{"id":158,"date":"2021-11-07T21:28:24","date_gmt":"2021-11-07T18:28:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/94.237.85.66\/?p=158"},"modified":"2021-11-26T12:08:24","modified_gmt":"2021-11-26T09:08:24","slug":"rusyada-sosyalist-devrimin-zaferi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/2021\/11\/07\/rusyada-sosyalist-devrimin-zaferi\/","title":{"rendered":"Rusya\u2019da sosyalist devrimin zaferi"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Bu yaz\u0131 ilk kez, \u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerin Uluslararas\u0131 Birli\u011fi — D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Enternasyonal’in Arjantin seksiyonu olan Sosyalist Sol’un haftal\u0131k yay\u0131n organ\u0131 Sosyalist<\/em> gazetesinde yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

***<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Rus \u00c7arl\u0131k’\u0131 hem d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en geni\u015f topraklar\u0131na sahipti hem de \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu okuma yazma bilmeyen yoksul k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu 150 milyonu a\u015fk\u0131n insana h\u00fckmetmekteydi. \u00dclkenin ba\u015fkenti Petrograd ve Moskova\u2019da yakla\u015f\u0131k 3 milyon insan ya\u015famakta ve en ileri \u00fcretim teknikleriyle birlikte k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ama hayli belirleyici bir end\u00fcstri proletaryas\u0131 a\u011f\u0131r a\u011f\u0131r geli\u015fmekteydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7arl\u0131k’\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fc<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u015eubat 1917\u2019de polisin Petrograd\u2019da ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen devasa bir kitle g\u00f6sterisini \u015fiddetle bast\u0131rmas\u0131yla \u00c7ar 2. Nikola diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcl\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyle sonu\u00e7lanan bir ayaklanma a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bu ayaklanma s\u00fcrecinin ard\u0131ndan, o vakte kadar \u00e7arl\u0131\u011f\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k bir m\u00fcttefiki durumundaki liberal burjuva bir e\u011filim ile reformist partilerin (K\u0131rda ciddi bir a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011fa sahip durumdaki Sosyalist Devrimciler ile i\u015f\u00e7iler aras\u0131nda etkin durumda olan Sosyal Demokrat Men\u015fevikler) olu\u015fturdu\u011fu bir Ge\u00e7ici H\u00fck\u00fcmet y\u00f6netimi \u00fcstlendi. Bu s\u00fcrece paralel olarak, i\u015f\u00e7i, k\u00f6yl\u00fc ve asker delegelerinin kararlar\u0131 \u00fczerinden i\u015fleyen ve m\u00fccadele halindeki kitlelerin temsil organlar\u0131 durumundaki \u201cSovyet\u201d adl\u0131 demokratik meclisler a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eubat Devrimi\u2019nin zaferi, o vakte dek tan\u0131k olunmam\u0131\u015f geni\u015f politik \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklere kap\u0131 a\u00e7sa da, i\u015f\u00e7i ve k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin a\u011f\u0131r ve k\u00f6kl\u00fc sorunlar\u0131na nihai yan\u0131tlar geli\u015ftirmekten uzak kalacakt\u0131. Bu sorunlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda hi\u00e7 \u015f\u00fcphe yok ki, emperyalistler aras\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131n yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 (\u00c7arl\u0131k rejimi, Fransa ve \u0130ngiltere ile m\u00fcttefik olarak sava\u015fta yer almaktayd\u0131) ve bir mezbahay\u0131 and\u0131ran sava\u015f ko\u015fullar\u0131, toprak sahiplerinin k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fck \u00fczerindeki a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fc ve genelle\u015fen sefalet ko\u015fullar\u0131 gelmekteydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lenin ve Tro\u00e7ki\u2019nin \u00f6nderli\u011finde Devrimci Marksist ve enternasyonalist bir \u00e7izgi izlemekte olan Bol\u015fevik Parti, bu s\u00fcrecin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131nda s\u0131n\u0131f hareketi i\u00e7inde bir az\u0131nl\u0131k e\u011filimi konumundayd\u0131. Parti, \u015eubat s\u00fcreci boyunca