{"id":1884,"date":"2020-08-01T15:51:53","date_gmt":"2020-08-01T12:51:53","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/trockist.net\/?p=1884"},"modified":"2020-08-01T15:51:56","modified_gmt":"2020-08-01T12:51:56","slug":"fransa-icin-bir-eylem-programi-1934","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/2020\/08\/01\/fransa-icin-bir-eylem-programi-1934\/","title":{"rendered":"Fransa i\u00e7in bir eylem program\u0131 (1934)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u00c7eviri:<\/strong> Kaan G\u00fcnde\u015f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fransa i\u00e7in bir eylem program\u0131<\/em> ilk olarak La Verit\u00e9<\/em>\u2019nin (Ger\u00e7ek) Haziran 1934 tarihli say\u0131s\u0131nda, daha sonra Fourth International<\/em>\u2019\u0131n (D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Enternasyonal) Ekim 1942 tarihli say\u0131s\u0131nda yay\u0131mland\u0131. La Verit\u00e9<\/em>, Fransa\u2019da faaliyet g\u00f6steren Kom\u00fcnist Birlik\u2019in yay\u0131n organ\u0131yd\u0131. Bu bro\u015f\u00fcr Birlik\u2019in imzas\u0131yla bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olsa da, asl\u0131nda Tro\u00e7ki taraf\u0131ndan kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Metnin politik olgunlu\u011fu ve devrimci ger\u00e7ek\u00e7ili\u011fi okuyucuya bunu hissettirmiyor olsa da bro\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcn \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131 Tro\u00e7ki\u2019nin ya\u015fayacak bir \u00fclke bulabilmek i\u00e7in b\u00fcrokratik i\u015flemlerle uzun uzad\u0131ya bo\u011fu\u015fmak zorunda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 tela\u015fl\u0131 haftalarda sekreterlerine dikte edilmi\u015fti. Bu zorlu haftalar\u0131n ard\u0131ndan metin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nca, son hali Tro\u00e7ki taraf\u0131ndan bir kere daha elden ge\u00e7irildi. Bu program 6 \u015eubat 1934\u2019\u00fcn ard\u0131ndan Fransa\u2019da geli\u015fen \u00f6ndevrimci duruma bir cevap niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131yordu. 6 \u015eubat g\u00fcn\u00fc fa\u015fist ve gerici gruplar, Meclis\u2019te Daladier h\u00fck\u00fcmetine kar\u015f\u0131 silahl\u0131 bir protesto ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015fti. Frans\u0131z i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 bu ars\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa 12 \u015eubat\u2019ta \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir g\u00fcnl\u00fck bir ulusal genel grevle cevap verdi. Grevin ard\u0131ndan Fransa\u2019da h\u0131zl\u0131 bir sa\u011fa kay\u0131\u015f ba\u015flad\u0131 ve Daladier\u2019nin yerine Doumergue iktidara geldi. Doumergue\u2019in ilk s\u00f6z\u00fc \u201cg\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc\u201d bir h\u00fck\u00fcmet kurmakt\u0131. O g\u00fcne dek Kom\u00fcnist Birlik\u2019in ajitasyonunun merkezinde olan birle\u015fik cephe takti\u011fi, tam olarak bu d\u00f6nemde kitlesel i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 partilerinin ve sendikalar\u0131n toplant\u0131lar\u0131nda kabul g\u00f6rmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Tro\u00e7ki\u2019nin kaleme alm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu bu metin, geni\u015f emek\u00e7i y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131ndan onay g\u00f6rmeye ba\u015flayan birle\u015fik cephe takti\u011finin politik olarak i\u00e7eri\u011finin, y\u00f6nteminin, hedeflerinin ve y\u00f6neliminin belirlenebilmesine bir katk\u0131 olmay\u0131 ama\u00e7l\u0131yordu. Ancak bu metin, 1934\u2019te yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 itibariyle bir erken d\u00f6nem Ge\u00e7i\u015f Program\u0131<\/em> olarak da okunabilir. Kapitalizmin can \u00e7eki\u015fmesi ve IV. Enternasyonal\u2019in g\u00f6revleri: Ge\u00e7i\u015f Program\u0131<\/em> (GP), bu metnin yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131ndan d\u00f6rt sene sonra, 1938\u2019de, D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Enternasyonal\u2019in kurulu\u015f kongresinde kabul edilecekti. Elbette GP tek bir \u00fclkeye dair de\u011fildi, uluslararas\u0131 bir pusula olma i\u015flevi ta\u015f\u0131yordu. Bu metnin g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc yanlar\u0131ndan biri de budur: GP\u2019nin metodik ve teorik d\u00fczlemde ortaya koydu\u011fu anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n, bir \u00fclkenin \u00f6zg\u00fcn \u015fartlar\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde nas\u0131l hayata ge\u00e7irebilece\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir. Bu bak\u0131mdan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da okuyucular\u0131m\u0131za sundu\u011fumuz metnin, T\u00fcrkiyeli devrimci Marksistlerin T\u00fcrkiye devriminin Ge\u00e7i\u015f Program\u0131\u2019n\u0131n in\u015fa edilmesi g\u00f6revine e\u015fsiz bir katk\u0131 sa\u011flayaca\u011f\u0131na \u015f\u00fcphe yoktur. Son olarak a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da \u0130ngilizce\u2019den \u00e7evirisi sunulan metnin Writings of Leon Trotsky 1934-35<\/em>\u2019ten (Pathfinder Press, New York, 1974) al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilmelidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

