Sermaye birikimine dayanan yeni \u00fcretim bi\u00e7iminin konumuz gere\u011fi birincil ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 \u00fcretim ve yeniden-\u00fcretim alanlar\u0131n\u0131 birbirinden koparmas\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Bunun paralelinde, erkek \u00fcretimden sorumlu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcrken; kad\u0131n, hayat\u0131n ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ku\u015faklar\u0131n yeniden-\u00fcretiminden sorumlu k\u0131l\u0131nm\u0131\u015f; i\u015f ve ev, erkek ve kad\u0131n aras\u0131ndaki farkl\u0131 sorumluluk alanlar\u0131 olarak payla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tabii \u201cfarkl\u0131\u201d demek ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ya da e\u015f iki alan\/sorumluluk anlam\u0131na gelmemektedir. Bu ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma daha \u00e7ok, ikincisinin birincisine t\u00e2bili\u011finin ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Elbette \u00f6ncelikle maddi olarak. Ama ard\u0131ndan, bu ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n zihinsel yeniden \u00fcretimi de daim k\u0131l\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ve s\u00fcre\u00e7 yarat\u0131lan me\u015frulu\u011fun g\u00f6lgesinde sorgulanamaz olmu\u015ftur. \u201cYuvay\u0131 yapan di\u015fi ku\u015f\u201d ama \u201cevin reisi erkek\u201dtir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu, kad\u0131n evden d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kamaz ya da \u00e7al\u0131\u015famaz anlam\u0131na gelmemi\u015ftir; hatta ilk kurulan fabrikalarda \u2013 elbette sekt\u00f6r de belirleyici – \u00e7ok\u00e7a kad\u0131n istihdam edildi\u011fini belirtmek gerekir. Ancak, kad\u0131n\u0131n birincil sorumlulu\u011fu \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131p eve para getirmek olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmedi\u011finden \u00fcstte bahsetti\u011fim ko\u015fullar kad\u0131n \u00fccretli eme\u011finin kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n hem ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 hem \u015feklini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirlemi\u015ftir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bu a\u015famada Y\u0131ld\u0131z Ecevit\u2019in i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc piyasas\u0131nda kad\u0131nlar\u0131n ortak ve evrensel nitelikleri olarak sayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 yedi \u00f6zg\u00fcll\u00fc\u011fe de\u011finmekte yarar var; <\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kad\u0131nlar i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc piyasas\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndayken, ucuz ve bu piyasaya kolayca \u00e7ekilebilecek bir emek kayna\u011f\u0131 olu\u015ftururlar. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kad\u0131nlar i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc piyasas\u0131na girerken ayr\u0131mc\u0131 i\u015fe alma uygulamalar\u0131 ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131rlar. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00dccretli kad\u0131n eme\u011fi, de\u011feri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck emektir. \u0130\u015fkollar\u0131na ve yap\u0131lan i\u015flere g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fmekle birlikte, kad\u0131nlar genellikle erkeklerin \u00fccretlerinin yar\u0131s\u0131 ile d\u00f6rtte \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc aras\u0131nda \u00fccret al\u0131rlar. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00dccretli kad\u0131n eme\u011fi uzun d\u00f6nemli g\u00fcvenceden yoksun, vazge\u00e7ilmesi kolay, piyasa d\u0131\u015f\u0131na at\u0131lma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fcksek emektir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00fccretli i\u015f\u00e7iler olarak kolektif \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeleri g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u015fekilde geli\u015fmemi\u015ftir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
Kad\u0131nlar i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc piyasas\u0131na girerken, i\u015flerin toplumsal cinsiyete g\u00f6re ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu piyasada, kendi arzu ettikleri de\u011fil, kendileri i\u00e7in \u00f6nceden belirlenmi\u015f i\u015fler aras\u0131ndan se\u00e7im yapmak durumundad\u0131rlar. \u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc piyasas\u0131nda kad\u0131nlar\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131 uygun olan sekt\u00f6rler, i\u015fkollar\u0131 ve meslekler \u00f6nceden belirlenmi\u015f ve ilgili normlar saptanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sanayi sekt\u00f6r\u00fc \u00f6zelinde bu ayr\u0131\u015fma, sekt\u00f6rler aras\u0131 e\u015fitsiz da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 ve baz\u0131 sekt\u00f6rlerde yo\u011funla\u015fmay\u0131 getirir. Bu sekt\u00f6rler emek yo\u011fun, ekonomik dalgalanmalardan daha \u00e7abuk etkilenen, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccret \u00f6denen, vas\u0131fs\u0131z i\u015f\u00e7i kullan\u0131m\u0131na dayanan sekt\u00f6rlerdir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