ikirciksiz bir politika izledi ve asla yeni burjuva h\u00fck\u00fcmetine destek sunmad\u0131, geli\u015fimini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc. Partinin ilerleyen g\u00fcnlerde elde edece\u011fi ba\u015far\u0131n\u0131n p\u00fcf noktas\u0131, Sovyetler i\u00e7inde i\u015f\u00e7i, k\u00f6yl\u00fc ve askerlerin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 kararl\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde savunan yegane e\u011filim olmas\u0131nda yat\u0131yordu. Eyl\u00fcl ve Ekim aylar\u0131nda bu hatt\u0131n meyvelerini toplayacaklar ve m\u00fccadele eden y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar i\u00e7inde \u00e7o\u011funluk haline geleceklerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayaklanma ve ilk kararlar<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

25 ve 26 Ekim tarihlerinde -Bat\u0131 takvimine g\u00f6re 7-8 Kas\u0131m- Petrograd kentinde, silahl\u0131 bir ayaklanma ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi. Ayaklanma esas itibar\u0131yla Bol\u015fevikler ve Petrograd Sovyeti Askeri Komitesince organize edilip y\u00f6nlendirilmi\u015f ve s\u00fcratle Moskova\u2019ya s\u0131\u00e7ram\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Devrimci y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131n seferberli\u011fi ve Lenin ve Tro\u00e7ki\u2019nin ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekti\u011fi Bol\u015feviklerin kararl\u0131 \u00f6nderli\u011fi, burjuvazinin ve m\u00fcttefiklerinin, reformist \u00f6nderliklerin ve halk\u0131 sistematik bir bi\u00e7imde ezmekte olan bask\u0131c\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerin iktidardan tasfiye edilmesine olanak sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yeni Sovyet h\u00fck\u00fcmeti ilk hedefini Rusya\u2019da ve d\u00fcnyada sosyalizmin in\u015fas\u0131 olarak a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131. Ayn\u0131 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde \u015farts\u0131z ve derhal bar\u0131\u015f ilan edilmesi ve burjuvazi taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f gizli diplomasiye dayal\u0131 t\u00fcm anla\u015fmalar\u0131n ge\u00e7ersiz ilan edilmesi ve te\u015fhiri karar alt\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131. Bir sonraki g\u00fcn ise toprak a\u011falar\u0131na ve Kilise\u2019ye pe\u015fke\u015f \u00e7ekilmi\u015f durumdaki topraklar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ks\u0131z olarak, topraks\u0131z k\u00f6yl\u00fclere da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 onaylayan kararname \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131ld\u0131. Yoksul k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 iyile\u015ftirmeye y\u00f6nelik acil tedbirler al\u0131nd\u0131. \u00d6te yandan b\u00fcy\u00fck kentlerde kiralar donduruldu ve acil g\u0131da da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m\u0131na y\u00f6nelik d\u00fczenlemeler getirildi. Kas\u0131m ay\u0131 i\u00e7inde o d\u00f6neme dek \u00c7arl\u0131k rejimi alt\u0131nda yok say\u0131lan t\u00fcm uluslara -Finlandiya \u00f6rne\u011finde oldu\u011fu gibi- ayr\u0131lma hakk\u0131 da dahil olmak \u00fczere e\u015fit haklar tan\u0131nd\u0131 ve t\u00fcm etnik ve ulusal az\u0131nl\u0131klara \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckleri verildi. T\u00fcm fabrika ve i\u015fyerlerinde i\u015f\u00e7i kontrol\u00fc hakim k\u0131l\u0131nd\u0131 ve t\u00fcm bakanlar\u0131n maa\u015flar\u0131 vas\u0131fl\u0131 bir end\u00fcstri i\u015f\u00e7isinin ortalama maa\u015f\u0131yla e\u015fit hale getirildi. Matbaalar ve ka\u011f\u0131t \u00fcretimi, Sovyet yay\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcreklili\u011fini sa\u011flamak ad\u0131na kamula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 ve i\u015f\u00e7i milislerinin \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesine giri\u015fildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Y\u0131l bitmeden, eski patronlar\u0131nca terk edilmi\u015f fabrikalar ve emperyalistlere ait stratejik i\u015fletmeler -elektrik \u015firketi, metal\u00fcrji fabrikalar\u0131, vb.