***<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

1. Fa\u015fizm ve sava\u015f tehdit ediyor!<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Fransa\u2019n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn ezilenlerine!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck burjuvazi taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilen Fransa, kapitalist d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcl\u00fc\u015f\u00fc i\u00e7inde su al\u0131p bat\u0131yor. Toplumun y\u00f6neten \u00e7evrelerinin i\u00e7inde, rejimin b\u00fct\u00fcn kurumlar\u0131nda skandallar \u00e7o\u011fal\u0131yor; zenginlerin yozla\u015fm\u0131\u015f etkisi yay\u0131l\u0131yor.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u015f\u00e7iler i\u00e7in yayg\u0131nla\u015fan i\u015fsizlik; k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u00f6yl\u00fcler i\u00e7in iflaslar; b\u00fct\u00fcn s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclenler i\u00e7in sefalet art\u0131yor. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Can \u00e7eki\u015fmekte olan kapitalizm iflas etmekte. Ve egemen s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n kendi tarihsel iflas\u0131ndan kurtulmak i\u00e7in sadece bir plan\u0131 bulunuyor: Emek\u00e7i kitleler i\u00e7in hala daha fazla sefalet! B\u00fct\u00fcn reformlar\u0131n, en \u00f6nemsiz olanlar\u0131n\u0131n bile yok edilmesi! Demokratik rejimin yok edilmesi! <\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00fcnyan\u0131n her taraf\u0131nda fa\u015fizmin demirden \u00f6k\u00e7esi, \u00e7aresiz kapitalizmin son bar\u0131na\u011f\u0131 haline gelmektedir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ekim 1917\u2019deki Rus Devrimi taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl bir darbe yiyen emperyalizm, sava\u015f sonras\u0131n\u0131n iki d\u00f6neminde proleter partilerin yenilgisi dolay\u0131s\u0131yla toplum \u00fczerindeki hakimiyetini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebildi: Sosyal Demokrasinin genel ihaneti ve bu yenilgileri takip eden Kom\u00fcnist Enternasyonal\u2019in yozla\u015fmas\u0131. 1923\u2019te Alman Devrimi\u2019nin, 1927\u2019de \u00c7in Devrimi\u2019nin ve 1933 ile 1934\u2019te Alman ve Avusturya proletaryas\u0131n\u0131n yenilgisi [1]<\/strong>, kapitalizmin kendisini dengeye kavu\u015fturmakta ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131n belirleyici u\u011fraklar\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bununla birlikte, Sovyet Rusya\u2019daki eski egemen s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n kendisini yeniden tesis edemedi\u011fi bu istikrars\u0131z zaferler, yaln\u0131zca evrensel krizlerin daha da keskinle\u015fmesine hizmet etti. Tekellerin d\u00fcnya pazar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki bas\u0131nc\u0131 bug\u00fcn ulusal s\u0131n\u0131rlarla ve \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetle her zamankinden daha \u015fiddetli ve anar\u015fik bi\u00e7imde \u00e7at\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Proletaryan\u0131n sosyalizme devrimci y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn tersine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015flerinden faydalanan d\u00fcnya burjuvazisi, \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 kendi yolunun \u00fczerinden temizlemek i\u00e7in umutsuz \u00e7abalara giri\u015ferek, son bar\u0131na\u011f\u0131 olan fa\u015fizmi kullan\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Frans\u0131z burjuvazisini fa\u015fizme do\u011fru itekleyen uluslararas\u0131 durum budur. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancak yal\u0131t\u0131k halde fa\u015fizm hen\u00fcz \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmekte olan kapitalizmin hen\u00fcz son s\u00f6z\u00fc de\u011fildir. \u0130\u00e7 d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131yla sava\u015fm\u0131\u015f olan her emperyalizm, d\u0131\u015fsal olarak da geni\u015flemelidir. Bu yeni bir d\u00fcnya sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n<\/em> kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Elli milyon insan son sava\u015f\u0131n ve onun sonras\u0131n\u0131n gaddar \u0131st\u0131rab\u0131nda yok oldu. Sonraki sava\u015fta d\u00fcnyan\u0131n her yan\u0131ndan y\u00fcz milyonlarca i\u015f\u00e7i katledilecektir. N\u00fcfusu dura\u011fan olan Fransa, bu katliamdan di\u011fer \u00fclkelere oranla daha az ka\u00e7abilir.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u015f\u00e7iler b\u00fct\u00fcn g\u00fc\u00e7leriyle burjuvazinin bu canice planlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele etmelidir.!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Frans\u0131z burjuvazisinin plan\u0131<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u00dclkeyi bat\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 kaostan \u00e7\u0131karmay\u0131 denemek i\u00e7in Frans\u0131z burjuvazisi ilk olarak parasal sorunu \u00e7\u00f6zmek zorundad\u0131r. Bir kesim bunun enflasyonla<\/em>, yani ka\u011f\u0131t para bas\u0131lmas\u0131, \u00fccretlerin al\u0131m g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn azalt\u0131lmas\u0131, hayat pahal\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n artt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuvazinin m\u00fclks\u00fczle\u015ftirilmesi yoluyla yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 istiyor; di\u011fer kesim ise deflasyon<\/em> y\u00f6ntemini, yani i\u015f\u00e7ilerin ekonomik d\u00fczeylerinin geriletilmesini (maa\u015flar\u0131n ve \u00fccretlerin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesi), i\u015fsizli\u011fin yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck tar\u0131m \u00fcreticilerinin ve kent k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuvazisinin y\u0131k\u0131ma u\u011frat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6neriyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Her iki se\u00e7enek de s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclenler i\u00e7in artan sefalet anlam\u0131na geliyor. Bu iki kapitalist y\u00f6ntem aras\u0131ndan birini se\u00e7mek, s\u00f6m\u00fcrenlerin i\u015f\u00e7ilerin bo\u011faz\u0131n\u0131 kesmek i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 iki ara\u00e7tan birini tercih etmek anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Frans\u0131z kapitalistlerinin plan\u0131n\u0131n ilk ad\u0131m\u0131 sert bir deflasyon uygulamas\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler i\u015fsizlik \u00f6dene\u011finden mahrum b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131yorlar; sosyal sigorta tehdit alt\u0131nda; \u00fccretler k\u0131s\u0131tlan\u0131yor. Kamu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 \u00e7oktan etkilendi; k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u00f6yl\u00fcler s\u0131rada.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

E\u011fer \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131na olacaksa, bu, burjuvaziyi yar\u0131n, di\u011fer y\u00f6ntem olan enflasyona ge\u00e7mekten al\u0131koymayacak. Hitlerci Almanya bir \u00f6rnektir. S\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclenler g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir bi\u00e7imde burjuvazinin bu plan\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmal\u0131d\u0131rlar!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u015f\u00e7iler deflasyon program\u0131na, yani kendi ge\u00e7im d\u00fczeylerinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesine, \u00fclkeyi s\u00f6m\u00fcren Oustricler ve Staviskyler \u00e7etesinin ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n ve k\u00e2rlar\u0131n\u0131n tamamen \u201cdeflasyonu\u201d yoluyla toplumsal ili\u015fkileri k\u00f6kten d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmeye y\u00f6nelik kendi programlar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymal\u0131d\u0131r. [2]<\/strong> Bu, kurtulu\u015fa giden tek yoldur. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. \u201cTicari s\u0131rlar\u0131n\u201d ilgas\u0131<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Emek\u00e7i kitlelerin yarar\u0131na bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm bulmak i\u00e7in, gecikmeksizin kapitalist iflas\u0131n amans\u0131z bilan\u00e7osunu ortaya koymal\u0131, t\u00fcm s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n, t\u00fcm toplumsal gruplar\u0131n gelir ve giderlerinin envanterini \u00e7\u0131karmal\u0131y\u0131z. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Proleterler i\u00e7in, b\u00fct\u00fcn kategorilerden s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclenler i\u00e7in bu zor de\u011fildir. \u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerin \u00fccretleri kapitalist muhasebe defterlerinin i\u00e7inde kay\u0131t alt\u0131nda. Giderlere gelince, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck i\u015f insanlar\u0131 bunlar\u0131 haftadan haftaya kaydediyorlar.  K\u00f6yl\u00fclerin, zanaatkarlar\u0131n, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck i\u015f insanlar\u0131n\u0131n, alt d\u00fczey memurlar\u0131n gelir ve giderleri kimse i\u00e7in bir s\u0131r de\u011fil. Muhteris bankalar ipotekler arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin y\u0131k\u0131ma u\u011framalar\u0131ndaki art\u0131\u015f oran\u0131n\u0131 tam\u0131 tam\u0131na tahmin ediyor!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancak kapitalistler, b\u00fcy\u00fck s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcler, k\u0131skan\u00e7 bir \u015fekilde kendi s\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 koruyorlar. \u00dclkenin toplam \u00fcretimini, onun onda dokuzunun do\u011frudan sahibi olarak egemenlikleri alt\u0131nda tutan tr\u00f6stler, tekeller, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015firketler h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n hesab\u0131n\u0131 asla vermiyorlar. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc mafya kendisini \u201cticari s\u0131rlar\u0131n\u201d kutsall\u0131\u011f\u0131 arkas\u0131nda gizliyor. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ticari s\u0131r, yoksullar\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 denetlemek ve Staviskiler ve Wendeller gibi kendilerini \u201cgenel refah\u201d ve \u201culusal ekonomi\u201d gibi perdeler arkas\u0131nda gizleyen zenginlerin t\u00fcm banka, s\u0131nai ve ticari i\u015flemlerinin \u00fcst\u00fcn\u00fc \u00f6rtmenin mazeretinden ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kahrolsun ticari s\u0131rlar: Her kim ki fedakarl\u0131klar talep etmektedir, o i\u015fe muhasebe defterlerini a\u00e7arak ba\u015flamal\u0131d\u0131r. Sahtekarl\u0131klar\u0131 b\u00f6ylece a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kacakt\u0131r!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. Bankalar, sanayi ve ticaret \u00fczerinde i\u015f\u00e7ilerin ve k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin denetimi<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Burjuva demokrasisi emek\u00e7i kitlelere, sand\u0131k arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla \u00f6nderleri \u00fczerinde bir t\u00fcr politik kontrol olana\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. Burjuvazi kendisine zarar vermedi\u011fi s\u00fcrece bu t\u00fcr bir demokrasiye izin verdi. Ama uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcye dayal\u0131 ve sonu\u00e7ta anar\u015fiye, iflaslara ve kitlelerin sefaletine yol a\u00e7an ekonomi \u00fczerindeki y\u00f6netimi \u00fczerinde en hafif bir denetimine bile izin vermemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Asalak hissedar, kendisini zenginle\u015ftiren al\u0131m sat\u0131m\u0131n nas\u0131l i\u015fledi\u011fini bilme hakk\u0131na sahiptir. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i, s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclen \u00fcretici ise sadece itaat etmeli ve \u00e7enesini kapamal\u0131d\u0131r; o sadece makinenin bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ancak i\u015f\u00e7iler makinenin b\u00fct\u00fcn par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131 bilmek istiyorlar. Yaln\u0131zca onlar makinenin i\u015fleyi\u015fini yarg\u0131layabilirler. Y\u00f6netimin kapitalist kural\u0131 yerine emek\u00e7i halk\u0131n kat\u0131 denetimini ge\u00e7irelim. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fabrika komiteleri, k\u00f6yl\u00fc komiteleri, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck hizmetlilerin, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n komiteleri, emek\u00e7i halka sad\u0131k d\u00fcr\u00fcst teknisyenlerin, m\u00fchendislerin, muhasebecilerin yard\u0131m\u0131yla kolayl\u0131kla s\u00f6m\u00fcrenlerin \u201cticari s\u0131rlar\u0131na\u201d son verebilirler. \u0130\u015fte bu y\u00f6ntemle bankalar\u0131n, sanayinin ve ticaretin \u00fczerinde kamu denetimi<\/em> kurmal\u0131y\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. \u0130\u015f\u00e7ilere!<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Kom\u00fcnist Birlik bu genel \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 do\u011frultusunda i\u015f\u00e7iler lehine a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u00f6nlemler i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele etmektedir: <\/p>\n\n\n\n

