{"id":1966,"date":"2020-08-26T12:00:04","date_gmt":"2020-08-26T09:00:04","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/trockist.net\/?p=1966"},"modified":"2020-08-26T12:00:07","modified_gmt":"2020-08-26T09:00:07","slug":"dis-borcun-reddi-neden-ve-nasil","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/2020\/08\/26\/dis-borcun-reddi-neden-ve-nasil\/","title":{"rendered":"D\u0131\u015f borcun reddi: Neden ve nas\u0131l?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

T\u00fcrkiye ekonomisi yere \u00e7ak\u0131ld\u0131k\u00e7a, Erdo\u011fan d\u00f6n\u00fcp dola\u015f\u0131p iki hik\u00e2yeyi \u0131srarla anlatmaya koyuluyor. 2018 Cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 se\u00e7imleri \u00f6ncesi anlatmay\u0131 pek sevdi\u011fi bu hik\u00e2yeler, i\u00e7inden ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz e\u015fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmedik ekonomik y\u0131k\u0131m alt\u0131nda yeniden g\u00fcndemde. Bu hik\u00e2yelerden ilki, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin AKP \u00f6ncesinde beyaz e\u015fya kullanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya \u00e7ok s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 say\u0131da kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 rivayetine ili\u015fkin. 2018 se\u00e7imleri s\u00fcrecinde, ekonomik durumdan \u015fik\u00e2yet eden vatanda\u015flara, AKP \u00f6ncesinde, \u201cEvlerde f\u0131r\u0131n, buzdolab\u0131, \u00e7ama\u015f\u0131r makinesi bulabiliyor muyduk?\u201d sorusuyla kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k vermi\u015fti. (1) <\/strong>D\u00f6vizin, i\u015fsizli\u011fin, hayat pahal\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ve sefaletin tarih\u00ee zirvelerde oldu\u011fu bug\u00fcnlerde ise, s\u00f6z\u00fc yine beyaz e\u015fya meselesine getirerek ele\u015ftirileri g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcsledi. \u201cT\u00fcrkiye adeta bir u\u00e7u\u015fun e\u015fi\u011finde\u201d tespitinde bulunduktan sonra 2002 ve 2019\u2019da sat\u0131lan buzdolab\u0131 ve \u00e7ama\u015f\u0131r makinesi say\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 vererek, iddias\u0131n\u0131 temellendirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130\u00e7inden ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz krize ili\u015fkin a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131 tatmin edici bulunmayacak olsa bile, 2002 y\u0131l\u0131 i\u00e7inde 1 milyondan fazla buzdolab\u0131 sat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 itiraf ederek, iki sene \u00f6nceki konu\u015fmas\u0131ndan daha m\u00fctevaz\u0131 bir tutum tak\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir.\u00a0(2)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu hik\u00e2yelerden ikincisi ve konumuzla daha do\u011frudan ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olan\u0131 ise T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin IMF\u2019ye olan borcu ve bor\u00e7luluk meselesine ili\u015fkin. AKP\u2019nin 18 y\u0131ll\u0131k ekonomik ba\u015far\u0131 (!) \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc kan\u0131tlayabilmek i\u00e7in Erdo\u011fan, kendi d\u00f6nemlerinde IMF\u2019ye olan borcun kapat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve hatta IMF\u2019ye 5 milyar dolar bor\u00e7 verildi\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. Ger\u00e7ekten de, 2002\u2019de AKP iktidara geldi\u011finde IMF\u2019ye olan 23 milyar dolar civar\u0131ndaki bor\u00e7, 2013\u2019e dek AKP iktidarlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6dendi ve IMF\u2019yle yeni bir anla\u015fma imzalanmad\u0131. Pekiyi, IMF\u2019yle olan ili\u015fkinin bitirilmesi, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n azald\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya bitti\u011fi anlam\u0131na m\u0131 geliyor? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Erdo\u011fan\u2019\u0131n s\u00f6z etmekten \u0131srarla ka\u00e7\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorun tam da burada. 2002\u2019de T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin toplam d\u0131\u015f borcu 130 milyar dolarken, 2020 itibariyle bu say\u0131 3 kattan fazla artarak 430 milyar dolar seviyesine geldi. Bu d\u00f6nemde \u015f\u00fcphesiz ekonomi de “b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc” fakat d\u0131\u015f borcun gayri safi yurt i\u00e7i has\u0131laya (GSYH) oran\u0131 yeniden 2001\u2019deki kriz seviyesine yani y\u00fczde 55\u2019in \u00fcst\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bu borcun yakla\u015f\u0131k \u00fc\u00e7te ikisi \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6re aitken yakla\u015f\u0131k \u00fc\u00e7te biri de kamuya ait. Unutulmamas\u0131 gereken nokta ise, \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r