{"id":2044,"date":"2020-12-01T17:18:57","date_gmt":"2020-12-01T14:18:57","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/trockist.net\/?p=2044"},"modified":"2020-12-01T17:24:28","modified_gmt":"2020-12-01T14:24:28","slug":"engels-ve-toplum-ile-doga-arasindaki-celiskinin-asilmasi-olarak-sosyalizm","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/2020\/12\/01\/engels-ve-toplum-ile-doga-arasindaki-celiskinin-asilmasi-olarak-sosyalizm\/","title":{"rendered":"Engels ve toplum ile do\u011fa aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7eli\u015fkinin a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 olarak sosyalizm"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Yazar:<\/strong> Sim\u00f3n Rodr\u00edguez&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u00c7eviri:<\/strong> Kaan G\u00fcnde\u015f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130lk defa \u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerin Uluslararas\u0131 Birli\u011fi &#8211; D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Enternasyonal\u2019in <em>Correspondencia Internaciona<\/em>l (Uluslararas\u0131 Haberle\u015fme) isimli dergisinin Kas\u0131m 2020 say\u0131s\u0131nda yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center\"><strong>***<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0130nsal\u0131\u011f\u0131n bug\u00fcn kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya oldu\u011fu en b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00f6rev, d\u00fcnya burjuvazisinin k\u00f6r \u00f6nderli\u011fi alt\u0131nda \u00e7evresel y\u0131k\u0131m ve kitlesel yok olu\u015f u\u00e7urumuna do\u011fru yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 intihara e\u011filimli yolculu\u011fu engellemektir. Engels, Marx\u2019la birlikte, kapitalist s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn ve do\u011fal kaynaklar\u0131n ya\u011fmalanmas\u0131n\u0131n durdurulmas\u0131yla, toplumun do\u011fayla olan metabolik dengesini restore etme y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki radikal ihtiya\u00e7 \u00fczerine defalarca uyar\u0131larda bulunmu\u015ftu.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Marx ve Engels 1848\u2019de <em>Kom\u00fcnist Manifesto<\/em>\u2019da on maddeli programlar\u0131nda tar\u0131m\u0131n kolektif ve planl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde y\u00f6netilmesi ile onun s\u0131nai \u00fcr\u00fcnlerle eklemlenmesini birlikte ortaya att\u0131klar\u0131nda, k\u0131r ile kent aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7eli\u015fkinin kademeli olarak \u00fczerinden gelecek stratejik bir g\u00f6rev belirliyorlard\u0131. <strong>[1]<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Marx ve Engels ikilisi aras\u0131nda do\u011fan\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131 sorununa ilk yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 ortaya koyan Engels\u2019ti. Daha 18 ya\u015f\u0131ndayken, do\u011fdu\u011fu Barmen \u015fehrinin \u00e7evre sorunlar\u0131 ve kentteki toplumsal e\u015fitsizlikler \u00fczerine bir metin kaleme alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Engels bu yaz\u0131s\u0131nda kuru temizlemecilerin at\u0131klar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 rengi k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131ya d\u00f6nen nehirlerden ve \u201cak\u0131l almayan bir derecede\u201d solunum yolu hastal\u0131klar\u0131na yol a\u00e7acak \u015fekilde i\u015f\u00e7ilerin \u201coksijenden \u00e7ok k\u00f6m\u00fcr gaz\u0131\u201d soludu\u011fundan bahsetmi\u015fti. \u0130lk \u00f6nemli eseri olan 1843 tarihli <em>Ekonomi Politi\u011fin Ele\u015ftirisinin Unsurlar\u0131<\/em>\u2019nda k\u00e2r i\u00e7in duyulan kapitalist arzuyla do\u011fan\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131 aras\u0131nda bir ili\u015fki kurmu\u015ftu. <strong>[2]<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bir sene sonra <em>1844 Elyazmalar\u0131<\/em>\u2019nda Marx, \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetinin eme\u011fin, i\u015f\u00e7iyle do\u011fa aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkinin ve i\u015f\u00e7inin kendisiyle ili\u015fkisinin yabanc\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n bir sonucu oldu\u011funu ve sosyalizmin bu yabanc\u0131la\u015fmay\u0131 a\u015faca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtti. <strong>[3]<\/strong> Engels 1845\u2019te <em>\u0130ngiltere\u2019de \u0130\u015f\u00e7i S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n Durumu<\/em> kitab\u0131nda proletaryan\u0131n zorlu ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131na dair