Toplumsal cinsiyet temelli ayr\u0131\u015fma ve ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n ikinci a\u015famas\u0131 i\u015fyerinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir. Her iki cinsten de \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131n bulundu\u011fu i\u015fyerlerindeki i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc incelenirse, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck stat\u00fcl\u00fc i\u015flerde yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131, vas\u0131fs\u0131z olduklar\u0131, y\u00f6netici g\u00f6revlerde \u00e7ok seyrek bulunduklar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Ayr\u0131ca i\u015fe al\u0131nma s\u0131ras\u0131nda, i\u015fyerinde g\u00f6rev ve sorumluluklar da\u011f\u0131t\u0131l\u0131rken i\u015f e\u011fitimi ve y\u00fckselme f\u0131rsatlar\u0131n\u0131 kullanabilmede, otorite, denetim ve kontrole tabi olu\u015fta, \u00fcretim faaliyetinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma bi\u00e7im ve ko\u015fullar\u0131 saptan\u0131rken ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131kla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131rlar.(2)<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n Yine Ecevit\u2019in belirtti\u011fi gibi bu niteliklerden yola \u00e7\u0131karak kad\u0131nlar\u0131n i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc piyasas\u0131nda \u201cikincil stat\u00fcde\u201d ve \u201caltas\u0131ral\u0131\u201d oldu\u011funu vurgulamak gerekir.(3)<\/strong> Ve bu konumland\u0131rmay\u0131 hem bir sonu\u00e7; hem de bir neden olarak a\u00e7\u0131mlayabilmek \u00f6nemli. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Sonu\u00e7; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc ataerkil kapitalist sistem, t\u00fcm ziki ve zihinsel \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesini, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n kad\u0131n i\u00e7in birincil ve zorunlu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerine kurarak yap\u0131yor. Bu da, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 durumunda bile, kad\u0131n\u0131n \u00fccretli eme\u011fini erke\u011finkine bir katk\u0131dan \u00f6te g\u00f6rmeyen ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 emek kategorisi yarat\u0131yor: Kad\u0131n, kendisi de baban\u0131n veya kocan\u0131n \u00fccretli eme\u011fine ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 bir ek \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan olarak, aile b\u00fct\u00e7esine genellikle ge\u00e7ici olarak <\/em>katk\u0131 sunuyor. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu s\u00fcrecin, kad\u0131n taraf\u0131ndan da pek nadiren sorguland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilmek gerek. Bunun i\u00e7in de temelde iki gerek\u00e7eden bahsedilebilir. Birincisi, kad\u0131n\u0131n da toplumsal cinsiyetin bu yeniden \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecinin i\u00e7inde do\u011fmas\u0131 ve farkl\u0131 mekanizmalarla bu s\u00fcreci i\u00e7selle\u015ftirmesidir. Bir di\u011feri ise \u2013 ki bu g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir belirleyen olarak birincinin de altyap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 besler – kad\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 durumunda ta\u015f\u0131mak zorunda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201c\u00e7ifte y\u00fck\u201d t\u00fcr. Evde h\u00e2lihaz\u0131rda yemek, temizlik ve her t\u00fcrl\u00fc bak\u0131m hizmetinden sorumlu tutulan kad\u0131n, zorunlu olmad\u0131k\u00e7a\/g\u00f6rmedik\u00e7e \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flamaktan, art\u0131 bir y\u00fck oldu\u011fu gerek\u00e7esiyle ka\u00e7\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Kad\u0131n\u0131n bu bi\u00e7imde konumland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ayn\u0131 zamanda da bir nedendir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc toplumsal cinsiyet ili\u015fkileri ile kapitalist \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerinin eklemlenmesi, kapitalizmin yarar\u0131na olan, \u2013 tabii kapitalizmin sayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 tek yarar\u0131n k\u00e2r etmek oldu\u011funu atlamadan – onu besleyen bir s\u00fcre\u00e7tir ve cinsiyet\u00e7i ideolojinin paralelinde kad\u0131n \u00fccretli eme\u011fine giydirilen bu nitelikler ona daha \u00e7ok kazand\u0131racak elveri\u015fli ko\u015fullar\u0131 haz\u0131rlar. <\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00dccretli kad\u0131n eme\u011fine ili\u015fkin tart\u0131\u015fman\u0131n \u00f6nemini vurgulamak ad\u0131na \u015fundan da bahsetmek gerekir: Kad\u0131n\u0131n ezilmi\u015fli\u011fi sorunu s\u0131k s\u0131k ev ve aile i\u00e7ine referansla i\u015flenmi\u015ftir. Bu sorunu canl\u0131 tutan ve toplumsal cinsiyet ili\u015fkilerini yeniden \u00fcretenler olarak ev-i\u00e7i mekanizmalar i\u015faret edilmi\u015ftir.