar\u0131n\u0131n r\u00fc\u015fvetle sat\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131n ekonomik olana\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yaratarak oport\u00fcnizmi beslemekte, bi\u00e7imlendirmekte ve g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmektedir. Ne var ki.. ..genelde emperyalizme, \u00f6zelde de oport\u00fcnizme kar\u015f\u0131 koyan g\u00fc\u00e7leri unutmamak gerekir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

IX. EMPERYAL\u0130ZM\u0130N ELE\u015eT\u0130R\u0130S\u0130 <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Emperyalizmin ele\u015ftirisinden, s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn geni\u015f anlam\u0131yla, de\u011fi\u015fik toplumsal s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n genel ideolojileri ba\u011flam\u0131nda emperyalist politikaya kar\u015f\u0131 ald\u0131klar\u0131 tutumu anl\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2026Emperyalizmin olanaklar\u0131na duyulan \u201cgenel\u201d hayranl\u0131k, emperyalizmin hararetle savunulmas\u0131 ve olabilecek her bi\u00e7imde allan\u0131p pullanmas\u0131; g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn \u00f6zellikleri i\u015fte bunlard\u0131r. Emperyalist ideoloji, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na da s\u0131zmaktad\u0131r. Bu s\u0131n\u0131f, di\u011fer s\u0131n\u0131flardan \u00c7in Seddi\u2019yle ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2026Emperyalizmin temellerinin, reformlar yoluyla de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn m\u00fcd\u00fcr? Yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7eli\u015fkilerin daha da keskinle\u015fmesi ve derinle\u015fmesi i\u00e7in ileriye mi gidilmeli, yoksa bunlar\u0131 yumu\u015fatmak amac\u0131yla geriye mi? Bu sorular, emperyalizmin ele\u015ftirisinin can al\u0131c\u0131 sorular\u0131d\u0131r. Mali oligar\u015finin bask\u0131s\u0131 ve serbest rekabetin ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 nedeniyle ulusal bask\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve her alanda gericilik, emperyalizmin politik \u00f6zellikleri aras\u0131nda bulundu\u011fu i\u00e7in, 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131nda hemen hemen b\u00fct\u00fcn emperyalist \u00fclkelerde, emperyalizme kar\u015f\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuva demokrat bir muhalefet ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Ve Kautsky ile uluslararas\u0131 bir yayg\u0131nl\u0131k kazanm\u0131\u015f olan Kautsky\u2019cilik ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n Marksizm\u2019den kopu\u015fu tam da, Kautsky\u2019nin, ekonomik temelinde gerici olan bu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuva reformist muhalefete kar\u015f\u0131 durma zahmetine girmemi\u015f, girememi\u015f olmakla kalmay\u0131p, tam tersine pratikte onunla birle\u015fmi\u015f olmas\u0131ndad\u0131r. \u2026Emperyalist g\u00fc\u00e7ler aras\u0131ndaki g\u00fc\u00e7ler dengesinin on, yirmi y\u0131l sonra hi\u00e7 de\u011fi\u015fmeksizin ayn\u0131 kalaca\u011f\u0131 \u201cd\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir\u201d mi? Kesinlikle d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclemez.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yavan, darkafal\u0131 \u0130ngiliz papazlar\u0131n\u0131n ya da Alman \u201cMarksisti\u201d Kautsky\u2019nin hayallerinde de\u011fil ama kapitalizm ger\u00e7e\u011finde, \u201cinteremperyalist\u201d veya \u201cultraemperyalist\u201d ittifaklar bu nedenle bu ittifaklar hangi bi\u00e7imde kurulmu\u015f olursa olsun; ister emperyalist bir koalisyona kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015fka bir koalisyon bi\u00e7iminde, ister b\u00fct\u00fcn emperyalist g\u00fc\u00e7lerin genel bir ittifak\u0131 bi\u00e7iminde olsun zorunlu olarak yaln\u0131zca sava\u015flar aras\u0131ndaki \u201csoluklanma\u201d molalar\u0131d\u0131r. Bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 ittifaklar sava\u015flara zemin haz\u0131rlar ve kendileri de sava\u015flardan do\u011farlar; d\u00fcnya ekonomisiyle d\u00fcnya