d\u0131\u015f borcunun devlet garantisinde oldu\u011fu ve Merkez Bankas\u0131 swap hari\u00e7 net rezervinin \u2013 6 milyar dolar seviyesine kadar gerilemi\u015f oldu\u011fu. (3)<\/strong> Uluslararas\u0131 Finans Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019nin (IIF) raporlar\u0131na g\u00f6re de T\u00fcrkiye d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7 \u00f6demeleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan en zor durumda olan \u00fclkelerin ba\u015f\u0131nda geliyor. Bir y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde \u00e7evrilmesi gereken d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7 miktar\u0131 ile Merkez Bankas\u0131\u2019ndaki net d\u00f6viz rezervleri aras\u0131ndaki u\u00e7urum, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin bir saatli bomban\u0131n \u00fczerinde durdu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor. (4)<\/strong> Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Erdo\u011fan, IMF\u2019ye borcumuzu kapatt\u0131k dedikten sonra \u201cVeren el, alan elden \u00fcst\u00fcnd\u00fcr\u201d s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc ifade ederken, T\u00fcrkiye ekonomisinin ne kadar k\u0131r\u0131lgan konumda oldu\u011funu da kendi \u00fcslubunca a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015f oluyor. Son olarak, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin IMF\u2019ye bor\u00e7 verdi\u011fi iddias\u0131n\u0131n da Merkez Bankas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n o d\u00f6neminin en \u00fcst d\u00fczey b\u00fcrokratlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yalanlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtelim. (5)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bor\u00e7luluk oranlar\u0131 yaln\u0131zca T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de artm\u0131yor. 2008\u2019de patlak veren d\u00fcnya ekonomik krizinin 2019\u2019da yeni ve daha derin bir a\u015famaya girmesi, bor\u00e7luluk miktar\u0131n\u0131n tarihte e\u015fi benzeri g\u00f6r\u00fclmedik oranlara \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 beraberinde getirdi. 2020\u2019nin ilk \u00e7eyre\u011finde k\u00fcresel bor\u00e7 miktar\u0131, d\u00fcnyada \u00fcretilen toplam GSYH\u2019nin y\u00fczde 331\u2019ine ula\u015farak yeni bir rekor k\u0131rd\u0131. Krizin pandemiyle birle\u015fmesinin ard\u0131ndan bu miktar, \u00e7ok daha yukar\u0131lara \u00e7\u0131kacak.\u00a0(6)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hane halk\u0131 bor\u00e7luluk miktar\u0131 da hem k\u00fcresel \u00f6l\u00e7ekte hem de T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bi\u00e7imde art\u0131yor. Emek\u00e7ilerin harcanabilir gelirleri i\u00e7indeki bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n oran\u0131 AKP’nin iktidara geldi\u011fi 2002\u2019de y\u00fczde 5 d\u00fczeyinden, bu say\u0131 bug\u00fcn y\u00fczde 50\u2019lere varm\u0131\u015f durumda. T\u00fcrkiye Bankalar Birli\u011fi’ne (TBB) g\u00f6re, vatanda\u015flar\u0131n kredi borcu, Temmuz 2020 itibar\u0131yla 706 milyar TL\u2019ye ula\u015ft\u0131. \u0130htiya\u00e7 kredilerinin GSYH\u2019ye oran\u0131 ise son 6 ayda y\u00fczde 38\u2019den y\u00fczde 47\u2019ye y\u00fckseldi. (7)<\/strong> Bu say\u0131lar dahi T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki ekonomik krizin ve sefaletin ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 boyutlara dair \u00e7ok fazla \u015fey s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kapitalist sistemin temel i\u015fleyi\u015f unsurlar\u0131ndan birisi olan bor\u00e7 meselesini ve ekonomik krizle ili\u015fkisini \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli boyutlar\u0131yla ele almak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. Yukar\u0131da \u00e7ok k\u0131saca de\u011findi\u011fimiz hane halk\u0131 bor\u00e7luluk meselesi veya emperyalist \u00fclkelerin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck faiz ve kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ks\u0131z para bas\u0131m\u0131 yoluyla k\u00fcresel bor\u00e7luluk seviyesini art\u0131rma politikas\u0131 bunlardan birka\u00e7\u0131. Bu yaz\u0131da ise, temel olarak, emperyalist \u00fclkelerin d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7 y\u00f6ntemiyle ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131, yar\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrge \u00fclkeleri nas\u0131l ya\u011fmalad\u0131\u011f\u0131, ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 \u00fclkelerin d\u0131\u015f borcu neden \u00f6dememesi gerekti\u011fini ve bunun nas\u0131l m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilece\u011fini ele almaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7 neden reddedilmeli?<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