(4)<\/strong> Ve bu kavray\u0131\u015f, beraberinde, kad\u0131n\u0131n ev-d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131n (\u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ya\u015fam\u0131na kat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n) kad\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015fmesi s\u00fcrecine olumlu etkisini vurgulayan \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcleri getirmi\u015ftir. Kad\u0131n\u0131n ezilmi\u015fli\u011fi sorununu, \u00fccretli kad\u0131n eme\u011fi \u00fczerinden okuyarak derinle\u015ftirmek ise en ba\u015fta bu \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Ve elbette kad\u0131n\u0131n emek s\u00fcreci ve i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc piyasas\u0131 i\u00e7inde ikincil konumland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcnde y\u00fckselen bir sistemin \u2013 kapitalizmin – kad\u0131n\u0131n kurtulu\u015f ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil, tersine ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi\u011fini \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc kendisinin de bundan beslendi\u011fini kan\u0131tlar. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Hacer Ansal, Kapitalist \u00dcretimde Cinsiyet\u00e7ilik <\/em>makalesinde ataerki ve kapitalizm aras\u0131ndaki etkile\u015fimi ve bu etkile\u015fimin kad\u0131n\u0131n \u00fccretli emek konumuna etkisini \u00fc\u00e7 sekt\u00f6rden yola \u00e7\u0131karak inceler: Matbaac\u0131l\u0131k, tekstil ve konfeksiyon. Kapitalizmin ilk geli\u015fme y\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131 mercek alt\u0131na alan \u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6rnekte de g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpan; 1) Sermaye, emek s\u00fcrecini kontrol alt\u0131na alma m\u00fccadelesinde kad\u0131n\u0131n ezilmi\u015fli\u011fini ve emek piyasas\u0131ndaki ikincil konumunu (ucuz emek) kendi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 lehine \u2013 eme\u011fin maliyetini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrme ama\u00e7l\u0131 – erkek i\u015f\u00e7iye kar\u015f\u0131 kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.(5)<\/strong> 2) Emek-yo\u011fun i\u015fler kad\u0131n i\u015fleri olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr ve bu i\u015flerde kad\u0131n istihdam\u0131 artarken, sermaye yo\u011fun i\u015flerde erkek egemenli\u011fi s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. 3) Konfeksiyon gibi mevsimlik dalgalanmalara uyum sa\u011flayabilecek bir emek s\u00fcrecine gereksinim duyan sekt\u00f6rlerde kad\u0131n ucuz emek olman\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda piyasaya girip \u00e7\u0131kma ko\u015fullar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan esnekli\u011fe sahip oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in de tercih edilmi\u015ftir. 4) Ayr\u0131ca, sekt\u00f6rlerde \u201cortaya \u00e7\u0131kan hiyerar\u015fiye g\u00f6re, erkekler daha \u00fcst d\u00fczeydeki i\u015flere ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e sermaye onlar\u0131n bo\u015faltt\u0131\u011f\u0131 alanlar\u0131 ucuz kad\u0131n eme\u011fi ile doldurmu\u015ftur\u201d.(6)<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00d6zellikle ilk ba\u015flarda, erkek i\u015f\u00e7ilerin hem sahip olduklar\u0131 erkek egemen ideolojiden kaynakl\u0131 bir g\u00fcd\u00fclenmeyle; hem de i\u015flerini kaybetmeme ve \u00fccretlerindeki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fc engelleme refleksiyle bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u2013 loncalardan ve sendikalardan kad\u0131nlar\u0131 d\u0131\u015flamak dahil – \u00e7e\u015fitli y\u00f6ntemlerle direni\u015f g\u00f6sterdiklerini s\u00f6ylemek gerekir. \u00d6te yandan, bedensel g\u00fc\u00e7 kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 kad\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7iler kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda avantaj olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fcklerinden, bu g\u00fcc\u00fcn kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 azaltan teknik yeniliklere de kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.(7)<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n Sermayenin vas\u0131fl\u0131 ve vas\u0131fs\u0131z i\u015f aras\u0131ndaki fark\u0131n maddi temellerini teknik geli\u015fmeler sonucunda yok etmesi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda da vas\u0131fl\u0131 ve vas\u0131fs\u0131z i\u015f tan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131, birincisinin \u201cerkek i\u015fi\u201dni ikincisinin \u201ckad\u0131n i\u015fi\u201dni kar\u015f\u0131layaca\u011f\u0131 bi\u00e7imde yeniden doldururlar. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Ancak, s\u00fcre\u00e7, sermayenin \u00fcretim (emek) maliyetlerini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrme\/d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck tutma stratejisine yenik d\u00fc\u015fer. Ve kapitalizm, kad\u0131n eme\u011finin ikincil konumu ve bunun i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc piyasas\u0131nda yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 rek\u00e2bet ile birlikte yol al\u0131rken; toplumsal cinsiyet ili\u015fkilerini kendi lehine olacak bi\u00e7imde yeniden \u00fcretmi\u015ftir ve \u00fcretmektedir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Kriz d\u00f6nemleri ve kad\u0131n istihdam\u0131 <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Ekonomik kriz d\u00f6nemleri, \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecindeki toplumsal cinsiyet temelli i\u015fleyi\u015fin mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131 berrakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. K\u00e2r oranlar\u0131ndaki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f neticesinde sermaye birikim s\u00fcrecinde t\u0131kanmaya yol a\u00e7an bu d\u00f6nemler \u00fcretimin daralmas\u0131 paralelinde i\u015fsizlik art\u0131\u015f\u0131na sebebiyet verirken, bir yandan da krizden \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f olarak maliyetlerin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesi yollar\u0131n\u0131 arar. <\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131nda toptan ve h\u0131zl\u0131 bir gerilemenin, maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcde ve bask\u0131da art\u0131\u015f\u0131n bir ifadesi olan bu d\u00f6nem, i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc piyasas\u0131nda h\u00e2lihaz\u0131rda dezavantajl\u0131 konumda bulunan kad\u0131nlar i\u00e7in katmerli bir s\u00fcrece d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. <\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00d6ncelikle, vas\u0131fl\u0131 i\u015f kollar\u0131nda i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131karma s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinde ilk s\u0131rada kad\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n oldu\u011funu belirtmek gerekir. Bu noktada \u00fcstte a\u00e7\u0131klanan, kad\u0131n\u0131n elde etti\u011fi geliri hane i\u00e7in birincil nitelemeyen toplumsal cinsiyet temelli yap\u0131 hem sonucu belirlemi\u015f, hem de kendini yinelemi\u015f olur. <\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00d6te yandan, bu d\u00f6nemlerde kad\u0131n istihdam\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6reli olarak art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6sterebildi\u011fine (ve\/ya kad\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131nda art\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funa) dair bir kan\u0131 vard\u0131r ki bunu 1970\u2019ler krizinden de yola \u00e7\u0131karak tart\u0131\u015fmak fayda sa\u011flayabilir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Kriz d\u00f6nemlerinden \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f yolunda temel ve kapitalizmin k\u00e2r oranlar\u0131ndaki art\u0131\u015f\u0131 yeniden elde edebilmesi i\u00e7in zorunlu olan s\u00fcrecin maliyetleri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmek oldu\u011fu belirtilmi\u015fti. Maliyetleri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmek derken, k\u00e2r\u0131n art\u0131-de\u011fer s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fcne dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan hareketle bunun temelde i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn maliyetinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesi oldu\u011funu vurgulamak \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r <\/p>\n\n\n\n 1970\u2019lerde ya\u015fanan krizle birlikte, sermaye birikim s\u00fcrecinde ya\u015fanan t\u0131kanmay\u0131 a\u015fmak ad\u0131na, \u00fcretim s\u00fcrecinde, – Fordist modelin yerini alacak – \u00fcretimin mek\u00e2nsal \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesine de yans\u0131yacak bir par\u00e7alanmaya gidilmi\u015ftir.(8)<\/strong> Bunlar, \u00fcretim maliyetlerini azaltacak esnek \u00fcretim modelleri olarak sunulmu\u015f ve desteklenmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca, ihracata dayal\u0131 birikim modeline ge\u00e7en az geli\u015fmi\u015f kapitalist \u00fclkeler i\u00e7in uluslararas\u0131 kapitalist sistemle b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmeyi artt\u0131racak rekabet g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc, \u2013 ucuz i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne sahip olduklar\u0131ndan – emek-yo\u011fun sekt\u00f6rlere dayand\u0131ran bir uluslararas\u0131 i\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc s\u00f6z konusu olmu\u015ftur. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu yap\u0131lanma i\u00e7inde belirleyici ba\u015fat unsur ise esnek i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc piyasas\u0131n\u0131n da yarat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u201c\u00dcretim s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin par\u00e7alanabilirli\u011fi sermayeye \u2013teknolojik \u00f6zelliklerine g\u00f6re – emek-yo\u011fun b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerini (\u00f6zellikle montaj i\u015flemlerini) ya eme\u011fin bol, ucuz ve \u00f6rg\u00fcts\u00fcz oldu\u011fu deniz a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u00fclkelere ta\u015f\u0131ma, ya da ayn\u0131 \u00fclke i\u00e7inde d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya i\u015f verme yoluyla emek-yo\u011fun i\u015flemlerde da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k ve marjinal emekten yararlanma se\u00e7eneklerini\u201d(9)<\/strong> vermi\u015ftir. Esnek i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc piyasalar\u0131 bir yandan , \u201ci\u015fsizlik, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccretler, cinsiyet ve millete ba\u011fl\u0131 par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015f i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc piyasas\u0131, enformel istihdam\u0131n geni\u015flemesi, sendikas\u0131zla\u015fma, i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn vas\u0131fs\u0131zla\u015fmas\u0131yla birlikte geni\u015fle[rken], ekonomik kriz d\u00f6nemlerinde daralan talebe uyumlu esnek \u00fcretim, \u2018maliyetlerin en aza indirilmesi\u2019 noktas\u0131nda, i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn vas\u0131fs\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u2018tam istihdam\u2019 yerine ge\u00e7ici, k\u0131smi ve mevsimlik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma hayat\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kar[m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r]. Artan i\u015fsizlik oranlar\u0131 ile d\u00fcnya \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finde daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccretlere raz\u0131 bir i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn olu\u015ftu\u011fu, azgeli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelere ta\u015f\u0131nan \u00fcretim tesislerinde kad\u0131n ve \u00e7ocuk eme\u011finin yo\u011fun olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fcretim s\u00fcre\u00e7leri, emek s\u00fcre\u00e7lerini d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcme tabi tut[mu\u015ftur].\u201d(10) <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n B\u00f6ylelikle 1970\u2019lerde \u00fcretim s\u00fcre\u00e7lerindeki esnekle\u015fme ve enformelle\u015fme ile birlikte ihracata y\u00f6nelik \u00fcretim yapan \u00fclkelerde kad\u0131n istihdam\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 beraberinde getiren bir d\u00f6neme girilmi\u015ftir. Kad\u0131n eme\u011fi aile i\u015fletmelerinde, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck at\u00f6lyelerde, ev i\u00e7i par\u00e7a ba\u015f\u0131 \u00fcretimde yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.(11)<\/strong> K\u0131rsal alanda y\u0131llarca \u00fccretsiz aile i\u015f\u00e7isi olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan kad\u0131n, \u00fclkelerin sanayile\u015fme h\u0131zlar\u0131na ve buna paralel g\u00f6\u00e7 hareketlerine uyumlu olarak yeni, esnek emek piyasas\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7ine \u00e7ekilmi\u015ftir. Ancak ge\u00e7ici, ucuz ve \u00f6rg\u00fcts\u00fcz bir i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc olarak. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Ve maalesef b\u00f6ylece de\u011fi\u015fen s\u00fcre\u00e7 kad\u0131n\u0131n elveri\u015fsiz ve e\u015fitsiz ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmemi\u015f, tersine peki\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Kad\u0131na halihaz\u0131rda ucuz ve esnek i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc olarak bakan kapitalistler, kriz d\u00f6nemlerinde \u201cmaliyetleri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrme\u201d ve \u201ck\u00e2r oranlar\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rma\u201d isteminden hareketle \u00f6zellikle enformel kesimde kad\u0131nlar\u0131 istihdam etme arzusunda art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6sterseler de, bu durumun kad\u0131n\u0131n konumunu g\u00fc\u00e7lendirici bir etkisi olmamaktad\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Nitekim, kad\u0131n istihdam\u0131nda art\u0131\u015f olarak sunulan bu s\u00fcrece toplumsal cinsiyet ili\u015fkilerinin yeniden \u00fcretimi merce\u011finden bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda \u00fc\u00e7 tespit g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpar: Birincisi, \u00fcstte kad\u0131n \u00fccretli eme\u011finin \u00f6zg\u00fcl nitelikleri olarak belirtilen s\u0131fatlar bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te belirleyici olmaktad\u0131r. Yani, kad\u0131n tam da ikincil konumundan hareketle bir rekabet unsuru olarak piyasaya girmeye te\u015fvik edilmekte; i\u015fveren, b\u00f6ylece, \u00fccretler ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n istedi\u011fi d\u00fczeye \u00e7ekilmesinin ko\u015fulunu yaratmaktad\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu ger\u00e7ekli\u011fin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u015funu da belirtmek gerekir. Krizin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yoksulla\u015fma ve hane gelirindeki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f de bu s\u00fcreci i\u00e7ten olumlar. Kad\u0131n, aile