politikas\u0131n\u0131n emperyalist ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 ve de\u011fi\u015fken ili\u015fkilerinin, bir ve ayn\u0131 temeli \u00fczerindeki bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 ve bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 olmayan m\u00fccadele bi\u00e7imlerinin n\u00f6betle\u015fmesini yaratarak birbirlerini ko\u015fullarlar\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2026Emperyalizm, her yere \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck de\u011fil, egemenlik tutkusunu g\u00f6t\u00fcren mali sermayenin ve tekellerin \u00e7a\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Bu e\u011filimlerin sonucu, hangi politik sistem alt\u0131nda olursa olsun her alanda gericilik ve var olan \u00e7eli\u015fkilerin en u\u00e7 noktaya kadar keskinle\u015fmesidir. Ulusal bask\u0131 ve ilhak, yani ulusal ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ihlal etme (\u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc ilhak, uluslar\u0131n kendi geleceklerini belirleme hakk\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7i\u011fnenmesinden ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildir) tutkusu da \u00f6zellikle keskinle\u015fmektedir. Hilferding hakl\u0131 olarak, emperyalizm ile ulusal bask\u0131n\u0131n keskinle\u015fmesi aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011f\u0131 vurgulamaktad\u0131r: \u201cithal edilmi\u015f kapitalizm, yak\u0131n zamanlarda egemenlik akma al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f \u00fclkelerde, \u00e7eli\u015fkileri keskinle\u015ftirir ve ulusal bilin\u00e7leri uyanmakta olan halklar\u0131n istilac\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131, giderek artan ve kolayl\u0131kla yabanc\u0131 sermayeye kar\u015f\u0131 tehlikeli \u00f6nlemlere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febilecek olan direncini art\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Eski toplumsal ili\u015fkiler tamamen alt\u00fcst olur. \u2018Tarihsiz uluslar\u0131n\u2019 binlerce y\u0131ldan beri s\u00fcregelen tar\u0131msal ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 parampar\u00e7a olur ve bunlar kapitalist girdaba kap\u0131l\u0131r. Kapitalizmin bizzat kendisi, boyunduruk alt\u0131ndakilere giderek kurtulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n ara\u00e7 ve yollar\u0131m sa\u011flar. Bir zamanlar, Avrupa uluslar\u0131n\u0131n en y\u00fcce amac\u0131 olan ekonomik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn arac\u0131 olarak birle\u015fik ulusal bir devletin kurulmas\u0131, art\u0131k onlar\u0131n da amac\u0131 haline gelir. Bu ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k hareketi, Avrupa sermayesini, \u00f6zellikle en de\u011ferli ve en umut vaat eden s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc alanlar\u0131nda tehdit etmektedir. Ve giderek Avrupa sermayesi, yaln\u0131zca zor ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrekli art\u0131rarak egemenli\u011fini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilmektedir.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

X. EMPERYAL\u0130ZM\u0130N TAR\u0130HTEK\u0130 YER\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Emperyalizmin, ekonomik \u00f6z\u00fc bak\u0131m\u0131ndan tekelci kapitalizm oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fck. Daha bu \u00f6zelli\u011fiyle emperyalizmin tarihsel yeri belirlenmi\u015ftir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc serbest rekabet zemini \u00fczerinde ve tam da serbest rekabetin ba\u011fr\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kan tekel, kapitalist sistemdekinden daha y\u00fcksek bir toplumsal ve ekonomik d\u00fczene ge\u00e7i\u015fi ifade eder. S\u00f6z konusu d\u00f6nem i\u00e7in karakteristik olan ba\u015fl\u0131ca d\u00f6rt tekel t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc veya tekelci kapitalizmin d\u00f6rt temel olgusunu \u00f6zellikle vurgulamak gerekir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Birincisi: Tekel, \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek bir geli\u015fme a\u015famas\u0131ndaki \u00fcretimin yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131ndan do\u011fmu\u015ftur. Bunlar, kapitalistlerin tekel birlikleri, karteller, i\u015fveren birlikleri ve tr\u00f6stlerdir. Bunlar\u0131n bug\u00fcnk\u00fc ekonomik hayatta oynad\u0131klar\u0131 ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fck rol\u00fc g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fck. 