{"id":1848,"date":"2020-06-05T13:33:02","date_gmt":"2020-06-05T10:33:02","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/trockist.net\/?p=1848"},"modified":"2020-06-05T13:33:05","modified_gmt":"2020-06-05T10:33:05","slug":"afrika-blogu-dis-borcun-odenmesine-karsi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/2020\/06\/05\/afrika-blogu-dis-borcun-odenmesine-karsi\/","title":{"rendered":"Afrika blo\u011fu d\u0131\u015f borcun \u00f6denmesine kar\u015f\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Yazar:<\/strong> Simon Rodr\u00edguez Porras (\u0130UB-DE \u00f6nderli\u011fi \u00fcyesi)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7eviri:<\/strong> Selahattin Eren<\/p>\n\n\n\n

***<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Salg\u0131n\u0131n tetikledi\u011fi ekonomik ve toplumsal kriz ko\u015fullar\u0131nda Afrika y\u00f6netimleri, d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7lar\u0131n \u00f6denmesine kar\u015f\u0131 ilk kez ortak bir tutum ald\u0131lar. Bir\u00e7ok kapitalist diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7inde bar\u0131nd\u0131ran ve daha elveri\u015fli \u00f6deme ko\u015fullar\u0131 m\u00fczakere etmekten ba\u015fka bir amac\u0131 olmayan y\u00f6netim blo\u011funun s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131na ra\u011fmen, halk\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcnde d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7lar\u0131n \u00f6denmemesi se\u00e7ene\u011fi g\u00fc\u00e7lendi. Salg\u0131ndan \u00f6nce bile, Afrika Birli\u011fi\u2019nin finans bakanlar\u0131, d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7lar\u0131n \u00f6denmesinin ertelenmesine ili\u015fkin ortak bir tutum alma konusunda anla\u015fma sa\u011flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Salg\u0131n\u0131n patlak vermesi ve d\u00fcnyadaki resesyon \u00fczerine talep, borcun iptaline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00fcney Afrika Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 bu talebi Nisan\u2019daki G20 zirvesinde iletti; fakat d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck ekonomileri, 2020-2022 aras\u0131 baz\u0131 bor\u00e7lar\u0131n faizlerinin \u00f6denmesinin ertelenmesini yaln\u0131zca d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en yoksul 76 \u00fclkesi i\u00e7in kabul etti ve bu 20 milyar dolarl\u0131k bir ekonomiye kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k geliyor. Daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ekonomk geli\u015fmi\u015flik d\u00fczeyine sahip Afrika \u00fclkelerinin anla\u015fman\u0131n kapsam\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, bor\u00e7 miktar\u0131nda yap\u0131lan indirim Afrika \u00fclkelerinin bu y\u0131l \u00f6demesi gereken ana para ve faiz borcunun yaln\u0131zca d\u00f6rtte birine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k geliyor. IMF\u2019ye gelince, 19 Afrika \u00fclkesinin borcunda indirim yapmay\u0131 kabul etti. Afrika Birli\u011fi\u2019nin hedefi, m\u00fczakerelerde bor\u00e7 miktar\u0131nda 44 milyar dolar tutar\u0131nda bir indirim almak, b\u00fct\u00fcn Afrika \u00fclkelerinin faiz \u00f6demelerinin durdurmak ve ek olarak 100-150 milyar dolarl\u0131k krediler elde etmektir. Milyonlarca ki\u015finin sahiplendi\u011fi bu talebin, ancak Afrika \u00fclkelerinde ve ayn\u0131 zamanda alacakl\u0131 s\u00fcper g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00fclkelerdeki halk ve i\u015f\u00e7i seferberli\u011fiyle dayat\u0131labilece\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Afrikal\u0131 burjuva y\u00f6netimlerin bu y\u00f6nde ilerlemedeki t\u00fcm s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131na ra\u011fmen, birle\u015fik talep yank\u0131 uyand\u0131rd\u0131. Avrupa Konseyi Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Charles Michel, d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7lar\u0131n iptali hakk\u0131nda bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ba\u015flatmaya haz\u0131r oldu\u011funun g\u00fcvencesini verdi. Fransa Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Macron Afrika \u00fclkelerinin bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n ertelenmesinden ve iptal edilmesi olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan s\u00f6z etti; \u00f6te yandan IMF\u2019nin \u00f6zel ko\u015fullarda yeni krediler vermesini \u00f6nerdi -ki da ABD\u2019nin buna muhalefet ediyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7in \u00fclkelerle toplu olarak m\u00fczakere etmeyi