19. y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7 mekanizmas\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck kapitalist g\u00fc\u00e7lerin di\u011fer \u00fclkeleri kontrol alt\u0131na almak i\u00e7in kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 en \u00f6nemli ara\u00e7lardan biri oldu. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda Haiti, Yunanistan ve Latin Amerika \u00fclkeleri gibi ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yeni kazanan devletler, d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7land\u0131rma yoluyla mali ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zla kaybettiler. \u00c7in, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ve Rusya gibi eski devletler de y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7lar sonucunda mali a\u00e7\u0131dan emperyalist devletlere ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 hale geldiler. (8)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7 anla\u015fmalar\u0131, y\u00fcksek faiz oranlar\u0131 ve \u00e7e\u015fitli kesintiler nedeniyle, bankalar\u0131n \u00f6ylesine lehine ve bor\u00e7 alan devletlerin \u00f6ylesine aleyhineydi ki, bor\u00e7luluk k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra \u00f6denemeyecek bir noktaya geliyor, emperyalist \u00fclkeler d\u0131\u015f m\u00fcdahaleler veya h\u00fck\u00fcmet darbeleri yoluyla bor\u00e7lar\u0131n \u00f6denmesini garanti alt\u0131na al\u0131yorlard\u0131. Kimi zaman da bor\u00e7lu \u00fclkeler, bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6demeyeceklerini ilan ediyor ve bunda k\u0131smen veya tamamen ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 oluyorlard\u0131. Bu \u00f6rneklere a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da daha ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak de\u011finece\u011fiz. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kapitalizmin t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyaya yay\u0131lmas\u0131 ve tekelci a\u015famas\u0131na yani emperyalizme d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesi s\u00fcrecini analiz eden Lenin, sermaye ihrac\u0131n\u0131n ve d\u0131\u015f borcun artan \u00f6nemini vurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Sanayi sermayesinin ve banka sermayesinin mali sermaye (finans kapital) bi\u00e7iminde birle\u015fmesiyle, geli\u015fmi\u015f kapitalist \u00fclkeler i\u00e7in sermaye ihrac\u0131 meta ihracat\u0131ndan \u00f6ncelikli hale gelmi\u015f ve i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fc ulusal s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n \u00f6tesine ta\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.\u00a0(9)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Marx a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik ve fetih projelerini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebilmeleri i\u00e7in imparatorluklara verilen krediler yoluyla Hollandal\u0131, \u0130ngiliz ve Frans\u0131z kapitalistlerin b\u00fcy\u00fck servetler elde etmesi ve bu sayede ilkel sermaye birikimini sa\u011flamalar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemliydi. Lenin d\u00f6neminde ise d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7, \u0130ngiltere, Fransa, Almanya, ABD gibi emperyalist devletlerde siyasal iktidarlar\u0131 denetimi alt\u0131na alan mali sermayenin, t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada egemenli\u011fini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmesinin en temel ara\u00e7lar\u0131ndan birisi haline geldi. Emperyalist a\u015famada kapitalistler, asker\u00ee bir i\u015fgale veya s\u00f6m\u00fcrgele\u015ftirmeye giri\u015fmeksizin de, sermaye ihracat\u0131 ve d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7 yoluyla, kendi ulusal s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda mali egemenlikler kurabiliyorlard\u0131. Lenin bu durum alt\u0131ndaki \u00fclkeleri ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 veya yar\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrge olarak tan\u0131ml\u0131yordu. Bu \u00fclkeler bi\u00e7imsel olarak politik ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa sahip olsalar da, mali ve diplomatik a\u00e7\u0131dan emperyalist devletlere ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 hale gelmi\u015flerdi.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sanayi devrimi sonucu \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7lerde ya\u015fanan geli\u015fme sayesinde, kapitalistler giderek daha y\u00fcksek bir oranda bu \u00fclkelere sermaye ihrac\u0131 yapmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flar ve b\u00f6ylelikle bu \u00fclkelerin kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 ya\u011fmalamaya ve emek g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc s\u00f6m\u00fcrmeye giri\u015fmi\u015flerdi. Kapitalizmin bu a\u015famas\u0131nda d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7, emperyalist devletler i\u00e7in fazlas\u0131yla kazan\u00e7l\u0131 bir sistemdi. Emperyalist bir \u00fclkenin bankas\u0131ndan yar\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrge devletlere verilen krediler, ayn\u0131 emperyalist \u00fclkenin maden, demir yolu, elektrik veya tekstil \u015firketleriyle y\u00fcksek k\u00e2rl\u0131 anla\u015fmalar yap\u0131lmas\u0131 ve s\u00f6z konusu \u00fclkeye kapit\u00fclasyonlar gibi \u00f6zel ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar tan\u0131nmas\u0131 ko\u015fullar\u0131na ba\u011flan\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu genel nitelikler, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ve daha sonra T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de kapitalizmin geli\u015fim s\u00fcreci a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da fazlas\u0131yla ge\u00e7erli. \u0130lk kez 1854\u2019te K\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda al\u0131nan d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7, 1876\u2019da \u00f6denemez duruma gelmi\u015f ve Osmanl\u0131 Devleti d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7 \u00f6demelerini durdurdu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 1881\u2019de kredit\u00f6rlerle imzalanan anla\u015fma sonucunda, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin mali idaresini bor\u00e7lu \u00fclkelerin teslim almas\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelen D\u00fcyun-u Umumiye (Genel Bor\u00e7lar) \u0130daresi kurulmu\u015ftu. Bu kurum arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla devletin vergi gelirlerinin \u00f6nemli bir kesimi, yabanc\u0131 alacakl\u0131lar\u0131n denetimine b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131yordu. D\u00fcyun-u Umumiye sisteminin kurulmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, bor\u00e7lanma politikas\u0131 kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerden devam etti. Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131na dek Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, Avrupa\u2019dan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 borcun yakla\u015f\u0131k iki kat\u0131n\u0131 anapara ve faiz \u00f6demesi olarak Avrupa devletlerine geri \u00f6demi\u015f oldu. (10)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, Avrupa devletleriyle yap\u0131lan anla\u015fmalar uyar\u0131nca, T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri, Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan kendi pay\u0131na kalan bor\u00e7lar\u0131 1954\u2019e dek \u00f6dedi. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7 sarmal\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fmesiyse, kabaca 1960-1980 aras\u0131 uygulanan ithal ikameci b\u00fcy\u00fcme d\u00f6neminde ba\u015flad\u0131. Montaj sanayisi temeline, yani i\u00e7 t\u00fcketim ve yerli burjuvazinin g\u00fcmr\u00fck duvarlar\u0131yla geli\u015ftirilmesine dayanan bu d\u00f6nemde, ithalat ve ihracat rakamlar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki fark giderek a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131yor ve bu a\u00e7\u0131k d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7lanmayla kar\u015f\u0131lan\u0131yordu. D\u00fcnya ekonomisinin yeni bir krize girdi\u011fi 1974\u2019ten itibaren, d\u0131\u015f finansman bulmak giderek zorla\u015f\u0131rken, i\u00e7 piyasa bir doygunlu\u011fa ula\u015ft\u0131 ve ithal ikameci model b\u00fcy\u00fck bir bor\u00e7 kriziyle \u00e7\u00f6kt\u00fc. Krizden \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f, i\u015f\u00e7i hareketinin ve solun askeri darbe yoluyla tasfiye edilmesiyle, burjuvazinin Kenan Evren ve Turgut \u00d6zal \u00f6nderli\u011finde \u201cihracata dayal\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcme modelini\u201d hayata ge\u00e7irebilmesiyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu modelde i\u015f\u00e7i \u00fccretlerini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrerek, burjuvazinin ihracata d\u00f6n\u00fck \u00fcretime ge\u00e7mesi ve bu yolla k\u00e2rl\u0131l\u0131k oranlar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmas\u0131 hedefleniyordu. Bu \u015fekilde, d\u0131\u015f yat\u0131r\u0131mlara da kap\u0131 aralanmak istendi. Neoliberal temelde ekonominin d\u00fcnya piyasas\u0131na tam entegrasyonunun hedeflenmesinin faturas\u0131, d\u0131\u015f borcun giderek daha da artmas\u0131 oldu. \u00d6zal h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerinin ard\u0131ndan, \u201890\u2019lardaki koalisyon h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri de Evren-\u00d6zal ikilisinin neoliberal politikalar\u0131n\u0131, IMF\u2019yle yap\u0131lan anla\u015fmalar \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde ayn\u0131 bi\u00e7imde s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc. 2001 krizi patlak verdi\u011finde d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7 seviyesi milli gelirin y\u00fczde 58\u2019i d\u00fczeyine \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f ve \u00fclke ekonomisi a\u011f\u0131r bir y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131n alt\u0131nda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.\u00a0(11)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eimdilerde Damat Bakan\u2019\u0131n sa\u011f yumru\u011funu kald\u0131rarak \u201cdevrimci\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u201ctam ekonomik ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k\u201d yolunda m\u00fccadele eden ve bunun bedelini \u00f6deyen bir iktidar oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yledi\u011fi AKP h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri d\u00f6neminde de ayn\u0131 ekonomik model, daha da derinle\u015ftirilerek s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. ABD\u2019de ekonomik kriz nedeniyle 2000\u2019li y\u0131llar boyunca d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck faiz politikas\u0131n\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131 sonucunda ya\u015fanan dolar bollu\u011fu sayesinde AKP h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri bu d\u00f6nemde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck faizle bor\u00e7lanabildi. Bir yandan IMF\u2019yle i\u015fbirli\u011fi temelinde i\u015f\u00e7i d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 politikalar kararl\u0131l\u0131kla uygulan\u0131yor, di\u011fer yandan da uygun uluslararas\u0131 ekonomik ko\u015fullar sayesinde, ekonominin \u00e7e\u015fitli kalemlerinde k\u0131smi iyile\u015fmeler ya\u015fan\u0131yordu. AKP h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri gerek bu d\u00f6nemde gerekse de 2008 krizinin ard\u0131ndan yabanc\u0131 sermayenin bir d\u00f6nem daha ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131, yar\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrge \u00fclkelere akt\u0131\u011f\u0131 2010-2015 d\u00f6neminde, \u015firketlerin d\u00f6vizle ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00fczeyde bor\u00e7lanmas\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fvik etti ve bu paran\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 in\u015faat, silah sanayii, enerji ve finans gibi s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir olmayan alanlara harcand\u0131. K\u00fcresel ekonomide r\u00fczg\u00e2r\u0131n tersten esmeye ba\u015flamas\u0131yla s\u0131cak para bulman\u0131n giderek zorla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131, faizlerin y\u00fckseldi\u011fi ve TL\u2019nin dolar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda adeta yere \u00e7ak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemde ise \u015firketler birbiri ard\u0131na bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6deyemez hale geldiler. \u015eirketlerin iflaslar\u0131 kamu bankalar\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla veya konkordato gibi ucube yasal \u00f6nlemlerle yapay bi\u00e7imde \u00f6telenmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmakta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00f6viz borcu olan \u015firketlerin iflas etmesiyle birlikte, bu \u015firketlerin bor\u00e7lar\u0131 devlet taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcstlenilecek ve bu borcun faturas\u0131 emek\u00e7i halk\u0131n \u00fczerine y\u0131k\u0131lacak. \u201cYerli ve milli\u201d olmakla \u00f6v\u00fcnen AKP h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, \u015firketlerin bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n garant\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc \u00fcstlenerek, uluslararas\u0131 finans tekellerine borcun dakik olarak \u00f6denmesinde teredd\u00fct etmeyecek. Bu borcun al\u0131nmas\u0131ndan hi\u00e7bir fayda g\u00f6rmeyen emek\u00e7i halk, hi\u00e7bir sorumlulu\u011fu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde, \u015firketlerin ve bankalar\u0131n bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n devlet taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcstlenilmesiyle, kemer s\u0131kma politikalar\u0131yla ve sosyal kesintilerle borcun kefili haline gelecek. \u0130\u015fte bu y\u00fczden T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin mevcut d\u0131\u015f borcunun me\u015fru olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00f6denmemesi gerekti\u011fini s\u00f6yl\u00fcyoruz. Yakla\u015f\u0131k 150 y\u0131ld\u0131r \u00fclkenin zenginliklerini ya\u011fmalayan \u201cakbaba fonlara\u201d borcun \u00f6denmesinin reddedilmesiyle, buradan sa\u011flanacak kaynaklar, ekonomik kriz ve salg\u0131n nedeniyle b\u00fcy\u00fck bir toplumsal ve ekonomik y\u0131k\u0131m i\u00e7inde olan emek\u00e7i kesimler i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmal\u0131. Peki, ama nas\u0131l?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7 nas\u0131l reddedilir?<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