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda tekeller, geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerde tamamen bask\u0131n bir konum kazand\u0131lar. Kartelle\u015fme yolunda ilk ad\u0131mlar \u00f6nce, y\u00fcksek g\u00fcmr\u00fck korumalar\u0131na sahip \u00fclkeler (Almanya, Amerika) taraf\u0131ndan at\u0131lm\u0131\u015fsa da, serbest ticaret sistemiyle \u0130ngiltere, yaln\u0131zca \u00e7ok k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra, ayn\u0131 temel olguya sahip oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir: \u00dcretimin yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131ndan tekellerin do\u011fu\u015fu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130kincisi: Tekeller, \u00f6zellikle belirleyici niteli\u011fe sahip ve kapitalist toplumun en fazla kartelle\u015fmi\u015f sanayisi olan k\u00f6m\u00fcr ve demir sanayisinde, en \u00f6nemli hammadde kaynaklar\u0131na artan oranda el konulmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. En \u00f6nemli hammadde kaynaklar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki tekelci egemenlik, b\u00fcy\u00fck sermayenin g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc art\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve kartelle\u015fmi\u015f sanayi ile kartelle\u015fmemi\u015f sanayi aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7eli\u015fkiyi keskinle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc: Tekel, bankalar\u0131n ba\u011fr\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bankalar, m\u00fctevaz\u0131 arac\u0131lar olmaktan \u00e7\u0131karak mali sermayenin tekelcilerine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015flerdir. En geli\u015fmi\u015f kapitalist uluslar\u0131n her birindeki \u00fc\u00e7 be\u015f b\u00fcy\u00fck banka, sanayi sermayesi ile banka sermayesi aras\u0131ndaki \u201cki\u015fisel birli\u011fi\u201d ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015f ve b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fclke sermayesiyle para girdilerinin \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturan milyarlar\u0131n kullan\u0131m erkini kendi ellerinde toplam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Modern burjuva toplumunun istisnas\u0131z b\u00fct\u00fcn ekonomik ve politik kurulu\u015flar\u0131m ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k ili\u015fkilerinden olu\u015fan bir a\u011fla saran mali oligar\u015fi; bu tekelin en \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc budur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc: Tekel, s\u00f6m\u00fcrge politikas\u0131ndan do\u011fmu\u015ftur. Mali sermaye, s\u00f6m\u00fcrge politikas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok say\u0131daki \u201ceski\u201d g\u00fcd\u00fcs\u00fcne bir de, hammadde kaynaklar\u0131, sermaye ihrac\u0131, \u201cn\u00fcfuz alanlar\u0131\u201d yani k\u00e2rl\u0131 i\u015fler, ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar, tekel karlar\u0131 vb. u\u011fruna ve son olarak da genel anlamda ekonomik b\u00f6lgeler u\u011fruna m\u00fccadeleyi eklemi\u015ftir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Avrupa g\u00fc\u00e7leri, 1876\u2019da oldu\u011fu gibi, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeleriyle Afrika\u2019n\u0131n ancak onda birini i\u015fgal alt\u0131nda bulundurdu\u011fu s\u0131ralarda, s\u00f6m\u00fcrge politikas\u0131, tekelci olmayan bir bi\u00e7imde, yani \u201cserbest ya\u011fmac\u0131\u201d bir tarzda geli\u015fme olana\u011f\u0131na sahipti. Fakat Afrika\u2019n\u0131n onda dokuzu i\u015fgal edildi\u011finde (1900 y\u0131l\u0131 dolaylar\u0131nda) ve b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnya<\/p>\n\n\n\n