  1. K\u0131rk saatlik haftal\u0131k \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcresi, \u00fccretlerin art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/em>.  \u0130\u015f\u00e7i denetimi, \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7lerin d\u00fczeyinin i\u015f g\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn k\u0131salt\u0131lmas\u0131na izin verdi\u011fini g\u00f6sterecektir. Emek\u00e7i halk\u0131n maddi ve manevi yarar\u0131 i\u00e7in, Forgeler\u2019in Komitesindeki, Houillereler\u2019in ve Finalyler\u2019in,  Schneiderlar\u2019\u0131n ve Staviskyler\u2019in Komitelerindeki sermayedarlar\u0131n hesab\u0131ndan kesilmek \u00fczere \u00fccret art\u0131\u015f\u0131.<\/li>
  2. Ger\u00e7ek bir sosyal sigorta<\/em> ve her \u015feyden \u00f6nce i\u015fsizlik sigortas\u0131. En az bir ayl\u0131k y\u0131ll\u0131k izin. Ki\u015filerin elli ya\u015f\u0131ndan sonra ya\u015fayabilmelerine yeterli olacak emeklilik maa\u015f\u0131.<\/li>
  3. E\u015fit i\u015fe e\u015fit \u00fccret<\/em>. Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n, gen\u00e7 insanlar\u0131n, yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n ve s\u00f6m\u00fcrge halklar\u0131n a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesine son verilmesi.<\/li>
  4. Emek\u00e7i kad\u0131nlara, emek\u00e7i erkeklerle ayn\u0131 \u00fccretler ve ayn\u0131 haklar<\/em>. \u00d6zel ek izinlerle birlikte annelik korumas\u0131.<\/li>
  5. Gen\u00e7 insanlara yeti\u015fkinlerle e\u015fit \u00fccret<\/em>. E\u011fitimin ve \u00f6\u011frenimin yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131. \u00d6zel hijyen \u00f6nlemleri.<\/li>
  6. Yabanc\u0131 ve s\u00f6m\u00fcrge i\u015f\u00e7ilerine uygulanan t\u00fcm \u00f6zel mevzuat\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckten kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/em>.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    6. Bankalar\u0131n, temel sanayinin, sigorta \u015firketlerinin ve ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131n ulusalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 <\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

    Bug\u00fcn, \u00fclkenin b\u00fct\u00fcn ekonomisini ger\u00e7ekte y\u00f6neten ve denetleyen bankalard\u0131r. Ama e\u011fer emek\u00e7i halk, bankalar\u0131 ele al\u0131r ve onlar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla sanayiyi, ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ve ticareti y\u00f6netmeye ba\u015flarsa, genel ya\u015fam standard\u0131 bir anda y\u00fckselebilir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bankalar\u0131n, b\u00fcy\u00fck sanayinin, ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131n ve sigorta \u015firketlerinin ulusalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck emek\u00e7i kitlelerin, t\u00fcm halk\u0131n refah\u0131n\u0131 hedefleyen bir ekonominin birincil ko\u015fuludur. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bu ulusalla\u015ft\u0131rma, y\u0131llar boyunca proleterlerin kan\u0131n\u0131 d\u00f6kerek kendilerini zenginle\u015ftiren ve yaln\u0131zca sefalet ve ekonomik anar\u015fi \u00f6nerebilmi\u015f olan b\u00fcy\u00fck kapitalistler i\u00e7in hi\u00e7bir tazminata izin vermemeli.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fcretim ve de\u011fi\u015fim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n ulusalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 kesinlikle k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck tar\u0131m, zanaat ve ticari i\u015fletmelerin ezilmesi anlam\u0131na gelmemektedir. Tam tersine, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck i\u015fletmeleri bo\u011fazlayan ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck tekellerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck i\u015fletmeler serbest b\u0131rak\u0131lmal\u0131 ve i\u015f\u00e7iler bir kez b\u00fcy\u00fck i\u015fletmelerin ulusalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan onlar\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131na gelebilecektir. Bankalarda, tekellerde, tr\u00f6stlerde, vb. toplanm\u0131\u015f olan devasa zenginlikten hareketle olu\u015fturulacak olan planl\u0131 ekonomi, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00fcreticiye devletten do\u011frudan sipari\u015f, hammadde ve tamamen elveri\u015fli ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda kredi sa\u011flayabilecek bir \u00fcretim ve b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm plan\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131na olanak sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fck ucuza tar\u0131m makinesi ve g\u00fcbre edinebilecektir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirece\u011fi ulusalla\u015ft\u0131rma, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6zel tekellerin y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck i\u015fletmelerin desteklenmesi, \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin geni\u015f \u00fcretici kitlelerin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda yeniden b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    7. D\u0131\u015f Ticaret Tekeli<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

    D\u0131\u015f ticaretin t\u00fcm\u00fc devletin elinden ge\u00e7melidir. B\u00f6ylece ticaret art\u0131k, ithalat ve ihracat\u0131 t\u00fcketicilerin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 umursamadan d\u00fczenleyen \u00f6zel tekeller taraf\u0131ndan kontrol edilmeyecektir. Ulusal \u00fcretim ile d\u00fcnya pazar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki bu ili\u015fkiden b\u00fcy\u00fck kitleler i\u00e7in paha bi\u00e7ilmez yararlar sa\u011flanacakt\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece, d\u0131\u015f ticaretin toplum yarar\u0131na y\u00f6netilmesi ancak i\u015f\u00e7iler taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilen devlet taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015f olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    8. \u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerin ve k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin ittifak\u0131 <\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