D\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7lar\u0131n bu haliyle \u00f6denemez oldu\u011funu yaln\u0131zca devrimci sosyalistler s\u00f6ylemiyor. \u00c7e\u015fitli reformist hareketlerden, burjuva milliyet\u00e7i devlet ba\u015fkanlar\u0131na ve hatta IMF y\u00f6neticilerine dek, bor\u00e7 sisteminde de\u011fi\u015fiklik yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi dile getiriliyor. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Devrimci sosyalistler d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7 meselesinin k\u00fcresel kapitalist sisteme i\u00e7kin bir s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc ve ya\u011fma mekanizmas\u0131 oldu\u011funu, bu nedenle d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7lar\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcyle reddedilmesini ve k\u00fcresel \u00f6l\u00e7ekte demokratik ve merkez\u00ee bir planl\u0131 ekonomiye ge\u00e7ilmesini savunuyor.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reformistler bor\u00e7lar\u0131n \u201cme\u015fru olmayan\u201d k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n reddedilmesini ve bor\u00e7lar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6denmemesiyle yoksul kesimlerin bir nebze olsun nefes almas\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde, kapitalist sistem i\u00e7inde sa\u011flanabilecek bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm olarak bu konuyu g\u00fcndeme getiriyorlar. Ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 \u00fclkelerin kimisinde iktidarda olan burjuva milliyet\u00e7i liderler ise, uluslararas\u0131 kredit\u00f6rlerle pazarl\u0131kta daha uygun bir anla\u015fma sa\u011flayabilmek i\u00e7in d\u0131\u015f borcun adaletsizli\u011finden bahsediyorlar. IMF y\u00f6neticileri ise, kapitalist sistemin t\u00fcm\u00fcyle \u00e7\u00f6kmesinin \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7mek ve d\u0131\u015f borcun s\u00fcrekli olarak \u00f6denebilmesi i\u00e7in, birtak\u0131m iyile\u015ftirmeler yap\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131nda bulunuyorlar. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ge\u00e7mi\u015fe ve yak\u0131n tarihe bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda da d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7 meselesinin yaln\u0131z sosyalist devrimlerin ard\u0131ndan de\u011fil \u00e7e\u015fitli kapitalist h\u00fck\u00fcmetler taraf\u0131ndan g\u00fcndeme getirildi\u011fini ve bor\u00e7lar\u0131n k\u0131smen veya tamamen reddedilebildi\u011fini g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. \u015eimdi bu \u00f6rneklere k\u0131saca bakal\u0131m. (12)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