payla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, tekelci s\u00f6m\u00fcrge m\u00fclkiyeti \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olarak ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve bunun sonucu olarak da, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ve yeniden payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 u\u011fruna son derece keskin bir m\u00fccadele ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2026Tekeller, oligar\u015fi, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck tutkusu yerine egemenlik tutkusu, giderek artan say\u0131da k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck veya g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fcz ulusun, en zengin ve en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc birka\u00e7 ulus taraf\u0131ndan s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesi; b\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar, emperyalizmin, onu asalak ve \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcmeye y\u00fcz tutmu\u015f kapitalizm olarak tan\u0131mlamam\u0131za neden olan \u00f6zelliklerini yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Burjuvazisinin giderek artan \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde sermaye ihrac\u0131 gelirleriyle ve \u201ckupon keserek\u201d ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201crantiye devletin\u201d, tefeci devletin kurulu\u015fu, emperyalizmin g\u00fcn ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e ete kemi\u011fe b\u00fcr\u00fcnen bir e\u011filimi olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Bu \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcme e\u011filiminin, kapitalizmin h\u0131zla b\u00fcy\u00fcmesini d\u0131\u015ftalad\u0131\u011f\u0131na inanmak bir hata olur; durum kesinlikle b\u00f6yle de\u011fildir. Emperyalizm \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda belirli sanayi dallar\u0131, burjuvazinin belirli tabakalar\u0131 ve belirli \u00fclkeler, bu e\u011filimlerden kah birini, kah \u00f6tekini, \u015fu ya da bu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde g\u00f6sterir. Genel olarak kapitalizm, ge\u00e7mi\u015fe g\u00f6re \u00e7ok daha h\u0131zl\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcr. Fakat bu b\u00fcy\u00fcme, yaln\u0131zca genelde giderek bir dengesizlik kazanmakla kalmamaktad\u0131r. Bu dengesizlik, sermaye g\u00fcc\u00fc en y\u00fcksek \u00fclkelerin (\u0130ngiltere) \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcmesinde kendisini \u00f6zellikle g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2026Bir\u00e7ok sanayi dal\u0131ndan birinin veya bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkeden birinin vb. kapitalistleri, y\u00fcksek tekel k\u00e2rlar\u0131 edindikleri i\u00e7in, ekonomik a\u00e7\u0131dan baz\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7i tabakalar\u0131n\u0131, hatta ge\u00e7ici olarak i\u015f\u00e7ilerin olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemli bir az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, geriye kalan b\u00fct\u00fcn i\u015f\u00e7ilere kar\u015f\u0131, r\u00fc\u015fvetle sat\u0131n alma ve s\u00f6z konu\u015fu sanayi dal\u0131n\u0131n veya \u00fclkenin burjuvazisinin saflar\u0131na katma olana\u011f\u0131n\u0131 elde ederler. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 u\u011fruna emperyalist uluslar aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7eli\u015fkilerin \u015fiddetlenmesi, bu e\u011filimi daha da g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmektedir. Emperyalist geli\u015fimin belirli \u00f6zellikleri \u0130ngiltere\u2019de bir\u00e7ok \u00fclkeden \u00e7ok daha \u00f6nce ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, ilkin ve en belirgin bi\u00e7imde orada etkisini g\u00f6steren oport\u00fcnizmin emperyalizm ile ba\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6yle olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2026Emperyalizmin ekonomik \u00f6z\u00fcne ili\u015fkin s\u00f6ylenen her \u015feyden, onu ge\u00e7i\u015f