tan\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 aktar\u0131yordu; buna ekolojik riskler ve kirli hava ile suyun e\u015flik etti\u011fi mahallelerdeki sa\u011fl\u0131ks\u0131z \u015fartlar da dahildi. <strong>[4]<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Marx <em>Kapital<\/em>\u2019de, Alman fizyolog Justus von Libieg\u2019in etkisiyle, onun metabolik \u00e7atlak ismini vedi\u011fi nosyonunu benimsedi. Britanya \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun ikinci tar\u0131m devrimini inceleyen bu bilim insan\u0131 metabolik \u00e7atlak kavram\u0131n\u0131 1840\u2019ta tan\u0131tm\u0131\u015ft\u0131; kavram daha sonra biyokimya alan\u0131 ile ekolojide b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00f6neme sahip oldu. Libieg toprakta bulunan besinlerin bitkilerden hayvanlara ge\u00e7ti\u011fi, bunlar\u0131n hayvanlarda t\u00fcketildi\u011fi ve at\u0131k olarak geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bir d\u00f6ng\u00fc tan\u0131mlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bu d\u00f6ng\u00fcn\u00fcn, g\u0131dalar\u0131n kentlere s\u00f6k\u00fcn etmesiyle kesintiye u\u011framas\u0131 do\u011fal besinlerin ya\u011fmaya u\u011framas\u0131 anlam\u0131na geliyordu. Bu ya\u011fma, bir ba\u015fka ya\u011fma ile d\u00fczeltilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131 ve Peru\u2019dan guano (esasen penguen ya da karabatak gibi deniz ku\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015fk\u0131lar\u0131ndan olu\u015fan bir madde), Sicilya yeralt\u0131 mezarlar\u0131ndan da insan kemikleri ve ba\u015fka g\u00fcbre \u00f6zelli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131yan maddeler ithal edilmeye ba\u015fland\u0131. <em>Kapital<\/em> bizi bu kapitalist metabolik \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015fe kar\u015f\u0131 uyar\u0131r, ormanlar\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131na ve topra\u011fa verilen zarar\u0131 derinle\u015ftirecek \u015fekilde n\u00fcfusun kentsel merkezlerde yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131na dikkat \u00e7eker; bu durum \u201chem kent i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin fiziksel sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hem de kent ve k\u0131r i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin manevi hayat\u0131n\u0131 yok eder.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Marx, zorunluluklar krall\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131t olarak \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckler krall\u0131\u011f\u0131na gidi\u015fin biricik yolunun, do\u011fayla kurdu\u011fumuz hammadde al\u0131\u015fveri\u015finin rasyonal bir d\u00fczenleme temelinde olu\u015fturulmas\u0131yla m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funu belirtir. Do\u011fayla olan bu al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fi toplum, \u201ck\u00f6r bir g\u00fcc\u00fcn egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131na b\u0131rakmaktansa, kendi ortak kontrol\u00fc alt\u0131na almal\u0131. Kapitalist \u00fcretim kendi zenginlik kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131, do\u011fay\u0131 ve emek\u00e7i insanlar\u0131 yok etmektedir.\u201d <strong>[5]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Kapitalist \u00fcretim tarz\u0131na i\u00e7kin olan bu \u00e7evresel dengesizli\u011fin toplumsal sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n fark\u0131nda olan Marx ve Engels, mesela \u0130rlanda\u2019da topra\u011f\u0131n verimsizle\u015fmesini ve 1846 k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yaratan\u0131n, \u0130ngiliz s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeciler taraf\u0131ndan dayat\u0131lan ekonomik model oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rd\u00fcler ve bunu ele\u015ftiriye tabi tuttular. <strong>[6]<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Engels 1873 tarihli <em>Konut Sorunu<\/em> ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 kitap\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u015fehirlerdeki kirlilik konusuna geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>\u201c\u0130nsan sadece Londra&#8217;da b\u00fct\u00fcn Saksonya kral\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcretti\u011fi g\u00fcbre miktar\u0131ndan daha fazlas\u0131n\u0131n her g\u00fcn b\u00fcy\u00fck harcamalarla denize d\u00f6k\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve bu g\u00fcbrenin t\u00fcm Londra&#8217;y\u0131 zehirlemesini \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck yap\u0131lar\u0131n gerekli oldu\u011funu g\u00f6zledi\u011finden, kent ile k\u0131r aras\u0131ndaki ayr\u0131m\u0131n ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 yolundaki \u00fctopik \u00f6neri \u00f6nemli bir pratik gerek\u00e7e kazanm\u0131\u015f olur. Londra&#8217;ya g\u00f6re daha \u00f6nemsiz olan Berlin kenti, en az 30 y\u0131ld\u0131r kendi pisli\u011finin k\u00f6t\u00fc kokular\u0131 i\u00e7inde bo\u011fulmaktad\u0131r.