ABD 1839-1868: <\/strong>Bug\u00fcn ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 \u00fclkelerin emperyalist \u00fclkelere d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7 \u00f6demelerinin en b\u00fcy\u00fck garant\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc \u00fcstlenen ABD, ge\u00e7mi\u015fte kendisi birka\u00e7 defa \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye olan d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6demeyi reddetmi\u015fti. 1839-42 aras\u0131nda, nehir kanallar\u0131n\u0131n in\u015fas\u0131 i\u00e7in sa\u011flanan krediler Mississippi, Louisiana, Maryland ve Pennsylvania eyaletleri taraf\u0131ndan geri \u00f6denmedi. 1868\u2019de ise, Kuzey ve G\u00fcney aras\u0131ndaki i\u00e7 sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda, \u0130ngiltere taraf\u0131ndan desteklenen G\u00fcney h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerine verilmi\u015f olan bor\u00e7lar, sava\u015f galibi Kuzey taraf\u0131ndan yasa d\u0131\u015f\u0131 ilan edildi ve \u00f6demeleri durduruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Meksika 1861:<\/strong> Devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 Benito Juarez (1858-1864) d\u00f6neminde \u0130ngiltere, \u0130spanya ve Fransa\u2019ya olan bor\u00e7lar\u0131n \u00f6demesi iki y\u0131ll\u0131\u011f\u0131na durduruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ekvador 1889:<\/strong> Flores ve Jij\u00f3n h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerinin Avrupa ve ABD bankalar\u0131yla \u00e7ok a\u011f\u0131r \u015fartlara onay veren bor\u00e7lanma m\u00fczakereleri bir toplumsal ayaklanmaya neden oldu. Halk seferberli\u011fi \u00fczerine iktidara gelen yeni h\u00fck\u00fcmet d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7 \u00f6demelerinin durduruldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Arjantin 1890: <\/strong>Lenin\u2019in deyimiyle, \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin bir \u201cmali s\u00f6m\u00fcrgesi\u201d haline gelen Arjantin\u2019in bu \u00fclkeye olan d\u0131\u015f borcu \u00f6denemez bir noktaya ula\u015ft\u0131. Bu durumun bir toplumsal ayaklanmay\u0131 tetiklemesinin ard\u0131ndan d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7 \u00f6demeleri birka\u00e7 y\u0131ll\u0131\u011f\u0131na durduruldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Venezuela 1901:<\/strong> Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Cipriano Castro d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7 \u00f6demelerinin durduruldu\u011funu ilan etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rusya 1917:<\/strong> Ekim Devrimi\u2019nin ard\u0131ndan Bol\u015fevikler, \u00c7arl\u0131k d\u00f6neminden miras kalan d\u0131\u015f borcu reddettiklerini duyurdular. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Almanya 1923:<\/strong> Sava\u015f yenilgisinin ard\u0131ndan \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa taraf\u0131ndan Almanya\u2019ya y\u00fcklenen ac\u0131mas\u0131z sava\u015f tazminatlar\u0131 ve bununla beraber artan d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7larlar nedeniyle Alman ekonomisi 1923\u2019te a\u011f\u0131r bir krize girdi. D\u00f6nemin h\u00fck\u00fcmeti d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7 \u00f6demelerini durdurdu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ngiltere, Fransa ve \u0130talya 1933:<\/strong> D\u00fcnya ekonomik krizi nedeniyle ABD\u2019ye olan toplam 12 milyar dolarl\u0131k borcun \u00f6demesini durdurduklar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131lar. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00fcba 1959:<\/strong> Devrimin ard\u0131ndan, yeni h\u00fck\u00fcmetin a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk \u00f6nlemlerden biri Batista d\u00f6neminin d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 reddetmek oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ABD 1971:<\/strong> Ba\u015fkan Nixon 1944\u2019te imzalanan Bretton Woods Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n temelini olu\u015fturan dolar\u0131n alt\u0131na \u00e7evrilebilirli\u011fi ilkesini, y\u00fckselen enflasyon nedeniyle durdu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131. Bu ad\u0131m, dolar uluslararas\u0131 para birimi olma \u00f6zelli\u011fini korumaya devam ederken, ABD Merkez Bankas\u0131\u2019na s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olmayan para basabilme hakk\u0131 tan\u0131yordu. Bu s\u0131rada Nixon 50 milyar dolarl\u0131k d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7 \u00f6demesinin de durduruldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Meksika 1982:<\/strong> IMF\u2019nin dayatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 politikalar sonucunda derin bir ekonomik krize yuvarlanan ve d\u0131\u015f borcunu \u00f6deyemez hale gelen Meksika, 1982\u2019de d\u0131\u015f borcunun bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6demeyi reddetti\u011fini duyurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bolivya 1984:<\/strong> Bor\u00e7 \u00f6demelerinin durdurulmas\u0131 talebiyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen genel grev, h\u00fck\u00fcmeti moratoryum ilan etmeye zorlad\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kosta Rika 1984:<\/strong> H\u00fck\u00fcmet d\u00f6viz kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n bor\u00e7 \u00f6demek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 yasaklad\u0131. Kredit\u00f6rler New York\u2019ta dava