reddediyor<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Alacakl\u0131s\u0131 oldu\u011fu bor\u00e7 miktar\u0131 140 milyar dolar\u0131 a\u015fan \u00c7in, bor\u00e7lu \u00fclkelerle yan\u0131zca iki tarafl\u0131 yeniden m\u00fczakereleri kabul ederek, toptan bor\u00e7 indirimi i\u00e7in g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme yapmay\u0131 reddediyor -ki bu, d\u0131\u015f borcun \u00f6denmemesini topluca ileri s\u00fcren bor\u00e7lu \u00fclkeler blo\u011funun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemini bir bak\u0131ma bir kez daha g\u00f6steriyor. Asya\u2019n\u0131n kapitalist g\u00fcc\u00fc, Afrika k\u0131tas\u0131nda 10 binden fazla i\u015fletmeye sahip ve Afrika ile olan ili\u015fkilerinde \u00f6nemli d\u00fczeyde d\u0131\u015f ticaret fazlas\u0131 veriyor. Afrika\u2019n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f borcu, \u00c7in ekonomisi i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir miktar de\u011fil, ama politik bir bask\u0131 ve itaat arac\u0131 olarak stratejik \u00f6nemi var.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

May\u0131s ortas\u0131nda k\u0131tadaki COVID-19 vaka say\u0131s\u0131 72 bini ve toplam \u00f6l\u00fcm say\u0131s\u0131 ise 2.500\u2019i a\u015ft\u0131. Y\u0131l sonuna kadar enfekte olan insan say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n 10 milyonu ge\u00e7ebilece\u011fi tahmin ediliyor. Ham madde ihracat\u0131ndaki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f ve fon aktar\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n giri\u015fi, 1980\u2019li y\u0131llardan beri b\u00f6lgedeki ilk resesyona neden oldu. Bu ko\u015fullarda, Latin Amerika\u2019daki mevcut duruma benzer bir \u015fekilde Afrika \u00fclkelerinin bir\u00e7o\u011funda sa\u011fl\u0131k ve e\u011fitime yap\u0131lan yat\u0131r\u0131mlardan daha fazla kaynak t\u00fcketen d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7 \u00f6demelerini durdurmak hi\u00e7 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar acildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2009 y\u0131l\u0131nda Afrika\u2019n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f borcu, yakla\u015f\u0131k 700 milyar dolard\u0131. Bu borcun b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n alacakl\u0131s\u0131, devletler ile IMF ve D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131 gibi \u00e7ok tarafl\u0131 finansal kurulu\u015flard\u0131r; 115 milyar dolar tutar\u0131ndaki borcun alacakl\u0131s\u0131 da \u00f6zel ki\u015filerdir. Faiz oranlar\u0131 %15\u2019e kadar varabiliyor. Bizzat IMF, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en yoksul \u00fclkelerinde ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen kamu harcamalar\u0131n\u0131n ezici d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7 \u00f6demeleri y\u00fcz\u00fcnden azald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 itiraf etmek zorunda kald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7 bir ya\u011fma arac\u0131d\u0131r<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

1970-1995 aras\u0131, Saharaalt\u0131 Afrika \u00fclkelerinin d\u0131\u015f borcu 6,9 milyar dolardan 235 milyar dolara y\u00fckseldi. 1980\u2019li y\u0131llarda, al\u0131nan kredilerin y\u00fczde 70 ila 80\u2019i devletlerden ya da \u00e7ok tarafl\u0131 kurulu\u015flardan oldu\u011fundan, bu kredilerin verilmesi, \u00f6zelle\u015ftirmelerin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 ve kapitalist ekonominin daha fazla kurals\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ko\u015fullar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131. Hammadde ihracat\u0131na olan ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k giderek art\u0131yor, k\u0131ta a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 yozla\u015fm\u0131\u015f burjuva diktat\u00f6rl\u00fcklerinin kurban\u0131 olmaya devam ediyor. Boyce ve Ndikumana\u2019ya g\u00f6re 1970-1996 aras\u0131 ka\u00e7an sermaye 187 milyar dolara ula\u015ft\u0131. Colom Ja\u00e9n, 1970-2002 aras\u0131 Sahraalt\u0131 Afrika\u2019n\u0131n 294 milyar dolarl\u0131k kredi ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, 268 milyar dolar\u0131 geri \u00f6dedi\u011fini ve h\u00e2l\u00e2 210 milyar dolar borcu kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtiyor. Afrika i\u00e7i ticaret b\u00f6lgenin d\u0131\u015f ticaretinin ancak %10\u2019ununa kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k geliyor ve bu, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci k\u00f6klerin b\u00f6lgedeki a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor: D\u0131\u015f ticaretin %80\u2019i Avrupa ile yap\u0131l\u0131yor. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bor\u00e7lu \u00fclkeler blo\u011funun kurulmas\u0131n\u0131n habercisi, 1987 y\u0131l\u0131nda Afrika Birli\u011fi \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc\u2019ne bor\u00e7lar\u0131n \u00f6denmesinin blok halinde reddinin yal\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u011fa tek alternatif oldu\u011funu ve \u201cbor\u00e7 \u00f6demeyerek c\u0131l\u0131z kaynaklar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 kalk\u0131nmaya ay\u0131rabilece\u011fimizi\u201d (El Pais, 3\/5\/2020) \u00f6neren Burkina Faso Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Thomas Sankara oldu.  Birka\u00e7 hafta sonra Sankara, Frans\u0131z emperyalizminin \u00f6rg\u00fctledi\u011fi bir askeri darbe ile devrildi ve \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1996 y\u0131l\u0131nda d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7 ya\u011fmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 kitle bask\u0131s\u0131na ve halk\u0131n tepkisine yan\u0131t, G8 taraf\u0131ndan kurulan ve bor\u00e7lu \u00fclkenin ihracat\u0131n\u0131n %200\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc ya da vergi gelirlerinin %250\u2019sini a\u015fan borcu s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclemez sayan PPTE (Tr. ABY\u00dc-A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 Bor\u00e7lu Yoksul \u00dclkeler) inisiyatifi oldu. IMF ve D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131, bor\u00e7lar\u0131 iptal etti ya da eski bor\u00e7lar\u0131n \u00f6denmesi i\u00e7in d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck faizli yeni krediler a\u00e7t\u0131; fakat bu yard\u0131mlar da kamu hizmetlerinin \u00f6zelle\u015ftirilmesi gibi ekonomiyi gerileten reformlar\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131 ko\u015fuluna ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131. Yirmi y\u0131lda, \u00e7o\u011fu Afrika\u2019da olmak \u00fczere toplam 39 \u00fclke, d\u0131\u015f borcun iptalinden ya da bor\u00e7 indiriminden yararland\u0131. G\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz gibi, s\u00f6z konusu olan, \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek oranl\u0131 faizler g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda zaten \u00f6denmi\u015f olan bor\u00e7lard\u0131. D\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7taki bu indirimler, Afrika\u2019n\u0131n ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131 GSYH\u2019sinin son yirmi y\u0131lda %20\u2019den biraz daha fazla artmas\u0131na neden oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu deneyimlerin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fmak \u00f6nmelidir; bunlar \u015f\u00fcphesiz borcun \u00f6denmemesinin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor. Afrikal\u0131 bor\u00e7lu \u00fclkelerin birli\u011fini, Latin Amerika\u2019ya ve Karayipler\u2019e, Orta-Do\u011fu\u2019ya ve di\u011fer yar\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrge \u00fclkelere yaymak; bu anlamda borcun \u00f6denmemesine ili\u015fkin tavizsiz bir politika temelinde bir blok olu\u015fturarak seferber olmak i\u00e7in emek\u00e7i \u00f6rg\u00fctler ile halk \u00f6rg\u00fctleri aras\u0131nda uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczeyde ba\u011flar kurmak zorunludur.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u0131\u015f borcun \u00f6denmemesi ve s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci k\u00f6lelik tazminat\u0131<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Afrika ve Karayip \u00fclkelerinde borcun \u00f6denmemesi talebi, Kapital\u2019de Marx\u2019\u0131n \u201csermaye birikiminin orijinal\u201d temel kaynaklar\u0131ndan biri olarak tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Atlantik \u00f6tesi k\u00f6le ticareti i\u00e7in emperyalist g\u00fc\u00e7lerden bir tazminat \u00f6demelerini isteyen tarihsel kampanyalarla birlikte ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclmelidir. XVI-XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131llar aras\u0131, Afrika\u2019da 30 milyondan fazla insan ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 ve Amerika\u2019da ve Karayipler\u2019de k\u00f6le olarak sat\u0131ld\u0131. Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k, Fransa ve Hollanda gibi Avrupal\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerin y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bu ticaretin ma\u011fdurlar\u0131, k\u00f6lelik kald\u0131r\u0131l\u0131nca hi\u00e7bir zaman tazminat alamad\u0131lar. Bunun yerine, Karayipler\u2019deki Britanya s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerinde ya\u015fayan k\u00f6le sahiplerine 1834 y\u0131l\u0131nda k\u00f6leli\u011fin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde 3 milyon dolara kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelen 20 milyon liral\u0131k bir tazminat \u00f6dendi. Fransa\u2019ya gelince, d\u00fcnyada k\u00f6lelik kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 ilk devrimin zafere ula\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Haiti\u2019yi, onun ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131ma kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda eski k\u00f6le sahiplerine tazminat \u00f6demeye zorlad\u0131. Fransa\u2019ya olan bu borcu \u00f6demek i\u00e7in, ABD\u2019den yeni bor\u00e7lar al\u0131nd\u0131 ve bu kez de Amerikal\u0131lar  XX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde Haiti\u2019yi i\u015fgal etti ve diktat\u00f6rl\u00fckler dayatt\u0131. Y\u0131llar sonra, tazminat talebi iki b\u00f6lgede de taban buldu. Karayipler Toplulu\u011fu (Caricom), Avrupa \u00fclkelerine bu konuda bask\u0131 uygulamasa da, tazminat bi\u00e7imleri hakk\u0131nda bir komisyon kurdu. 1997 y\u0131l\u0131nda Afrika\u2019da bir komisyon, Afrikal\u0131lar\u0131n k\u00f6lele\u015ftirilmesinden yararlanan g\u00fc\u00e7lerin 777 milyar dolar tazminat \u00f6demesini talep etti. Yeni Zelanda\u2019n\u0131n Maori yerlilerine \u00f6dedi\u011fi tazminat ve Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k\u2019\u0131n s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik d\u00f6neminde Kenya\u2019da Mau Mau halk\u0131na yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 katliam ve i\u015fkence i\u00e7in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6deme gibi tarihten emsaller de var.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Afrika\u2019ya, Latin Amerika\u2019ya ve Karayipler\u2019e bor\u00e7lu olan as\u0131l Avrupa ve Amerikan emperyalizmidir. S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik su\u00e7lar\u0131 ve ister diktat\u00f6rl\u00fck ister burjuva demokrasisi olsun i\u015fbirlik\u00e7i y\u00f6netimler ile emperyalizm ittifak\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclen yar\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci ezici politikalar, geri kalm\u0131\u015f kapitalizmi ve \u00fclkelerimizdeki sefaleti bi\u00e7imlendirdi. D\u0131\u015f borcun \u00f6denmemesine kar\u015f\u0131 birlik olmak, mevcut krizde halklar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n vazge\u00e7ilmez g\u00f6revlerinden biridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

15 May\u0131s 2020<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Yazar: Simon Rodr\u00edguez Porras (\u0130UB-DE \u00f6nderli\u011fi \u00fcyesi) \u00c7eviri: Selahattin Eren *** Salg\u0131n\u0131n tetikledi\u011fi ekonomik ve toplumsal kriz ko\u015fullar\u0131nda Afrika y\u00f6netimleri, d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7lar\u0131n \u00f6denmesine kar\u015f\u0131 ilk kez ortak bir tutum ald\u0131lar. Bir\u00e7ok kapitalist diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7inde bar\u0131nd\u0131ran ve daha elveri\u015fli \u00f6deme ko\u015fullar\u0131 m\u00fczakere etmekten ba\u015fka bir amac\u0131 olmayan y\u00f6netim blo\u011funun s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131na ra\u011fmen, halk\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcnde d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7lar\u0131n \u00f6denmemesi […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":1849,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[701],"tags":[436,947],"class_list":["post-1848","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-politika","tag-afrika","tag-dis-borc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1848","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1848"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1848\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1850,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1848\/revisions\/1850"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1849"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1848"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1848"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1848"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}