- tazminats\u0131z millile\u015ftirilmi\u015f ve i\u015f\u00e7i kontrol\u00fcne b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. O d\u00f6neme dek Kilise\u2019nin kontrol\u00fcndeki e\u011fitim yerini kamu e\u011fitimine b\u0131rakt\u0131. Medeni kanun ve bo\u015fanma hakk\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fcnden kad\u0131na ve \u00e7ocu\u011fa endeksli politikalar hayata ge\u00e7erken, bankac\u0131l\u0131k sistemi millile\u015ftirildi ve asalet \u00fcnvanlar\u0131 iptal edildi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3 Ocak 1918 tarihinde, Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetler Birli\u011fi (SSCB) ilan edilirken, t\u00fcm d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7 \u00f6demeleri durduruldu. \u015eubat ay\u0131nda, Leon Tro\u00e7ki \u00f6nderli\u011finde K\u0131z\u0131l Ordu\u2019nun in\u015fas\u0131na ba\u015fland\u0131. Y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 i\u00e7 sava\u015f ko\u015fullar\u0131 ufukta belirmekteydi. 1919 Kas\u0131m\u0131nda, i\u00e7 sava\u015f\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 ko\u015fullar\u0131 alt\u0131nda Moskova\u2019da 3. Enternasyonal kurulacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u00e7 sava\u015f ve b\u00fcrokratikle\u015fme<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u00e7 sava\u015f\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131, beraberinde burjuvazinin m\u00fclks\u00fczle\u015ftirilmesi s\u00fcrecinin derinle\u015fmesini getirdi. 3 y\u0131l s\u00fcren i\u00e7 sava\u015f ko\u015fullar\u0131, Sovyet emek\u00e7ileri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan korkun\u00e7 s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 beraberinde getirdi. Ne var ki, SSCB Kom\u00fcnist Partisi olarak an\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanan Bol\u015fevik hareketin devrimci hat do\u011frultusunda \u0131srarl\u0131 tutumu, burjuva gericili\u011finin ve onlara destek sunan emperyalist ordular\u0131n silahl\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131devrim giri\u015fiminin ezilmesine olanak sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ktidar\u0131n ele ge\u00e7irilmesinin ard\u0131ndan Bol\u015fevik \u00f6nderli\u011fin, ama \u00f6zellikle Lenin ve Tro\u00e7ki\u2019nin beklentisi, sosyalist devrimin sa\u011flamla\u015f\u0131p ilerlemesi i\u00e7in yegane yolun Avrupa\u2019da patlak veren devrimci \u00e7alkanma i\u00e7inde Ekim Devrimi\u2019ne benzer yeni devrimlerin a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ne yaz\u0131k ki bu ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmedi. 1921 y\u0131l\u0131nda i\u00e7 sava\u015f sona erdi\u011finde SSCB tek ba\u015f\u0131na kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve her a\u00e7\u0131dan t\u00fckenmi\u015f durumdayd\u0131. Devlet, Sovyetler ve bizzat Kom\u00fcnist Parti \u00fczerinden, y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131n yorgunlu\u011fundan beslenen bir b\u00fcrokratikle\u015fme s\u00fcreci ba\u015fl\u0131yordu. Hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 son derece ilerlemi\u015f durumdaki Lenin\u2019in son m\u00fccadelesi i\u015fte bu b\u00fcrokratikle\u015fme s\u00fcrecine kar\u015f\u0131 verilecekti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ne var ki, Tro\u00e7ki ile birlikte bu b\u00fcrokratikle\u015fme s\u00fcrecinin \u00f6nderli\u011fini \u00fcstlenen Lenin, nihayetinde devrime ihanet edecek Stalin\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 verdi\u011fi bu m\u00fccadelenin ortas\u0131nda hayata g\u00f6zlerini yumdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

20\u2019li y\u0131llar, 3. Enternasyonalin ulusal partilerine do\u011fru yay\u0131lan bu b\u00fcrokratikle\u015fme e\u011filimini durdurmak i\u00e7in verilen m\u00fccadelelerle belirlendi. Leon Tro\u00e7ki ve ilk devrimci dalgan\u0131n i\u00e7inde yeti\u015fmi\u015f binlerce devrimci \u00f6nc\u00fc, b\u00fcrokrasinin tahribatlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 verilen m\u00fccadelelere e\u015flik etti ama yenilgiye u\u011frad\u0131lar. \u0130\u015fte bu politik atmosfer i\u00e7inde, 1917 K\u0131z\u0131l Ekimini yaratan ruha, Devrimci Marksizm\u2019e ve ger\u00e7ek Leninizm\u2019e t\u00fcm\u00fcyle kar\u015f\u0131t ve ancak b\u00f6ylelikle varl\u0131k nedeni bulabilen bir politik kar\u015f\u0131devrim ad\u0131m ad\u0131m