    K\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fck Frans\u0131z n\u00fcfusunun neredeyse yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Proleter devlet s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclen k\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn yan\u0131 s\u0131ra kasabalar\u0131n ve ta\u015fran\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7ilerine de dayanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bizim program\u0131m\u0131z i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131rsal kitlelerin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131na da cevap vermektedir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    A\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r ki nihai amac\u0131m\u0131z, geli\u015fimin daha \u00fcst bir bi\u00e7imi olarak, sanayinin oldu\u011fu kadar tar\u0131m\u0131n da kolektifle\u015ftirilmesidir. Ancak proletarya bu amac\u0131 k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011fe dayatamaz. Sadece bu amaca d\u00f6n\u00fck olan evrimi kolayla\u015ft\u0131rabilir. Proletarya yaln\u0131zca bu y\u00f6nde, kapitalist s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcler taraf\u0131ndan e\u015fit olarak bask\u0131lanan bu iki s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n ortak deneyimiyle tamamlanmas\u0131, do\u011frulanmas\u0131 ve geni\u015fletilmesi gereken \u00f6neriler yapabilir. \u0130lk olarak k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin kendi kaderlerini belirleme, kendi g\u00fc\u00e7lerini ve m\u00fclkiyetlerini kullanmay\u0131 se\u00e7me, \u00e7ift\u00e7ilik y\u00f6ntemlerindeki tercihlerini ifade etme, \u00f6zelden kolektif ekonomiye ge\u00e7i\u015f an\u0131n\u0131 kendi yarg\u0131lar\u0131yla se\u00e7me olana\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na almal\u0131y\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    K\u0131rsal n\u00fcfus homojen olmaktan \u00e7ok uzakt\u0131r. Egemen s\u0131n\u0131f ve onun k\u00f6le ruhlu profes\u00f6rleri, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n toprak m\u00fclkiyetinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 tekelle\u015ftirdi\u011fi ve tar\u0131msal \u00fcretimin en iyi ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 (makineler, trakt\u00f6rler, s\u0131\u011f\u0131r, vb.), tabii bu arada kredi kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 da, kendi ellerinde toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ger\u00e7e\u011fini k\u0131skan\u00e7l\u0131kla sakl\u0131yorlar. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Biz a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u00f6nlemlerin derhal hayata ge\u00e7irilece\u011fi bir m\u00fccadele \u00f6neriyoruz:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1. Kent ve k\u0131r i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin e\u015fit haklara sahip olmas\u0131<\/em>. S\u00f6zle\u015fmeler, i\u015fg\u00fcn\u00fc ve haftal\u0131k tatil g\u00fcn\u00fc, sosyal sigorta (i\u015fsizlik sigortas\u0131 da dahil) ile ilgili genel yasalar. Toplu i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi tar\u0131m i\u015f\u00e7ilerine b\u00fct\u00fcn y\u00f6nleriyle uygulanmal\u0131. <\/li>
    2. B\u00fcy\u00fck m\u00fclklerin, arazilerin ve \u00f6rnek \u00e7iftliklerin kolektif tar\u0131m, kooperatifler ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7ift\u00e7iler yarar\u0131na kamula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131.<\/em><\/li>
    3. Ortak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k k\u00f6leli\u011finin ilga edilmesi<\/em>. Departmanlar taraf\u0131ndan se\u00e7ilen k\u00f6yl\u00fc emek\u00e7iler komiteleri taraf\u0131ndan mevcut kiralar\u0131n tashih edilmesi. <\/li>
    4. \u0130poteklerin g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irilmesi<\/em>. Moratoryum. B\u00fct\u00fcn davalar\u0131n\u0131n ve haciz i\u015flemlerinin durdurulmas\u0131.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

      9. Toplum i\u00e7in kamu hizmetleri!<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

      Birka\u00e7 milyon \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcren devletin b\u00fcy\u00fck kurumlar\u0131 (postane, g\u00fcmr\u00fckler, e\u011fitim, vb.) kapitalizmin yarar\u0131na i\u015fliyor. Son skandallar y\u00fcksek g\u00f6revliler aras\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren yozla\u015fmay\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015f oldu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Alt d\u00fczey devlet g\u00f6revlileri, mevkilerini m\u00fclk sahibi s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n emek\u00e7ileri daha da ezmesini olanakl\u0131 k\u0131lmak i\u00e7in kullanan yozla\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve yiyici memurlar taraf\u0131ndan s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      K\u00f6kten bir temizlik yapmal\u0131y\u0131z. B\u00fct\u00fcn s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclenlerin i\u015fbirli\u011fiyle, devlet g\u00f6revlileri komiteleri ve sendikalar\u0131, t\u00fcm emek\u00e7i kitlelerce ve onlar i\u00e7in i\u015fletilen ger\u00e7ek kamu hizmetlerinin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri yapacaklard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      10. Polisin da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131, askerler i\u00e7in politik haklar<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

      H\u00fck\u00fcmet yoksullardan, s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclenlerden, her ko\u015fuldaki insanlardan, polisi, seyyar muhaf\u0131zlar\u0131 ve orduyu geli\u015ftirmek ve silahland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in milyarlarca frank gasp ediyor; bunu, sadece i\u00e7 sava\u015f <\/em>geli\u015ftirmek amac\u0131yla de\u011fil, ama ayn\u0131 zamanda emperyalist sava\u015f\u0131<\/em> haz\u0131rlamak i\u00e7in yap\u0131yor. Kara ve deniz kuvvetlerine seferber edilen y\u00fcz binlerce gen\u00e7 i\u015f\u00e7i b\u00fct\u00fcn haklardan yoksun durumdad\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      H\u00fck\u00fcmet darbesinin ara\u00e7lar\u0131 olan gerici ve fa\u015fist subay ve astsubaylar\u0131n azlini talep ediyoruz. Di\u011fer yandan, silah alt\u0131nda olan i\u015f\u00e7iler b\u00fct\u00fcn politik haklar\u0131n\u0131 korumal\u0131 ve \u00f6zel toplant\u0131larca se\u00e7ilmi\u015f asker komiteleri taraf\u0131ndan temsil edilmelidir. B\u00f6ylece onlar b\u00fcy\u00fck emek\u00e7iler kitlesine yak\u0131ndan ba\u011fl\u0131 olacakt\u0131r ve gericilik ile fa\u015fizme kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc ve silahl\u0131 halkla g\u00fc\u00e7lerini birle\u015ftirecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Kapitalist iradenin, burjuva devletin ve onun yozla\u015fm\u0131\u015f politikac\u0131 kliklerinin icrac\u0131lar\u0131 olan t\u00fcm polis g\u00fcc\u00fc da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Polis g\u00f6revinin y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi i\u015f\u00e7i milislerince \u00fcstlenilmelidir. S\u0131n\u0131f mahkemelerinin ilgas\u0131, b\u00fct\u00fcn yarg\u0131\u00e7lar\u0131n se\u00e7imle gelmesi, j\u00fcri sisteminin t\u00fcm su\u00e7 ve kabahatler i\u00e7in uygulanmas\u0131: adaleti bizzat halk\u0131n kendisi uygulayacakt\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      11. Ayr\u0131lma dahil, uluslar\u0131n kendi kaderlerini tayin hakk\u0131<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