b\u00fct\u00e7esine katk\u0131 sunmak amac\u0131yla ona dayat\u0131lan ko\u015fullarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya r\u0131za g\u00f6sterir. Ve i\u015fte, maddi ko\u015fullar\u0131n dayatmas\u0131! \u00c7eli\u015fkili bir bi\u00e7imde bu durumda aile bireyleri taraf\u0131ndan kad\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 da desteklenir. Ama elbette ge\u00e7ici olarak. Ve m\u00fcmk\u00fcnse, pek de evden d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmadan… <\/p>\n\n\n\n 1970\u2019lerle birlikte esnek \u00fcretim modellerine e\u015flik eden enformelle\u015fme e\u011filimi, tam da bu nedenle \u00fccretli kad\u0131n eme\u011finin istihdam ko\u015fullar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan belirleyicilik ta\u015f\u0131r. \u00d6nemli bir aya\u011f\u0131 eve i\u015f verme sistemine dayanan enformel sekt\u00f6r, kad\u0131n\u0131 evden d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, kad\u0131n\u0131n ev ve \u00e7ocuk bak\u0131m\u0131 \u2018sorumluluklar\u0131n\u0131\u2019 aksatmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, haneye ek gelir kisvesinde \u201ckad\u0131n \u00fccretli ev eme\u011fi\u201d ile birlikte en yayg\u0131n istihdam bi\u00e7imlerini olu\u015fturur. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Yani cinsiyet\u00e7i ideoloji, yeni-muhafazakarl\u0131k (neo-conservatism) kal\u0131plar\u0131 i\u00e7inde yeniden \u00fcretilirken; tar\u0131m\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi sonucunda, kad\u0131n\u0131n \u00fccretsiz aile i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fi istihdam\u0131ndaki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fc; enformel, istikrars\u0131z ve genellikle eve i\u015f alma ya da kendi hesab\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma bi\u00e7imleri almaya ba\u015flar. <\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0130kinci olarak, kriz d\u00f6nemlerinde artan kad\u0131n istihdam\u0131n\u0131n, toplam istihdamdaki azalmaya e\u015flik etti\u011fini unutmamak gerekir. Veriler birlikte okundu\u011funda, bu d\u00f6nemlerde kad\u0131n istihdam\u0131nda art\u0131\u015f olarak vurgulanan\u0131n, daha \u00e7ok, piyasa g\u00f6z\u00fcyle \u201ceksik erke\u011fin daha ucuza istihdam\u0131\u201d oldu\u011fu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. <\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ve toplumsal cinsiyet analizi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan en yak\u0131c\u0131 olan\u0131 ise, kapitalizmin t\u00fcm birey vurgusunun arkas\u0131nda en temel ekonomik birim olarak \u201caile\u201dyi kutsamas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu hem ideolojik hem de i\u015flevsel bir unsurdur. Aile-i\u00e7i hiyerar\u015fiyi besler ve ailenin reisi erkektir, alg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 y\u0131kmamaya \u00f6zen g\u00f6sterir. Ekonomileri hane gelirleriyle, hane gelirini erke\u011fin kazanc\u0131 ile ve ancak ek gelir unsurunu kad\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131yla tan\u0131mlar. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Hane ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131n \u00fccretine yans\u0131tan aile \u00fccreti uygulamalar\u0131 bunun en \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6rne\u011fidir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc uygulama, erke\u011fi \u2018aile\u2019nin ge\u00e7imini sa\u011flamakla \u2018onurland\u0131ran\u2019, kad\u0131n\u0131 ise evin i\u00e7 d\u00fczenin biricik sorumlusu k\u0131lan mekanizmay\u0131, toplumsal cinsiyet\u00e7i ideolojinin di\u015flilerini keskinle\u015ftirerek i\u015fletmektedir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00dccretli kad\u0131n eme\u011fi istihdam\u0131n\u0131n genel e\u011filimlerini biraz da say\u0131lara ba\u015fvurarak yorumlayacak olursak; ILO\u2019nun 2008\u2019i temel alarak a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131 verilere g\u00f6re(12)<\/strong>, d\u00fcnyada istihdam edilen 3 milyar ki\u015fiden 1 milyar 200 bini kad\u0131n ve \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kesimi de halen tar\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde istihdam edilmekte. Geli\u015fmi\u015f kapitalist \u00fclkeleri d\u0131\u015far\u0131da b\u0131rak\u0131rsak, tar\u0131mda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan kad\u0131nlar\u0131n toplam kad\u0131n istihdam\u0131na oran\u0131 yar\u0131ya yar\u0131ya. Kad\u0131n istihdam\u0131n\u0131n yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ikinci sekt\u00f6rse hizmet. Bu sekt\u00f6rde de oran y\u00fczde 46,3\u2019\u00fc bulmakta. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k sanayi alan\u0131nda istihdam edilen kad\u0131nlar\u0131n oran\u0131 ancak y\u00fczde 18,3\u2019e ula\u015fmakta; erkeklerde ise bu oran y\u00fczde 26,6. <\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00d6te yandan toplam istihdam\u0131n y\u00fczde 40\u2019\u0131 d\u00fczeyindeki kad\u0131n istihdam\u0131 aldat\u0131c\u0131 olmamal\u0131. Yukarda, 1970\u2019lerle birlikte kad\u0131n istihdam\u0131 i\u00e7in belirginle\u015fen genel e\u011filimden bahsettik. \u015eu bilgiyi eklemekte yarar var: D\u00fcnya genelinde, kad\u0131n istihdam\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 52,7\u2019sini kendi hesab\u0131na i\u015f\u00e7ilik ve \u00fccretsiz aile i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fi olu\u015fturmakta. Ve bu istihdam bi\u00e7imleri k\u0131r\u0131lgan\/zay\u0131f istihdam (vulnerable employment) olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lmaktalar. Ayn\u0131 zamanda istikrars\u0131z bir istihdama kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelen bu bi\u00e7imlerle yoksulluk aras\u0131nda da kuvvetli bir paralellik s\u00f6z konusu; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc enformel kesim i\u00e7inde yer alan bu tip istihdamlar, i\u015f\u00e7iyi her t\u00fcrl\u00fc sosyal g\u00fcvenceden mahrum b\u0131rak\u0131rken, onu \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccretlere ve hatta kar\u0131n toklu\u011funa mahk\u00fbm eder. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Nihayet, kad\u0131n\u0131n bir cins olarak s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn, istihdama kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlarda da kad\u0131n\u0131n \u00fccretli eme\u011finin s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fc olarak, \u00fcstelik ilkini yok etmeden, tersine g\u00fc\u00e7lendirerek a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek gerekir. Kriz d\u00f6nemleri t\u00fcm s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc ve bask\u0131 y\u00f6ntemlerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra bu ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 da besler. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Bug\u00fcn kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya oldu\u011fumuz ekonomik krizin a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 e\u011filimler de bu \u00e7er\u00e7eveden g\u00f6zlemlenebilir. Son krizle birlikte toplam i\u015fsizlik, 2008 y\u0131l\u0131 sonunda yakla\u015f\u0131k 5 milyon ki\u015fi artarak, 33.7 milyona varm\u0131\u015f durumda. 2007 y\u0131l\u0131 ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ise i\u015fsizlik erkeklerde y\u00fczde 0,4 (5,9), kad\u0131nlarda ise y\u00fczde 0,3 (6,3) artm\u0131\u015f durumda. Ayn\u0131 tabloda \u201cGeli\u015fmi\u015f ekonomiler ve Avrupa Birli\u011fi\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda sunulan veriler ise krizin etkisini daha g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr k\u0131l\u0131yor. Bu s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmaya sokulan sanayile\u015fmi\u015f kapitalist \u00fclkelerde i\u015fsizlik erkeklerde y\u00fczde 5.5\u2019ten 6.5\u2019e \u00e7\u0131karken; kad\u0131nlarda 6.0\u2019dan 6.8\u2019e \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor.(13)<\/strong> (Elbette bu noktada kad\u0131nlar\u0131n i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcne kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n y\u00fczde 52.6, buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k erkeklerinkinin y\u00fczde 77,5 oldu\u011funu belirtmek gerekiyor.) <\/p>\n\n\n\n Ancak krizin istihdam a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan etkilerine de\u011finirken bu krizin finans sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde patlak verdi\u011fini g\u00f6z ard\u0131 etmemek gerekir. Son y\u0131llarda en y\u00fcksek istihdam art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f bu sekt\u00f6r, krizden \u00f6ncelikle etkilenenlerden. Sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn bir di\u011fer \u00f6zelli\u011fi ise, kad\u0131n istihdam\u0131n\u0131n en yo\u011fun oldu\u011fu sekt\u00f6rlerden biri olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, bu sekt\u00f6rdeki tahribat\u0131n \u00f6ncelikle – ve g\u00f6rece olarak daha fazla – kad\u0131n istihdam\u0131n\u0131 azaltaca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcs\u00fcnde bulunulabilir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Ancak ILO\u2019nun raporunda vurgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fu ger\u00e7ek de unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r: Kriz finans sekt\u00f6r\u00fc ile birlikte ve hatta baz\u0131 \u00fclkelerde finans sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnden de \u00f6nce sanayiyi vurmaktad\u0131r ve istihdam\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7te ikisi ve daha fazlas\u0131n\u0131 erkeklerin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu bu sekt\u00f6rde, krizin istihdama etkisi erkekler i\u00e7in daha yak\u0131c\u0131 olabilecektir. Elbette yine g\u00f6receli olarak. <\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00d6te yandan, toplumsal cinsiyet merce\u011fi alt\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda sorumuz ya da sorunumuz, kad\u0131n\u0131n m\u0131 erke\u011fin mi s\u00fcre\u00e7ten g\u00f6receli pay\u0131 daha fazla alaca\u011f\u0131 de\u011fildir. Ekonomik kriz t\u00fcm sonu\u00e7lar\u0131yla birlikte ele al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda krizin esas\u0131nda toplumsal