\u201d&nbsp;<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Ancak bilim, g\u00fcvencesiz i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 mahallelerinde kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bulan salg\u0131nlar\u0131n daha sonra burjuvalar\u0131n evlerine s\u0131\u00e7rad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, \u201c\u00f6l\u00fcm mele\u011fi onlar\u0131n saflar\u0131nda da i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n saflar\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi ac\u0131mas\u0131zca h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fc s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmeye\u201d ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frulad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, yetkililer halk sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fck en ciddi tehditleri yat\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in giri\u015fimlerde bulunuyordu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>\u201cBuna ra\u011fmen kapitalist toplumsal rejim, tedavi etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 salg\u0131nlar\u0131 yeniden \u00fcretmeye devam eder. (\u2026) Bu antagonizmaya (k\u0131r ile kent aras\u0131ndaki) \u00e7are bulabilmesi bir kenara, kapitalist toplum bu \u00e7eli\u015fkiyi her g\u00fcn daha da derinle\u015ftirir.\u201d <\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Engels \u201cmevcut toplumun b\u00fct\u00fcn k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fcklerinin temellerini muhafaza etmek isterken, bu k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fckleri ortadan kald\u0131rmak isteyenlerle\u201d dalga ge\u00e7er. \u00d6zetle, yaln\u0131zca kapitalist \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerinin ilga edilmesiyle, kronik konut eksikli\u011fi veya a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 kalabal\u0131kla\u015fm\u0131\u015f \u015fehirlerin sa\u011fl\u0131ks\u0131z ko\u015fullar\u0131 gibi yak\u0131c\u0131 sosyal ve ekolojik sorunlar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7in yol a\u00e7\u0131labilir. <strong>[7]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Engels\u2019in <em>Anti-D\u00fchring<\/em> (1878) ve <em>\u00dctopyac\u0131 Sosyalizmden Bilimsel Sosyalizme<\/em> (1880) gibi eserleri de kapitalizmde do\u011fan\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131 ve sosyalist ve demokratik bir ekonomik planlama temelinde ahenkli bir geli\u015fimin yakalanma ihtiyac\u0131 \u00fczerine vurgu yapar. <strong>[8]<\/strong> Ama belki de, i\u00e7inde muhte\u015fem bir bilgi birikiminin yatt\u0131\u011f\u0131, Engels\u2019in do\u011fa ile \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 nedeniyle burjuvaziye ve kapitalist \u00fcretim tarz\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 en kapsaml\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 bize miras b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra yay\u0131mlanan <em>Do\u011fan\u0131n Diyalekti\u011fi<\/em> kitab\u0131, onun bu konuda en b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fckl\u00fc perspektifi ortaya koyan eseridir:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>\u201cBununla birlikte, do\u011fa \u00fczerinde kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z zaferlerden dolay\u0131 kendimizi&nbsp; pek fazla \u00f6vmeyelim. B\u00f6yle her zafer i\u00e7in do\u011fa bizden \u00f6c\u00fcn\u00fc al\u0131r. Her zaferin bekledi\u011fimiz sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 ilk planda sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 do\u011frudur, ama ikinci ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc planda da b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlukla ilk sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131ran, bamba\u015fka, \u00f6nceden g\u00f6r\u00fclmeyen etkileri vard\u0131r. Mezopotamya, Yunanistan, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya ve ba\u015fka yerlerde i\u015flenecek toprak elde etmek i\u00e7in ormanlar\u0131 yok eden insanlar, ormanlarla birlikte nem koruyan ve biriktiren merkezlerin ellerinden gitti\u011fini, bu \u00fclkelerin \u015fimdiki \u00b7\u00e7\u00f6lle\u015fmi\u015f durumuna zemin haz\u0131rlad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ak\u0131llar\u0131na