      Soyguncu Versailles Anla\u015fmas\u0131 yaln\u0131zca b\u00fct\u00fcn Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7ileri i\u00e7in de\u011fil ama ayn\u0131 zamanda \u201cmuzaffer\u201d \u00fclkenin, Fransa\u2019n\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7ileri i\u00e7in de gaddar bir k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Burjuvazinin, Saar [3]<\/strong> i\u00e7in de talep etti\u011fine benzer \u015fekilde bir plebisit dahi olmaks\u0131z\u0131n Alsace-Lorraine\u2019ni [4]<\/strong> ilhak etmesini sa\u011flayan bu anla\u015fmadan do\u011fmu\u015f uluslararas\u0131 ili\u015fkilerin savunulmas\u0131 bug\u00fcn bir sava\u015fa g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Frans\u0131z burjuvazisi yaln\u0131zca dolayl\u0131 olarak Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc bask\u0131lamakla kalm\u0131yor ama ayn\u0131 zamanda kocaman s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeleri de yak\u0131p y\u0131k\u0131yor ve eziyor. B\u00fcy\u00fck Frans\u0131z kapitalistleri taraf\u0131ndan, -Wendeller, Michelinler, Paris bankalar\u0131 ve di\u011fer bankalar taraf\u0131ndan- bask\u0131lanan b\u00fct\u00fcn halklar i\u00e7in, Alsace-Lorraine halk\u0131 i\u00e7in oldu\u011fu kadar Hindi\u00e7in, Fas ve Madagaskar halklar\u0131 i\u00e7in de, eksiksiz olarak kendi kaderlerini tayin hakk\u0131 talep ediyoruz, arzu ettikleri taktirde ayr\u0131lma hakk\u0131 da dahil olmak \u00fczere<\/em>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Bu \u00fclkenin emek\u00e7i kitlelerinin, Frans\u0131z bankalar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fka halklar \u00fczerindeki egemenliklerini korumas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmakta hi\u00e7bir \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131 yoktur. Tam tersine i\u015f\u00e7iler kendi m\u00fccadeleleri i\u00e7in m\u00fcttefikler ve destek\u00e7iler kazanarak \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015fme m\u00fccadelesini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmi\u015f olurlar. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      12. Sava\u015fa kar\u015f\u0131, Avrupa sosyalist birle\u015fik devletleri i\u00e7in!<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

      Toplumu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmek ve onu kaostan \u00e7\u0131karmak i\u00e7in, ilk olarak burjuvazinin onu yeniden i\u00e7ine s\u00fcr\u00fcklemekte oldu\u011fu sava\u015ftan kurtarmal\u0131y\u0131z. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Alman fa\u015fizminin at\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131, Frans\u0131z kapitalistler sab\u0131kal\u0131 Versailles Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019na ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011fa dayanan bir devletler blo\u011fu politikas\u0131 olu\u015fturdu. Fransa, bir yandan silahlanma yar\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 maliyetinin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 emek\u00e7i halka y\u00fcklerken, bir yandan da eylemlerini \u00f6rtmek amac\u0131yla Milletler Cemiyeti\u2019ni, bu a\u00e7g\u00f6zl\u00fc burjuvaziler toplulu\u011funu, bir bar\u0131\u015fseverlik pe\u00e7esi olarak kullan\u0131yor. Ve \u201cg\u00fcvenli\u011fe\u201d ili\u015fkin \u201csavunmac\u0131\u201d yalanla da, \u015foven kudurganl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00fclkeyi yar\u0131n\u0131n vah\u015fi katliamlar\u0131na s\u00fcr\u00fckleme i\u015flevini yerine getirmesine izin veriyor. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Proleterler, k\u00f6yl\u00fcler, esnaflar, zanaatkarlar ve h\u00fck\u00fcmet \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 bu gelecekten, ancak kendi denetimlerinin b\u00fct\u00fcn bi\u00e7imlerini kurarak, gizli diplomasinin maskesini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrerek, sava\u015f haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131na b\u00fct\u00fcn ara\u00e7larla kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karak, emperyalizmin elinden zorla h\u00fck\u00fcmeti alarak ka\u00e7\u0131nabilirler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Sadece Fransa\u2019n\u0131n devrimci ezilenlerinin zaferi emperyalist sava\u015f\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn olas\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 yok edebilir ve Avrupa ile s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerin k\u00f6lele\u015ftirilmi\u015f halklar\u0131n\u0131 uyand\u0131rabilir. Paktlar ile anla\u015fmalar o zaman toza d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fecektir; m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olan tek \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm, ki 1919 gibi erken bir tarihte g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc, bu durumda \u015fu olacakt\u0131r: Avrupa Sosyalist Birle\u015fik Devletleri<\/em>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Emperyalist bloklar\u0131n politikalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131, Milletler Cemiyeti\u2019nin pasifist yalan\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131, sava\u015f\u0131n gizli diplomasisine ve silahlanma \u00e7\u0131lg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131! Biz, b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f, askerile\u015ftirilmi\u015f, kana bulanm\u0131\u015f, yeni bir sava\u015f\u0131n mutlak y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131yla tehdit edilen ya\u015fl\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn bir Avrupa k\u0131tas\u0131nda sadece \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn, yani \u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerin ve K\u00f6yl\u00fclerin Avrupa Birle\u015fik Devletleri\u2019nin, karde\u015f Sovyet Devletleri Federasyonu\u2019nun<\/em> bayra\u011f\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fckseltiyoruz. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      13. Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin savunulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in!<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

      B\u00fct\u00fcn proleterler i\u00e7in bu y\u00f6ndeki ilk ad\u0131m, 1917 Ekim Devrimi\u2019nin, \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetin ve b\u00fcy\u00fck kapitalistlerin ilgas\u0131na dayal\u0131 proletarya diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn bu ilk deneyiminin temellerini atm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin ko\u015fulsuz savunulmas\u0131d\u0131r<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele d\u00fcnya emperyalist gericili\u011finin temel hedefi olmay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyor. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Fransa\u2019n\u0131n ezilenleri burjuvazinin \u201cbar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131\u201d planlar\u0131n\u0131n maskelerini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrerek Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin savunulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in sava\u015facakt\u0131r. Sovyet proletaryas\u0131n\u0131 etkili bir \u015fekilde savunacak olan paktlar ve anla\u015fmalar de\u011fil, di\u011fer \u00fclkelerdeki burjuvazinin devrilmesi i\u00e7in verilen devrimci m\u00fccadeleler olacakt\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Fransa ve Rusya\u2019daki sosyalist cumhuriyetlerin birli\u011fi enternasyonal proleter dayan\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131d\u0131r; bu, Barthou, Tardieu, Herriot [5]<\/strong> ve onlar\u0131n emperyalist \u00e7etelerine verilecek tavizlerle ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilemez.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Sadece bu \u00f6nlemler kitleleri sefaletten kurtarabilir ve sosyalizme y\u00f6nlendirebilir. B\u00fct\u00fcn ezilenler bu hedeflere ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in bug\u00fcnden ba\u015flayarak gayretle m\u00fccadeleye giri\u015fmelidirler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Dahas\u0131, bu hedeflere ne bireysel eylemle ne de herhangi bir grubun tek ba\u015f\u0131na eylemiyle ula\u015f\u0131labilir; bu yaln\u0131zca ekonominin, siyasetin ve b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fclkenin k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn d\u00fcmenini ele alacak olan devlet iktidar\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilebilir. D\u00fcmen kimlerin elinde? \u0130\u015fte b\u00fct\u00fcn sorun bu!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      14. Kahrolsun burjuva \u201cotoriter devlet\u201d! i\u015f\u00e7i-k\u00f6yl\u00fc iktidar\u0131 i\u00e7in!<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