kapitalizmi, daha do\u011frusu can \u00e7eki\u015fen kapitalizm olarak tan\u0131mlamak gerekti\u011fi sonucu \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u00d6ZL\u00dcK VE \u0130S\u0130M D\u0130Z\u0130N\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cari Hesap<\/strong> \u2013 \u0130ki taraf aras\u0131nda s\u00fcr\u00fcp giden alacak verecek i\u015flemlerinin tutulan hesab\u0131, alacak verecek hesab\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chamberlain, Joseph (1836-1914)<\/strong> \u2013 Gladstone ve Salisbury kabinelerinde \u00fcye (18801901). \u0130ngiliz emperyalizminin en etkin ve en belirgin temsilcilerinden biri oldu. Himayecili\u011fi ilk \u00f6nerenlerden biri. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Heymann, Hans Gideon<\/strong> \u2013 Alman burjuva ekonomisti. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hilferding, Rudolf (1877-1941)<\/strong> \u2013 Alman sosyal demokrasisinin ve II. Enternasyonal\u2019in \u00f6nderlerinden biri. \u201cMali Sermaye\u201d (Das Finanzkapital) kitab\u0131n\u0131n yazar\u0131. Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Merkezi. Sava\u015ftan sonra \u201c\u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc kapitalizm\u201d teorisinin yarat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130skonto<\/strong> \u2013 1. Bir ticari senedi vadesinden \u00f6nce hamilinden sat\u0131n almaktan olu\u015fan k\u0131sa vadeli kredi i\u015flemi 2. Bir ticari senedi sat\u0131n alan ki\u015finin, senet tutar\u0131 \u00fczerinden yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 indirim. 3. Vadeli bir menkul k\u0131ymetin al\u0131c\u0131s\u0131na yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 indirim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jeideis, Otto<\/strong> \u2013 Alman ekonomist. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kartel<\/strong> \u2013 a. (alm. Kartell; orta fr. Cartel, d\u00fcelloya davet i\u00e7in meydan okuma). Birbirinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z (ekonomik, teknik ve mali bak\u0131mlardan) i\u015fletmeler aras\u0131nda, rekabeti s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rmak ya da b\u00fcsb\u00fct\u00fcn ortadan kald\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla yap\u0131lan anla\u015fma.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2013ANS\u0130KL. Karteller, toplulu\u011fa kat\u0131lan i\u015fletmelerin \u00e7ok fazla say\u0131da olmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in, \u00f6zellikle yeterince yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131\u015f sanayi kollar\u0131nda kurulur; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc i\u015fletmelerin say\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7ok olunca, anla\u015fma h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine uyup uymad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 denetlemek olanaks\u0131zla\u015f\u0131r. Bundan ba\u015fka, t\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn herkese ayn\u0131 bi\u00e7imde uygulanabilmesi i\u00e7in, anla\u015fmaya \u00fcye i\u015fletmelerin denk g\u00fc\u00e7te olmas\u0131, \u00fcretimlerinin de bir dereceye kadar homojenlik g\u00f6stermesi gerekir. Son olarak, kartel, resmi makamlar\u0131n tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ya da deste\u011fini sa\u011flamal\u0131d\u0131r. Anla\u015fmalar bir\u00e7ok konuyu kapsayabilir: sat\u0131\u015flar\u0131n kurallara ba\u011flanmas\u0131, kredi ko\u015fullar\u0131, fiyatlar, \u00fcretim s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar\u0131, piyasalar\u0131n etki alanlar\u0131n\u0131n payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131, vb. En geli\u015fmi\u015f kartel tipi, merkez b\u00fcrosu ya da sat\u0131\u015f kurumlar\u0131 olan karteldir. Kartel, t\u00fcketicilerle \u00fcye i\u015fletmeler aras\u0131nda zorunlu bir arac\u0131 rol\u00fc oynar; b\u00f6ylece, sipari\u015fleri al\u0131r ve b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcr, i\u015fletmeleri \u00f6d\u00fcllendirir ve k\u00e2rlar\u0131 