hi\u00e7 getirmiyorlard\u0131. Alpler\u2019deki \u0130talyanlar da\u011flar\u0131n kuzey yama\u00e7lar\u0131nda dikkatle korunan \u00e7am ormanlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcney yama\u00e7lar\u0131nda yok ederken, b\u00f6lgelerinde s\u00fct\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck sanayiinin k\u00f6klerini kaz\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 sezemiyorlard\u0131. B\u00f6ylece, y\u0131l\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131nda, da\u011flardaki kaynaklar\u0131n suyunu kuruttuklar\u0131n\u0131, ayn\u0131 zamanda da ya\u011fmur mevsiminde azg\u0131n sel y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n ovalar\u0131 basmas\u0131na neden olduklar\u0131n\u0131 hi\u00e7 bilemiyorlard\u0131. Avrupa\u2019da patatesi yayanlar, ni\u015fastal\u0131 yumrularla birlikte, s\u0131raca hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yayd\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 bilmiyorlard\u0131. \u0130\u015fte b\u00f6ylece her ad\u0131mda an\u0131ms\u0131yoruz ki, hi\u00e7bir zaman, ba\u015fka toplulu\u011fa egemen olan bir fatih, do\u011fa d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bulunan bir ki\u015fi gibi, do\u011faya egemen de\u011filiz; tersine, etimiz, kan\u0131m\u0131z ve beynimizle ondan bir par\u00e7ay\u0131z, onun tam ortas\u0131nday\u0131z, onun \u00fczerinde kurdu\u011fumuz b\u00fct\u00fcn egemenlik, ba\u015fka b\u00fct\u00fcn yarat\u0131klardan \u00f6nce onun yasalar\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131ma ve do\u011fru olarak uygulayabilme \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne sahip olmam\u0131zdan \u00f6teye gitmez. Ve asl\u0131nda her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn bu yasalar\u0131 daha do\u011fru anlamay\u0131 \u00f6\u011freniyor, do\u011fan\u0131n geleneksel ak\u0131\u015f\u0131na yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z m\u00fcdahalelerin yak\u0131n ve uzak etkilerinin fark\u0131na var\u0131yoruz. \u00d6zellikle y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131m\u0131zda do\u011fa biliminin sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck ilerlemelerden sonra hi\u00e7 de\u011filse g\u00fcnl\u00fck \u00fcretim faaliyetlerimizin en uzak do\u011fal etkilerini bile \u00f6\u011freniyor ve onlar\u0131n fark\u0131na varabilecek ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla onlar\u0131 da denetleyebilecek bir durumda bulunuyoruz. Ama bu ilerlemeler \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcnde insanlar, do\u011fa ile olan i\u00e7 i\u00e7e durumlar\u0131n\u0131 yaln\u0131zca sezmekle kalm\u0131yor, daha iyi de \u00f6\u011freniyorlar; Avrupa&#8217;da klasik \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n bitiminden bu yana ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ve Hristiyanl\u0131kta en y\u00fcce geli\u015fme noktas\u0131na varan, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ile madde, insan ile do\u011fa, ruh ile beden aras\u0131ndaki kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131k, bu anlams\u0131z ve do\u011faya ayk\u0131r\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce bu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde olanaks\u0131z duruma geliyor. (\u2026) Ama bu alanda da yava\u015f yava\u015f, uzun ve \u00e7o\u011funlukla sert deneyler, tarihsel malzemenin toplanmas\u0131 ve incelenmesi sonucu, \u00fcretim faaliyetimizin dolayl\u0131, daha uzak toplumsal etkileri konusunda ayd\u0131nl\u0131\u011fa varmay\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmekteyiz; b\u00f6ylece, bu etkileri denetleme ve onlar\u0131 d\u00fczenleme olana\u011f\u0131na da kavu\u015fuyoruz.&nbsp; Bu d\u00fczenlemeyi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in de, salt bilgiden ba\u015fka \u015feyler gereklidir. Bunun i\u00e7in bug\u00fcne kadarki \u00fcretim tarz\u0131nda ve onunla birlikte t\u00fcm toplumsal d\u00fczenimizde tam bir devrim gereklidir. \u015eimdiye dek var olmu\u015f b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fcretim tarzlar\u0131, ancak eme\u011fin en yak\u0131n, en dolays\u0131z yararl\u0131 etkisine ula\u015fmay\u0131 hedef alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130leride ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan, yava\u015f yava\u015f yinelenerek ve y\u0131\u011f\u0131larak etkili duruma gelen daha sonraki sonu\u00e7lar tamamen ihmal edilmi\u015ftir. (\u2026) Kapitalistler, do\u011frudan do\u011fruya k\u00e2r i\u00e7in \u00fcretim ve de\u011fi\u015fim yapt\u0131klar\u0131ndan ilk planda yaln\u0131zca en yak\u0131n, en dolays\u0131z sonu\u00e7lar hesaba kat\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bir fabrikat\u00f6r ya da t\u00fcccar, \u00fcretti\u011fi ya da sat\u0131n ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 metay\u0131 normal bir k\u00e2rla satarsa, durumdan ho\u015fnuttur ve metan\u0131n ve al\u0131c\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n sonradan ne olaca\u011f\u0131 onu ilgilendirmez. Bu faaliyetlerin do\u011fal etkileri i\u00e7in de ayn\u0131 \u015fey ge\u00e7erlidir.