      Burjuvazi, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin b\u00fct\u00fcn diren\u00e7lerini derhal ve nihai olarak k\u0131rabilmek i\u00e7in devlet iktidar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesi plan\u0131n\u0131 uygulamaya ge\u00e7irmeye ba\u015fl\u0131yor: Se\u00e7ilmi\u015f demokratik kurumlar\u0131n (parlamento ve belediyeler) haklar\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131s\u0131tlanmas\u0131 ve hatta buralarda proletaryan\u0131n dolayl\u0131 da olsa bas\u0131nc\u0131 bulundu\u011fundan bu haklar\u0131n tamamen yok edilmesi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Burjuvazi, y\u00fcr\u00fctme g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn, ac\u0131mas\u0131z, kontrols\u00fcz ve masrafl\u0131 kararlar\u0131n\u0131 idari, asker\u00ee ve polisiye ayg\u0131tlar\u0131n arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla dayatan birka\u00e7 adam\u0131n elinde toplanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      S\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclenlere kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00f6neltilmi\u015f olan \u201cotoriter devlet\u201d y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki bu burjuva plana kar\u015f\u0131 emek\u00e7i kitleler kararl\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde m\u00fccadele etmelidirler. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Sadece kendi geleceklerini devrimci bir kararl\u0131l\u0131kla kendi ellerine alan emek\u00e7i kitleler, toplumu, onu yozla\u015ft\u0131ran ve y\u0131k\u0131ma g\u00f6t\u00fcren kapitalist oligar\u015fiden kurtaracak muhte\u015fem iktidar\u0131 enerjik bir bi\u00e7imde yaratabilecektir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      G\u00f6rev, b\u00fcy\u00fck s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fclerin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 i\u00e7in i\u015fleyen kapitalist devleti<\/em>, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin ve k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin proleter devletiyle<\/em> de\u011fi\u015ftirmektir. G\u00f6rev, bu \u00fclkede \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan halk\u0131n d\u00fczenini kurmakt\u0131r. Herkese \u015funu beyan ediyoruz ki, bu ikincil \u00f6nemde bir \u201ctadilat\u201d meselesi de\u011fil, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir az\u0131nl\u0131k olan burjuva s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n egemenli\u011finin yerine proletarya taraf\u0131ndan temsil edilen ezici \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun y\u00f6netimi ve iktidar\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7irilmesi zorunlulu\u011fudur. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Bunun i\u00e7in k\u00f6yl\u00fcler ile i\u015f\u00e7ilerin ittifak\u0131 gereklidir<\/em>. Gericilik k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri, k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin i\u015f\u00e7ilere boyun e\u011fece\u011fi bir proletarya diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc heyulas\u0131yla korkutmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Ama asl\u0131nda proleter devlet, proletarya k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fckten ayr\u0131 kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece kurulamaz. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Sovyet Rusya\u2019daki Ekim Devrimi \u00f6rne\u011fi bize yol g\u00f6steriyor. Bununla birlikte, Fransa\u2019da Rus karde\u015flerimizin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011finden daha iyisini yapabiliriz ve onlar\u0131n baz\u0131 hatalar\u0131ndan ka\u00e7\u0131nabiliriz. Fransa\u2019n\u0131n ekonomik d\u00fczeyi daha y\u00fcksektir ve biz, \u00fclkemizin verili ko\u015fullar\u0131na uygun olarak hareket etmek niyetindeyiz. Proletarya diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131k ve kesin bir program temelinde ve proletarya ile s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclen k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn birbirlerini yak\u0131ndan anlamas\u0131yla kurulabilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      K\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fck peri\u015fan durumda. Niceli\u011fine ve \u00fcretimdeki \u00f6nemine ra\u011fmen, onun politik acizli\u011finin nedenlerinden birisi budur. K\u00f6yl\u00fcler ancak burjuvaziye kar\u015f\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7ilerle ortak davaya kat\u0131larak daha fazla g\u00fc\u00e7 kazanabilirler. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      15. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i-k\u00f6yl\u00fc kom\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

      K\u00f6yl\u00fclerle i\u015f\u00e7ilerin ittifak\u0131 ancak i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc, kararl\u0131 inisiyatifini ve bu program\u0131 hayata ge\u00e7irmeye d\u00f6n\u00fck yetisini g\u00f6sterirse ba\u015far\u0131labilir. Tam da bu y\u00fczden biz, her \u015feyin \u00f6tesinde, eylem birli\u011fi i\u00e7in ko\u015fullar\u0131 yaratmal\u0131y\u0131z. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u0130stisnas\u0131z emek\u00e7i halk\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn g\u00fc\u00e7lerini birle\u015ftirecek partilerinin ve sendikalar\u0131n\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7i ittifak\u0131<\/em> \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmelidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u0130\u015f\u00e7i ittifak\u0131n\u0131n ulusal komitesi, b\u00f6lgesel ve yerel komiteleri \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeli; i\u015f\u00e7iler taraf\u0131ndan se\u00e7ilen i\u015f komiteleri olu\u015fturulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u0130\u015f\u00e7i ittifak\u0131 komiteleri taraf\u0131ndan yarat\u0131lacak itki ve onlar\u0131n kitleler nezdindeki otoritesi, tar\u0131m i\u015f\u00e7ilerini k\u00f6yl\u00fc komitelerinde<\/em> \u00f6rg\u00fctlemeye te\u015fvik edecektir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Fa\u015fizme, gericili\u011fe ve sava\u015fa kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadelede proletarya, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuva grupla\u015fmalar\u0131n (bar\u0131\u015fseverler, \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Birli\u011fi, Ortak Cephe, vb.) yard\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 kabul eder, ama b\u00f6ylesine ittifaklar ancak ikincil \u00f6nemde olabilir. En \u00f6nemlisi, fabrikalarda ve sanayi merkezlerindeki i\u015f\u00e7i mahallelerinde i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n kendisinin eylem birli\u011fini g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na almas\u0131 g\u00f6revidir<\/em>. \u00d6nemli i\u015f\u00e7i \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmelerinin (Kom\u00fcnist Parti, Sosyalist Parti, CGT, CGTU, [6]<\/strong> Kom\u00fcnist Birlik) ittifak\u0131, e\u011fer a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakilerin yarat\u0131lmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelmezse hi\u00e7bir devrimci de\u011fere sahip olmayacakt\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      1. Geni\u015f kitleleri temsil eden m\u00fccadele komiteleri (sovyet embriyonlar\u0131).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      2. \u00c7e\u015fitli partiler ve \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeler taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6rg\u00fctlenecek olsa da daima eylemde birlik olacak olan i\u015f\u00e7i milisleri.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Hem i\u015f\u00e7ilerin hem de k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin m\u00fccadelesini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek i\u00e7in, i\u015f\u00e7i komiteleri k\u00f6yl\u00fc komiteleriyle yak\u0131n i\u015fbirlikleri geli\u015ftirmelidir. Fa\u015fizme kar\u015f\u0131 halk savunmas\u0131n\u0131n organlar\u0131 olarak in\u015fa edilen bu i\u015f\u00e7i ittifak\u0131 komiteleri ve k\u00f6yl\u00fc komiteleri, m\u00fccadele s\u0131ras\u0131nda do\u011frudan do\u011fruya kitleler taraf\u0131ndan se\u00e7ilen organlara, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin ve k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin iktidar\u0131n\u0131n organlar\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmelidir. Proleter iktidar bu temel \u00fczerinden kapitalist iktidara kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fckselecek ve i\u015f\u00e7ilerin ve k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin kom\u00fcn\u00fc zafere ula\u015facakt\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      16. Tek meclis i\u00e7in <\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