hakimiyet kazan\u0131p y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131 sindirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7ok a\u00e7\u0131k ki, Stalin diktat\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, yaln\u0131zca i\u015f\u00e7i demokrasisi ko\u015fullar\u0131nda ve devrimin t\u00fcm d\u00fcnya sath\u0131na yay\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 ko\u015fullarda geli\u015febilecek sosyalizmin inkar\u0131 temelinde hayat bulabildi. O zamandan beri, kom\u00fcnist partiler yaln\u0131zca kendi b\u00fcrokratik ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrdebilmek u\u011fruna, burjuvaziyle anla\u015farak ve \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f halindeki kapitalist sistemi defalarca kurtararak devrimci s\u00fcre\u00e7leri yenilgiye u\u011fratt\u0131lar. -1936 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130spanyol Devrimi\u2019nin u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ihanet en tipik \u00f6rneklerden biridir-<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1940 y\u0131l\u0131nda Stalin\u2019in bir ajan\u0131nca katledildi\u011fi tarihe dek Tro\u00e7ki\u2019nin de vurgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, b\u00fcrokrasi iktidarda kalmaya devam ederse, SSCB\u2019nin kapitalizme d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazla\u015facakt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SSCB ve t\u00fcm Do\u011fu Avrupa\u2019da i\u015f\u00e7i y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131n seferberlikler yoluyla b\u00fcrokrasinin tek parti diktat\u00f6rl\u00fcklerini ala\u015fa\u011f\u0131 etti\u011fi ve fakat Gorba\u00e7ov \u00f6nderli\u011findeki b\u00fcrokratlar\u0131n \u00fclkeyi kapitalizme s\u00fcr\u00fcklemesinin \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ilemedi\u011fi 1989 y\u0131l\u0131na dek, t\u00fcm bir 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l bu \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn ac\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde do\u011frulanmas\u0131yla ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aradan ge\u00e7en y\u0131llardan sonra, bug\u00fcn hala 1917 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki o zaferin yolunu tutacak, devrimci sosyalist bilin\u00e7te bir devrimci \u00f6nderli\u011fin in\u015fa edilmesi sorumlu\u011fu ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131yay\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00c7eviri:<\/strong> Murat Yak\u0131n<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Bu yaz\u0131 ilk kez, \u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerin Uluslararas\u0131 Birli\u011fi — D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Enternasyonal’in Arjantin seksiyonu olan Sosyalist Sol’un haftal\u0131k yay\u0131n organ\u0131 Sosyalist gazetesinde yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. *** 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Rus \u00c7arl\u0131k’\u0131 hem d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en geni\u015f topraklar\u0131na sahipti hem de \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu okuma yazma bilmeyen yoksul k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu 150 milyonu a\u015fk\u0131n insana h\u00fckmetmekteydi. \u00dclkenin ba\u015fkenti Petrograd ve Moskova\u2019da yakla\u015f\u0131k 3 milyon […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":166,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[640],"tags":[136,205,206,207],"class_list":["post-158","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-kizil-ekim","tag-devrimin","tag-rusyada","tag-sosyalist","tag-zaferi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/158","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=158"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/158\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2419,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/158\/revisions\/2419"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/166"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=158"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=158"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=158"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}