da\u011f\u0131t\u0131r, yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 uygular. Bazen b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fcr\u00fcnleri sat\u0131n al\u0131r ve yeniden satar: ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 1877\u2019de kurulan Comptoir de Longwy\u2019a kadar uzanan Comptoir fran\u00e7ais des productions sid\u00e9rurgiques bunun bir \u00f6rne\u011fidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anla\u015fmalarla ilgili 1953 tarihli yasadan sonra ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en kartel art\u0131k sipari\u015f da\u011f\u0131tmamakta, yaln\u0131zca m\u00fc\u015fterilerden sipari\u015flerin bedellerini toplamakta, pazarlar\u0131n durumu konusunda bilgi merkezi ba\u015fvuru yeri olarak hizmet g\u00f6rmekte ve d\u0131\u015fsat\u0131m alan\u0131nda etkinlik g\u00f6stermektedir. Kartellerin en \u00e7ok g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fclke Almanya\u2019d\u0131r. Burada karteller \u00e7o\u011fu kez Konzern bi\u00e7imini alarak bir araya getirdikleri firmalar aras\u0131nda mali bir dayan\u0131\u015fma yarat\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kartellerin geli\u015fmesi, y\u00fcksek bir d\u00fczeyde tutmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 fiyatlar\u0131n direncini art\u0131r\u0131r ve ekonominin esnekli\u011fini azalt\u0131r; kartel \u00fcyesi i\u015fletmelerle i\u015f\u00e7i sendikalar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131klar\u0131 keskinle\u015ftirir ve bir araya getirdi\u011fi iktisadi g\u00fc\u00e7lerle resmi makamlar aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiler sorununu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r. Karteli korne ya da trust\u2019tan ayr\u0131 tutmak gerekir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kautsky, Karl (1854-1938)<\/strong> \u2013 Alman sosyal demokrasisinin ve \u0130kinci Enternasyonal\u2019in \u00f6nderlerinden biri. Ba\u015flarda Marksistken sonralar\u0131 \u201cd\u00f6nek\u201d olmu\u015ftur. Son derece tehlikeli oport\u00fcnist bir ak\u0131m\u0131n, Merkezcili\u011fin (Kautskicilik) ideolo\u011fudur. Gerici ultra-emperyalizm teorisinin kuramc\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Sosyalist devrime ve Sovyet devletine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oligar\u015fi<\/strong> \u2013 Siyasal g\u00fcc\u00fcn birka\u00e7 ki\u015finin, birka\u00e7 ailenin ellerinde bulundurdu\u011fu y\u00f6netim; tak\u0131merki.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rant<\/strong> \u2013 1. M\u00fclk sahibinin topra\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kullanma hakk\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda belli s\u00fcreler sonunda elde etti\u011fi, eme\u011fe dayanmayan gelir (toprak rant\u0131). 2. Durum ve ko\u015fullar, \u00f6zel bir konjonkt\u00fcr vb. dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bir (ya da birden fazla) \u00fcretim etmeninin normal getirisine eklenen fazladan kazan\u00e7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rantiye<\/strong> \u2013 Rant ya da rantlar elde eden kimse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rhodes, Cecil (1853-1902)<\/strong> \u2013 \u0130ngiliz politikac\u0131. Emperyalizmin ve s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fin ideologlar\u0131ndan; \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin G\u00fcney Afrika\u2019da geni\u015f b\u00f6lgeler elde etmesini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130ngiliz Boer sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n (18991902) ba\u015flat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131. 10<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Senet<\/strong> \u2013 Bir kimsenin yapmaya ya da \u00f6demeye bor\u00e7lu oldu\u011fu \u015feyi g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in imza etti\u011fi resmile\u015fmi\u015f belge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tahvil<\/strong> \u2013 Devletin ya da \u00f6zel bir kurulu\u015fun \u00f6d\u00fcn\u00e7 para almak i\u00e7in \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 faiz getiren yaz\u0131l\u0131 senet; d\u00f6nd\u00fcrme; \u00e7evirme; de\u011fi\u015ftirme.