      Biz, iktidar\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrenlerin elinden \u00e7ekip alacak olan i\u015f\u00e7i-k\u00f6yl\u00fc devletinin y\u0131lmaz taraftarlar\u0131y\u0131z. \u00d6ncelikli hedefimiz i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 m\u00fcttefiklerimizin \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu bu programa kazanmakt\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u00d6te yandan, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 m\u00fccadelesini burjuva demokrasisi temelinde s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc s\u00fcrece, onu b\u00fct\u00fcn g\u00fcc\u00fcm\u00fczle Bonapartist [7] <\/strong>ve fa\u015fist burjuvazinin \u015fiddetli sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131ndan korumak i\u00e7in haz\u0131r\u0131z. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Bununla birlikte, \u201cdemokratik\u201d sosyalizme ba\u011fl\u0131 olan s\u0131n\u0131f karde\u015flerimizden fikirlerine sad\u0131k olmalar\u0131n\u0131, ilhamlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Cumhuriyet\u2019in de\u011fil 1793\u2019\u00fcn Konvansiyon\u2019unun [8]<\/strong> fikir ve y\u00f6ntemlerinden almalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6neriyoruz. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 oyla se\u00e7ilen ve evrensel oy hakk\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc ham hayale d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcren Senato kahrolsun!<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Cumhuriyetin, militarizmin ve gericili\u011fin g\u00fc\u00e7lerini yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131rmada gizli bir odak olarak g\u00f6rev g\u00f6ren ba\u015fkanl\u0131k rejimi kahrolsun!<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Tek bir meclis yasama ve y\u00fcr\u00fctme g\u00fc\u00e7lerini birle\u015ftirmelidir. \u00dcyeler on sekiz ya\u015f\u0131n \u00fczerinde evrensel oyla, herhangi bir cinsiyet veya milliyet ayr\u0131m\u0131 olmaks\u0131z\u0131n iki y\u0131ll\u0131\u011f\u0131na se\u00e7ilmelidir. Vekiller yerel meclisler temelinde se\u00e7ilmeli, bile\u015fenler taraf\u0131ndan s\u00fcrekli olarak geri \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131labilmeli ve nitelikli bir i\u015f\u00e7inin \u00fccretini almal\u0131d\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Bu, kitlelerin gerilemesini \u00f6nleyerek onlar\u0131 ileriye ta\u015f\u0131yacak olan biricik \u00f6nlemdir. Daha yayg\u0131n bir demokrasi, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin iktidar\u0131 i\u00e7in m\u00fccadeleyi kolayla\u015ft\u0131racakt\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      E\u011fer d\u00fc\u015fmana kar\u015f\u0131 amans\u0131z m\u00fccadelenin seyri s\u0131ras\u0131nda, doktrinde ve y\u00f6ntemde uzla\u015fmaz farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n bulundu\u011fu \u201cdemokratik\u201d sosyalizmin partisi (SFIO) [9]<\/strong> \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fun g\u00fcvenini kazanacak olursa, burjuvaziye kar\u015f\u0131 bir SFIO h\u00fck\u00fcmetini savunmak i\u00e7in haz\u0131r\u0131z ve haz\u0131r olaca\u011f\u0131z. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Amac\u0131m\u0131za, ezilenlerin \u00e7e\u015fitli gruplar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki silahl\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalarla de\u011fil, ama ger\u00e7ek i\u015f\u00e7i demokrasisiyle, propaganda ve sad\u0131k bir ele\u015ftirellikle, proletaryan\u0131n ezici \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun ger\u00e7ek kom\u00fcnizmin bayra\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fcce yeniden toplanmas\u0131yla ula\u015fmak istiyoruz. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Demokratik sosyalizme ba\u011fl\u0131 kalan i\u015f\u00e7iler demokrasiyi savunman\u0131n yeterli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 daha iyi anlamal\u0131d\u0131rlar; demokrasi yeniden kazan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Politik a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k merkezinin parlamentodan kabineye, kabineden oligar\u015fi ve finans kapitale, generallere, polise kaymas\u0131 verili bir ger\u00e7ektir. Ne mevcut parlamento ne de yeni se\u00e7imler bunu de\u011fi\u015ftiremez. Demokrasinin elde kalan hazin k\u0131r\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 savunmam\u0131z ve \u00f6zellikle kitlelerin eylemi i\u00e7in demokratik arenay\u0131 geni\u015fletebilmemiz, ancak 6 \u015eubat 1934\u2019te devletin eksenini kayd\u0131rmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f olan ve onu h\u00e2l\u00e2 da kayd\u0131rmakta olan silahl\u0131 fa\u015fist g\u00fc\u00e7leri imha edebilmemize ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      17. Burjuvazi asla g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fcce pes etmeyecektir<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

      Burjuvazi, toplumu kaostan kurtaracak olan \u00f6nlemlere hi\u00e7bir zaman isteyerek raz\u0131 olmayacakt\u0131r. O, ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ebedile\u015ftirmek istiyor ve onlar\u0131 korumak u\u011fruna fa\u015fist \u00e7eteleri kullanmaya ba\u015fl\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Slogan\u0131m\u0131z finans kapitalin fa\u015fist \u00e7etelerinin, finans kapitalin kendi polisi taraf\u0131ndan silahs\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 de\u011fildir. Kapitalist bir h\u00fck\u00fcmetin kapitalist \u00e7eteleri silahs\u0131zland\u0131rmaya giri\u015febilece\u011fine dair ham hayallerin yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 reddediyoruz. Kapitalistlere kar\u015f\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclenler kendilerini savunmal\u0131d\u0131rlar. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Proletaryan\u0131n silahland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131; yoksul k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin silahland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131!<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Antifa\u015fist halk milisi!<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir az\u0131nl\u0131ktan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey olmayan s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcler, i\u00e7 sava\u015f\u0131n patlak vermesinden \u00f6nce geri \u00e7ekilecektir; fa\u015fist ve gerici \u00e7ete, ancak i\u015f\u00e7iler silahl\u0131 olursa ve kitlelere \u00f6nderlik ederse cesaretlerini kaybedecektir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler ancak bu y\u00f6nde ilerlerse, emek\u00e7i halk\u0131n \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 olan ve sistemli propagandam\u0131zla k\u00f6kenlerini ve s\u0131n\u0131f g\u00f6revlerini an\u0131msataca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z askerlerin ve denizcilerin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu i\u015f\u00e7ilerin davas\u0131na kazan\u0131labilir ve onlar\u0131 kendi s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 kullanacak olan gerici ve fa\u015fist subaylara kar\u015f\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7i kitlelerinin yan\u0131nda yer almalar\u0131 sa\u011flanabilir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      G\u00f6rev olduk\u00e7a b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr, ama kurtulu\u015fa giden tek yol budur! Kom\u00fcnist Birlik yolu g\u00f6steriyor. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Ancak sizin eme\u011finizle var olabilen toplum, burjuvazi tiksindirici ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n birinden bile vazge\u00e7medi\u011fi i\u00e7in \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Bu ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in burjuvazi, sizin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 tehdit eden fa\u015fist \u00e7eteler haz\u0131rl\u0131yor. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      12 \u015eubat\u2019ta [10]<\/strong> bu \u015fiddete boyun e\u011fmemek i\u00e7in g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcz\u00fc ve kararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 sergilediniz. Ancak i\u015fte o g\u00fcn, \u00f6nderleriniz size ihanet etti; sizin i\u00e7in hi\u00e7bir somut slogan, hi\u00e7bir ciddi m\u00fccadele perspektifi \u00f6nermediler. G\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcze kavu\u015fmak i\u00e7in, ya\u015fama hakk\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 savunmak i\u00e7in, utanmaz bir s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcler az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n zenginle\u015fmesi u\u011fruna daha fazla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmamak i\u00e7in devriminizi haz\u0131rlay\u0131n: Kom\u00fcnist Birlik\u2019in eylemine kat\u0131l\u0131n! <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      ***<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