\u201d <strong>[9]<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Dipnotlar:<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>[1]<\/strong> Karl Marx ve Friedrich Engels, <em>Toplu Eserler<\/em>, Cilt 6, Lawrence &amp; Wishart, 2010.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>[2]<\/strong> Michael Roberts, <em>Engels on nature and humanity<\/em>, bkz. https: \/\/ thenextrecession.wordpress.com\/2020\/04\/02\/engels- on-nature-and-humanity \/ accessed October 26, 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>[3]<\/strong> Karl Marx, <em>Gen\u00e7lik Yaz\u0131lar\u0131<\/em>, Economic Culture Fund, 1982.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>[4]<\/strong> Frederick Engels, <em>The situation of the working class in England<\/em>, Marxists Internet Archive Publications, 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>[5]<\/strong> John Bellamy Foster, <em>La ecolog\u00eda de Marx<\/em>, Ediciones de Intervenci\u00f3n Cultural\/El Viejo Topo, 2000.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>[6]<\/strong>&nbsp; Karl Marx ve Friedrich Engels, <em>Ireland and the Irish question<\/em>, Progress Publishers, 1978.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>[7]<\/strong> F. Engels, <em>Konut Sorunu<\/em>, bkz. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/espanol\/m-e\/1870s\/vivien-da\/index.htm\">https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/espanol\/m-e\/1870s\/vivien-da\/index.htm<\/a>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>[8]<\/strong> F. Engels, <em>Anti-D\u00fchring<\/em> ve <em>\u00dctopyac\u0131 Sosyalizmden Bilimsel Sosyalizme<\/em>. S\u0131ras\u0131yla bkz. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/espanol\/m-e\/1870s\/anti-duhring\/index.htm\">https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/espanol\/m-e\/1870s\/anti-duhring\/index.htm<\/a>&nbsp; ve <a href=\"https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/espanol\/m-e\/1880s\/dsusc\">https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/espanol\/m-e\/1880s\/dsusc<\/a>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>[9]<\/strong> Friedrich Engels, <em>Do\u011fan\u0131n Diyalekti\u011fi<\/em>, Sol Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u00c7eviri: Arif Gelen, D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Bask\u0131, Nisan 1979, syf. 228-232.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Yazar: Sim\u00f3n Rodr\u00edguez&nbsp; \u00c7eviri: Kaan G\u00fcnde\u015f \u0130lk defa \u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerin Uluslararas\u0131 Birli\u011fi &#8211; D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Enternasyonal\u2019in Correspondencia Internacional (Uluslararas\u0131 Haberle\u015fme) isimli dergisinin Kas\u0131m 2020 say\u0131s\u0131nda yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. *** \u0130nsal\u0131\u011f\u0131n bug\u00fcn kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya oldu\u011fu en b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00f6rev, d\u00fcnya burjuvazisinin k\u00f6r \u00f6nderli\u011fi alt\u0131nda \u00e7evresel y\u0131k\u0131m ve kitlesel yok olu\u015f u\u00e7urumuna do\u011fru yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 intihara e\u011filimli yolculu\u011fu engellemektir. Engels, Marx\u2019la birlikte, kapitalist [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":2045,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[977],"tags":[876],"class_list":["post-2044","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-friedrich-engels","tag-friedrich-engels"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2044","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2044"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2044\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2047,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2044\/revisions\/2047"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2045"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2044"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2044"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2044"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}