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u00f6st<\/strong> \u2013 a. (ing Trust) \u0130kt. 1. Hukuksal ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 korumakla birlikte tek bir ana \u015firket taraf\u0131ndan denetlenen i\u015fletmelerin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu, genellikle mali bir temele dayanan topluluk. \u2013 2. Ekonominin b\u00fct\u00fcn kesimi \u00fczerinde etkili olan \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc i\u015fletme (genellikle a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lay\u0131c\u0131 anlamda kullan\u0131l\u0131r).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ANS\u0130KL. \u00dc\u00e7 tip tr\u00f6st vard\u0131r: hukuksal bak\u0131mdan birbirinden ayr\u0131 i\u015fletmelerin, fiyatlar \u00fczerinde anla\u015fmak amac\u0131yla kurduklar\u0131 topluluk (ilk Amerikan tr\u00f6stleri bu tip kurulu\u015flar olduklar\u0131 halde, onlara daha \u00e7ok \u201ckartel\u201d ya da \u201cpool\u201d ad\u0131 verilir); bir\u00e7ok i\u015fletmenin birle\u015fmesi sonucu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan tek i\u015fletme; holding ya da kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc \u00fcretim etkinli\u011fi olmayan, ama bir s\u0131ra i\u015ftirakler yoluyla, her biri ayr\u0131 hukuksal ki\u015fili\u011fini koruyan farkl\u0131 i\u015fletmeleri denetleyen ya da y\u00f6neten mali \u015firket.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tr\u00f6st\u00fcn iki amac\u0131 vard\u0131r: 1. piyasada kendi yarar\u0131na bir tekel yaratarak, \u00fcretilen ya da sat\u0131lan mallar\u0131n miktarlar\u0131na ya da fiyatlar\u0131na egemen olmak; 2. \u00fcretimi rasyonelle\u015ftirerek maliyeti d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmek. Tr\u00f6st\u00fcn g\u00fcc\u00fc, ona resmi makamlar \u00fczerinde yapmak olana\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flayabilir. B\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fclkelerde antitr\u00f6st yasalar\u2019la, bu gibi gruplar\u0131n a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 g\u00fcc\u00fcnden do\u011fabilecek zararl\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Nitekim, daha 1890\u2019da, ABD\u2019de Sherman Act, \u201cVoting trust\u201d y\u00f6netimini yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 ilan etmi\u015fti. Bu yasa, tr\u00f6st halinde birle\u015fmi\u015f \u015firketlerin hissedarlar\u0131n\u0131n temett\u00fc (kazan\u00e7, kazanma) alma hakk\u0131n\u0131<\/p>\n\n\n\n

korumakta, ama oy verme hakk\u0131n\u0131 kald\u0131rmaktayd\u0131. Ama, tr\u00f6st yaln\u0131zca tehlikeli bir\u015fey de\u011fildir; bir yandan da ekonomiyi merkezile\u015ftirmenin avantajlar\u0131nda yararland\u0131r\u0131r: uzmanla\u015fma, rasyonelle\u015fme, maliyetin azalt\u0131lmas\u0131, yenilikler. Kald\u0131 ki, tr\u00f6st \u00e7o\u011fu kez gerek fiyat, gerek \u00fccret politikalar\u0131nda belli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde \u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 olma gere\u011fini duyar, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bir tekel nadiren mutlak olabilir ve ayr\u0131ca, devletin ve sendikalarla siyasi partilerin uyarmas\u0131 sonucu kamuoyunun denetimi, tr\u00f6st\u00fc \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc davranmak zorunda b\u0131rak\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ultraemperyalizm<\/strong> \u2013 Lenin\u2019in ifadesiyle; \u201cKautsky\u2019nin icat etti\u011fi, k\u00f6t\u00fc \u00fcne sahip\u201d teori. Kautsky, bu teoriyi \u015f\u00f6yle ifade etmi\u015ftir: \u201c\u2026 Ulusal mali sermayelerin kendi aralar\u0131ndaki m\u00fccadelesi yerine, d\u00fcnyay\u0131 ortak bir bi\u00e7imde s\u00f6m\u00fcren, uluslararas\u0131 boyutta birle\u015fmi\u015f bir mali sermayeyi ge\u00e7iren yeni, ultraemperyalist bir politika taraf\u0131ndan bug\u00fcnk\u00fc emperyalist politikan\u0131n p\u00fcsk\u00fcrt\u00fclme olana\u011f\u0131 yok mudur? Kapitalizmin b\u00f6ylesi yeni bir a\u015famas\u0131 her durumda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir bir \u015feydir. Bu ba\u015far\u0131labilir mi? Bu soruyu yan\u0131tlamak i\u00e7in gerekli \u00f6nc\u00fcllere hen\u00fcz sahip de\u011filiz.