      Dipnotlar:<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

      [1] <\/strong>Avusturya proletaryas\u0131 \u015eubat 1934\u2019te Dolfuss rejimine kar\u015f\u0131 kahramanca bir silahl\u0131 m\u00fccadele verdi ancak yenildi. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      [2] <\/strong>Albert Oustric, spek\u00fclasyonlar\u0131 bir\u00e7ok bankay\u0131 iflasa s\u00fcr\u00fckleyen ve 1930\u2019da Tardieu kabinesinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne neden olan bir Frans\u0131z bankerdi. Serge Alexandre Stavisky, karanl\u0131k i\u015fleri polislere ve burjuva politikac\u0131lara r\u00fc\u015fvet vermeyi de i\u00e7eren bir finans\u00e7\u0131yd\u0131. 1934 Ocak\u2019\u0131nda gizemli bir \u015fekilde \u201cintihar\u201d etti. \u0130ntihar\u0131na ili\u015fkin dedikodular Chautemps h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131rken, 6 \u015eubat 1934\u2019teki darbe kalk\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011fc\u0131 ajitasyonu taraf\u0131ndan da kullan\u0131ld\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      [3] <\/strong>Almanya\u2019n\u0131n bat\u0131s\u0131nda bir b\u00f6lge olan Saar, Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n en zengin maden havzas\u0131d\u0131r. 18. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Fransa\u2019n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131yd\u0131 ve daha sonra 1815 Paris Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019nda Prusya ile Bavyera aras\u0131nda payla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131. Versailles Anla\u015fmas\u0131 Saar\u2019\u0131 Almanya\u2019dan ald\u0131 ve idari y\u00f6netimini Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler\u2019e, madenleri Fransa\u2019ya verdi. Mart 1935\u2019te n\u00fcfusun ezici bir \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu, Almanya\u2019n\u0131n Nazilerin kontrol\u00fcnde olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen,<\/strong> konuyla ilgili bir referandumda Almanya\u2019yla birle\u015fme lehinde oy kulland\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      [4] <\/strong>Alsace-Lorraine Fransa, Almanya, Bel\u00e7ika ve \u0130svi\u00e7re aras\u0131ndaki bir s\u0131n\u0131r b\u00f6lgesidir. 1871\u2019de Fransa-Prusya Sava\u015f\u0131 ertesinde Almanya b\u00f6lgeyi ele ge\u00e7irdi. Almanya I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda yenilince b\u00f6lge bu sefer Fransa\u2019n\u0131n kontrol\u00fcne ge\u00e7ti. Her iki olayda da b\u00f6lge halk\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc al\u0131nmad\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      [5] <\/strong>Jean Louis Barthou (1862-1934), Doumergue rejiminde d\u0131\u015f i\u015fleri bakan\u0131yd\u0131. O ve Yugoslavya\u2019n\u0131n kral\u0131 I. Alexander Ekim 1934\u2019te Marseilles\u2019de suikasta u\u011frad\u0131. Andre Tardieu (1876-1945) yine Doumergue rejiminde g\u00f6revliydi ve g\u00f6revi, demokratik haklar\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tlayacak ve devlet iktidar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirecek y\u00f6nde anayasada \u00e7e\u015fitli kararnamelerle revizyonlar ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmekti. Edouard Herriot (1872-1957) s\u0131n\u0131fsal karakteri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan burjuva olan Radikal Parti\u2019nin \u00f6nderiydi. Radikal Parti 1920\u2019lerde Sosyalist Parti\u2019yle ittifak aray\u0131\u015flar\u0131na girmi\u015fti; bu, bir erken d\u00f6nem Halk Cephesi denemesiydi. Tro\u00e7ki\u2019nin Herriot \u00fczerine, 7 Kas\u0131m 1935 tarihli ve Edouard Herriot: Il\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n Politikac\u0131s\u0131<\/em> ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir bro\u015f\u00fcr\u00fc vard\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      [6] <\/strong>CGT (Genel Emek Federasyonu) Fransa\u2019n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck sendikal federasyonudur ve \u00f6nderli\u011fi reformisttir. 1921\u2019de sendikadan bir kopu\u015f ya\u015fand\u0131 ve daha radikal ama daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir sendika olan CGTU (Birlik\u00e7i Genel Emek Federasyonu) do\u011fdu. 1936\u2019ta CGT ve CGTU birle\u015fti. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      [7] <\/strong>Tro\u00e7ki\u2019nin Bonapartizm tan\u0131m\u0131 ve tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in Tro\u00e7kist<\/em> sitesinin Dosyalar b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn \u201cDevlet ve Rejim\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131ndaki yaz\u0131lara ba\u015fvurabilirsiniz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      [8] <\/strong>Fransa\u2019n\u0131n \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Cumhuriyet y\u00f6netimi, Louis Napoleon\u2019un 1870\u2019teki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnden Fransa\u2019n\u0131n Almanya kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda 1940\u2019ta ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 yenilgiye dek s\u00fcren rejimdi. Marksistler taraf\u0131ndan \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Cumhuriyet rejimi burjuva yozla\u015fm\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ve ikiy\u00fczl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn bir sembol\u00fc olarak kabul edilir. Burada Tro\u00e7ki bu burjuva demokrasisi rejim tipi ile 1793\u2019\u00fcn h\u00e2l\u00e2 devrimci olan burjuva demokrasisi aras\u0131ndaki kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kullan\u0131yor. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      [9] <\/strong>SFIO \u0130kinci Enternasyonal\u2019in Fransa seksiyonuydu. Resmi ad\u0131 Sosyalist Parti\u2019dir. Frans\u0131z Kom\u00fcnist Partisi\u2019nin resmi ismi de SFIC idi, yani Kom\u00fcnist Enternasyonal\u2019in Frans\u0131z Seksiyonu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      [10] <\/strong>12 \u015eubat 1934, 6 \u015eubat\u2019taki fa\u015fist g\u00f6steriyi protesto eden genel grevin \u00f6rg\u00fctlendi\u011fi g\u00fcnd\u00fc.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      \u00c7eviri: Kaan G\u00fcnde\u015f Fransa i\u00e7in bir eylem program\u0131 ilk olarak La Verit\u00e9\u2019nin (Ger\u00e7ek) Haziran 1934 tarihli say\u0131s\u0131nda, daha sonra Fourth International\u2019\u0131n (D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Enternasyonal) Ekim 1942 tarihli say\u0131s\u0131nda yay\u0131mland\u0131. La Verit\u00e9, Fransa\u2019da faaliyet g\u00f6steren Kom\u00fcnist Birlik\u2019in yay\u0131n organ\u0131yd\u0131. Bu bro\u015f\u00fcr Birlik\u2019in imzas\u0131yla bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olsa da, asl\u0131nda Tro\u00e7ki taraf\u0131ndan kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Metnin politik olgunlu\u011fu ve devrimci ger\u00e7ek\u00e7ili\u011fi […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":1885,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[925],"tags":[825,832,107,890,935,159],"class_list":["post-1884","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gecis-programi-anlayisi","tag-fransa","tag-fransada-sinif-mucadeleleri","tag-gecis","tag-gecis-programi","tag-gecis-talepleri","tag-trocki"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1884","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/14"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1884"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1884\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1886,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1884\/revisions\/1886"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1885"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1884"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1884"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1884"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}