a\u00e7t\u0131 fakat mahkeme konunun \u201culusunun nihai y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 engellemek i\u00e7in egemen bir \u00fclkenin ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir karar\u201d oldu\u011fu sonucuna vard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Brezilya 1987:<\/strong> Brezilya da moratoryum ilan eden \u00fclkeler aras\u0131na kat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rusya 1998:<\/strong> \u00dclke ekonomisi \u00e7\u00f6kt\u00fc ve h\u00fck\u00fcmet \u00fccretleri \u00f6deyemeyece\u011fini duyurdu. Maden i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin 6 ay \u00fccret alamayaca\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131. Bunun \u00fczerine madenciler, h\u00fck\u00fcmetin d\u0131\u015f borcu \u00f6demek yerine \u00fccretlerini \u00f6demesi i\u00e7in Moskova\u2019ya kamp kurdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ekvador 1999:<\/strong> Yerlilerin ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekti\u011fi toplumsal seferberlikler bir\u00e7ok h\u00fck\u00fcmetin d\u00fc\u015fmesini beraberinde getirirken, d\u00f6nemin h\u00fck\u00fcmeti bor\u00e7 \u00f6demelerini durdurdu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Arjantin 2001:<\/strong> \u201cArjantinazo\u201d olarak an\u0131lan halk isyan\u0131 \u00f6demelerin durdurulmas\u0131 sonucunu do\u011furdu. Buradan sa\u011flanan kaynaklar sosyal harcamalar i\u00e7in kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Ne var ki, 2003\u2019te sol bir s\u00f6ylemle iktidara gelen Kirchner h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri d\u00f6neminde d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7 \u00f6demeleri t\u00fcm h\u0131z\u0131yla devam etti. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130zlanda 2010:<\/strong> 2008 krizinin ard\u0131ndan \u00fclke ekonomisinin \u00e7\u00f6kmesiyle birlikte, 2010\u2019da ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen referandumda halk\u0131n y\u00fczde 95\u2019i d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7 \u00f6demelerinin reddi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde oy kulland\u0131. G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc halk bask\u0131s\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmeti bor\u00e7 \u00f6demelerini durdurmaya zorlad\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yukar\u0131da son 150 y\u0131lda bor\u00e7 \u00f6demelerine ili\u015fkin \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00f6rnekler verdik. Son on y\u0131l i\u00e7inden de benzer bir\u00e7ok \u00f6rnek g\u00f6sterilebilir. \u00d6zellikle son aylarda Afrika \u00fclkelerinin bor\u00e7 \u00f6demelerinin durdurulmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin irade beyan\u0131, bunlar aras\u0131nda dikkat \u00e7ekenlerden.\u00a0(13)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yukar\u0131da and\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u00f6rneklerden \u00e7e\u015fitli sonu\u00e7lar \u00e7\u0131karmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. \u00d6ncelikle d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7 \u00f6demesinin bir tabu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonucu ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 \u00fclkelerin emek\u00e7i halklar\u0131 \u00fczerine y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7 y\u00fck\u00fc de\u011fi\u015fmez bir kader de\u011fil, h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin bir politik tercih meselesi oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. Dikkat \u00e7ekici olan, yaln\u0131zca devrimci h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerce de\u011fil burjuva h\u00fck\u00fcmetler taraf\u0131ndan da bor\u00e7 \u00f6demelerinin durdurabildi\u011fi olgusu. \u00d6zellikle de seferberlik halindeki kitlelerin bas\u0131nc\u0131 alt\u0131nda olan h\u00fck\u00fcmetler, ayakta kalabilmek i\u00e7in bu yola ba\u015fvurabiliyor. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ne var ki, g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz bir di\u011fer \u00f6nemli nokta, d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7 \u00f6demeleri bir s\u00fcreli\u011fine durdurulsa bile, emperyalist sistemden kopu\u015fu ve onun alternatifini y\u00fckseltecek di\u011fer \u00f6nlemlerle desteklenmedik\u00e7e, ayn\u0131 mekanizma k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra yeniden kuruluyor ve ge\u00e7mi\u015fin kazan\u0131mlar\u0131 t\u00fcm\u00fcyle geri al\u0131nabiliyor. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn reformist \u00f6nderlikleri ise bu noktaya dahi gelebilmi\u015f de\u011filler. Yunanistan\u2019da Syriza, \u0130spanya\u2019da Podemos \u00f6rnekleri d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7 \u00f6demelerinin reddi talebiyle \u00e7\u0131k\u0131lan yolculukta, iktidara gelindi\u011finde bu \u00f6demelerin nas\u0131l birer sad\u0131k y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcc\u00fcleri konumuna gelindi\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7 \u00f6demelerinin durdurulmas\u0131, kapitalist sistemin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde kalarak da m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmakla birlikte, bu \u00f6nlemin kal\u0131c\u0131 olmas\u0131 ve mant\u0131ki sonucuna ula\u015fmas\u0131 di\u011fer antikapitalist \u00f6nlemlerle bir arada uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131lmakta.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