\u201d \u2018se\u00e7kin\u2019 teoriye Lenin\u2019in uzunca yorumundan (ayr\u0131nt\u0131 i\u00e7in. \u201cEmperyalizm, Kapitalizmin En Y\u00fcksek A\u015famas\u0131\u201d, B\u00f6l\u00fcm 9; Emperyalizmin Ele\u015ftirisi) bir al\u0131nt\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201c\u0130ngiliz-Boer sava\u015f\u0131ndan sonra bu muhterem z\u00fcmrenin \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131 as\u0131l olarak, G\u00fcney Afrika \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda \u00e7ok say\u0131da yak\u0131n\u0131n\u0131 yitiren ve \u0130ngiliz finans sahiplerinin artan karlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na almak \u00fczere, daha fazla vergi \u00f6demek zorunda kalan \u0130ngiliz k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuvalar\u0131yla i\u015f\u00e7ilerin avutulmas\u0131na y\u00f6neltmeleri son derece do\u011fald\u0131. Ve, emperyalizmin o kadar da k\u00f6t\u00fc olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, kal\u0131c\u0131 bir bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 sa\u011flama yetene\u011fine sahip inter( veya ultra) emperyalizme varmak \u00fczere oldu\u011fundan daha iyi bir avuntu olabilir miydi? \u0130ngiliz papazlar\u0131 veya yapmac\u0131k Kautsky ne kadar iyi niyetli olurlarsa olsunlar, Kautsky\u2019nin \u201cteorisinin\u201d nesnel, yani ger\u00e7ek toplumsal anlam\u0131, yaln\u0131zca ve yaln\u0131zca \u015fudur: Dikkatleri g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn keskinle\u015fmi\u015f \u00e7eli\u015fki ve sorunlar\u0131ndan sapt\u0131r\u0131p gelecekteki, g\u00fcya yeni bir \u201cultraemperyalizme\u201d ili\u015fkin yalan beklentilere y\u00f6nelterek, kapitalizm ko\u015fullar\u0131nda kal\u0131c\u0131 bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilece\u011fi umuduyla kitlelerin son derece gerici bir bi\u00e7imde avutulmas\u0131. Kautsky\u2019nin \u201cMarksist\u201d teorisinin i\u00e7eri\u011fi, kitlelerin aldat\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r; kesinlikle ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildir. \u2026\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Lenin\u2019in 1916 Ocak ve Temmuz aylar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yazm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu \u201cEmperyalizm \u2013 Kapitalizmin En Y\u00fcksek A\u015famas\u0131\u201d adl\u0131 \u00fcnl\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zetini a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da okuyucular\u0131m\u0131zla payla\u015f\u0131yoruz. I. \u00dcRET\u0130M\u0130N YO\u011eUNLA\u015eMASI VE TEKELLER Sanayideki ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fcme ve \u00fcretimin dikkat \u00e7ekici bir h\u0131zla s\u00fcrekli daha b\u00fcy\u00fck i\u015fletmelerde yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131, kapitalizmin en belirleyici \u00f6zelliklerinden biridir. Modern sanayi istatistikleri bize bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 hakk\u0131nda en b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fckl\u00fc […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":23,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[634],"tags":[31,21,29,28,30],"class_list":["post-22","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-emperyalizm","tag-asamasi","tag-emperyalizm","tag-en","tag-kapitalizmin","tag-yuksek"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/13"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=22"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":49,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22\/revisions\/49"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/23"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=22"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=22"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=22"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}