***<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dipnotlar:<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

1.)<\/strong> Bkz. https:\/\/www.sozcu.com.tr\/2018\/gundem\/erdogan-kendisini-elestirenlere-tessuf-etti-2477004\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.)<\/strong> Bkz. https:\/\/www.evrensel.net\/haber\/411200\/cumhurbaskani-erdogandan-ekonomi-yorumu-turkiye-adeta-bir-ucusun-icerisinde<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.)<\/strong>\u00a0Kimi ekonomistler rezervin -30 milyar dolar\u0131n da alt\u0131nda oldu\u011funu belirtiyor. Burada referans al\u0131nan sat\u0131 i\u00e7in bkz. http:\/\/www.mahfiegilmez.com\/2020\/07\/rezervleri-hesaplama-rehberi.html<\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4.)<\/strong> Bkz. https:\/\/www.sozcu.com.tr\/2020\/ekonomi\/rezervler-turkiyeyi-dis-borclarda-savunmasiz-birakti-5949093\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

5.)<\/strong> Bkz. https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/turkce\/haberler-turkiye-53743986<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

6.)<\/strong> Bkz. https:\/\/t24.com.tr\/haber\/uluslararasi-finans-enstitusu-raporundan-turkiye-borcu-en-cok-artan-uc-ulkeden-biri,893047<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

7.)<\/strong>\u00a0Sena Ayd\u0131n, H\u00fck\u00fcmetin Bor\u00e7 Girdab\u0131 Emek\u00e7ilerin Gelece\u011fini \u0130potek Alt\u0131na Al\u0131yor, https:\/\/www.gazetenisan.net\/2020\/08\/hukumetin-borc-girdabi-emekcilerin-gelecegini-ipotek-altina-aliyor\/<\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8.)<\/strong>\u00a0\u00c9ric Toussaint, The Debt System, A History of Sovereign Debts and their Repudation, Haymarket Books: Chicago, 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

9.)<\/strong>\u00a0Vladimir \u0130lyi\u00e7 Lenin, Lenin: Kapitalizmin En Y\u00fcksek A\u015famas\u0131, Agora Kitapl\u0131\u011f\u0131: \u0130stanbul, 2014.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

10.)<\/strong>\u00a0\u015eevket Pamuk, Osmanl\u0131-T\u00fcrkiye \u0130ktisad\u00ee Tarihi 1500-1914, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131: \u0130stanbul, 2007.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

11.)<\/strong>\u00a0Muhittin Kark\u0131n, T\u00fcrkiye \u201calt emperyalist\u201d mi?, http:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/2019\/01\/28\/turkiye-alt-emperyalist-mi\/<\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

12.)<\/strong>\u00a0A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da verilen bilgiler i\u00e7in \u015fu kaynak temel al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: Jos\u00e9 Castillo, Deuda Externa: Colonizaci\u00f3n, Miseria y Corrupci\u00f3n, Ediciones El Socialista: Buenos Aies, 2010.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

13.)<\/strong>\u00a0Simon Rodr\u00edguez Porras, Afrika Blo\u011fu D\u0131\u015f Borcun \u00d6denmesine Kar\u015f\u0131, http:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/2020\/06\/05\/afrika-blogu-dis-borcun-odenmesine-karsi\/<\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

T\u00fcrkiye ekonomisi yere \u00e7ak\u0131ld\u0131k\u00e7a, Erdo\u011fan d\u00f6n\u00fcp dola\u015f\u0131p iki hik\u00e2yeyi \u0131srarla anlatmaya koyuluyor. 2018 Cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 se\u00e7imleri \u00f6ncesi anlatmay\u0131 pek sevdi\u011fi bu hik\u00e2yeler, i\u00e7inden ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz e\u015fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmedik ekonomik y\u0131k\u0131m alt\u0131nda yeniden g\u00fcndemde. Bu hik\u00e2yelerden ilki, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin AKP \u00f6ncesinde beyaz e\u015fya kullanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya \u00e7ok s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 say\u0131da kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 rivayetine ili\u015fkin. 2018 se\u00e7imleri s\u00fcrecinde, ekonomik durumdan \u015fik\u00e2yet eden vatanda\u015flara, AKP […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1967,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[703],"tags":[947],"class_list":["post-1966","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ekonomi-politik","tag-dis-borc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1966","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1966"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1966\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1968,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1966\/revisions\/1968"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1967"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1966"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1966"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1966"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}