bir kriz oldu\u011fu ger\u00e7e\u011fi ve hem kad\u0131n hem de kad\u0131n\u0131n \u00fccretli eme\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan etkilerinin de\u011ferlendirilmesinin salt istihdam baz al\u0131narak yap\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131 kesindir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu verilerse bir yans\u0131may\u0131 betimledi\u011fi i\u00e7in \u00f6nemlidir. Mesela, sekt\u00f6rel i\u015fsizlik art\u0131\u015f e\u011filimleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan inceledi\u011fimiz kad\u0131n istihdam da\u011f\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131 tablosu bize en ba\u015fta \u015funu s\u00f6yler: \u00dcretimde kad\u0131n ve erkek i\u015fleri ayr\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 vard\u0131r. Kad\u0131n istihdam bi\u00e7imleri da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 tablosuna bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda ise, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7te birinin \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu tar\u0131mda olmak \u00fczere \u00fccretsiz aile i\u015f\u00e7isi olarak istihdam edildi\u011fini g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz. \u201c\u00dccretsiz i\u015f\u00e7ilik\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131, bunun hangi mant\u0131kla istihdam verisi olarak kabul edildi\u011fini sorgulamasak da tablo en az\u0131ndan bu ger\u00e7ekli\u011fi yans\u0131t\u0131r. Her nicelik bir niteliksel d\u00fczeye denk d\u00fc\u015fmektedir. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan t\u00fcm veriler ataerkil kapitalist sistemin bir yans\u0131mas\u0131d\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Kad\u0131n istihdam\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6reli hareketi bu noktada \u00f6nem kazan\u0131r. Artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlarda, kapitalizmin krizin etkilerini emme y\u00f6ntemleri \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde \u00fccretli kad\u0131n eme\u011finin dezavantajl\u0131 konumunun nas\u0131l kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ve peki\u015ftirildi\u011finden bahsedildi, d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc durumlarda bu durumun da gerisine gidilece\u011fi ise a\u015fik\u00e2r. S\u00fcre\u00e7 kad\u0131n i\u00e7in her iki y\u00f6n\u00fcyle de olumsuz g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. Bu da haliyle i\u015fleyen bi\u00e7imiyle \u201ckad\u0131n istihdam\u0131\u201dn\u0131 sorgulamay\u0131 gerektiriyor. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Kad\u0131n eme\u011finden anla\u015f\u0131lan ikincil, ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 ve ucuz emekken, kad\u0131n istihdam\u0131yla sa\u011flanan\u0131n kad\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015ftirici bir rol oynamas\u0131 pek de m\u00fcmk\u00fcn g\u00f6z\u00fckm\u00fcyor. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc kal\u0131c\u0131 ve d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc bir kad\u0131n istihdam\u0131 i\u00e7in gerek d\u00fczenlemeler (i\u015fyerlerinde kre\u015f; ebeveyn izni; kad\u0131nlar\u0131n evdeki i\u015f y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc ha etecek toplu yemekhane ve \u00e7ama\u015f\u0131rhane gibi d\u00fczenlemeler vb.) yap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f haklar da sistemli bir bi\u00e7imde geri al\u0131nmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor ve ayn\u0131 zamanda kad\u0131n\u0131n e\u015fitsiz konumunu sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131ran zihniyet s\u00fcrekli yeniden \u00fcretiliyor. Sonunda kurtar\u0131lan yine ve maalesef kapitalist sistem oluyor. <\/p>\n\n\n\n A\u011fustos 2009 <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Dipnotlar:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n 1.)<\/strong> Ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 tarihsel bilgi i\u00e7in bkz: Engels, Ailenin \u00d6zel M\u00fclkiyetin ve Devletin K\u00f6keni, Sol Yay\u0131nlar\u0131; Evelyn Reed, Kad\u0131n\u0131n Evrimi 1-2, Payel Yay\u0131nlar\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 2.)<\/strong> Y\u0131ld\u0131z Ecevit, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u00dccretli Kad\u0131n Eme\u011finin Toplumsal Cinsiyet Temelinde Analizi<\/em>, 75 Y\u0131lda Kad\u0131nlar ve Erkekler. (Ed:Ay\u015fe Berktay Hac\u0131mirzao\u011flu). \u0130stanbul: T\u00fcrkiye \u0130\u015f Bankas\u0131, 1998, s. 58 <\/p>\n\n\n\n 3.)<\/strong> \u0130bid, 57. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 4.) <\/strong>Hacer Ansal, Kapitalist \u00dcretimde Cinsiyet\u00e7ilik<\/em>, 11. TEZ, no 9, s 8. (Y\u0131ld\u0131z Ecevit de \u00fcstte al\u0131nt\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131m makalesinde bunun \u00f6zellikle 1970\u2019lerin ba\u015flar\u0131nda yer edinmi\u015f bir e\u011filim oldu\u011funu belirtir.) <\/p>\n\n\n\n 5.)<\/strong> \u0130bid, s. 13 <\/p>\n\n\n\n 6.)<\/strong> \u0130bid, s.14 <\/p>\n\n\n\n 7.)<\/strong> \u0130bid, ss. 16-17 <\/p>\n\n\n\n 8.)<\/strong> Ba\u015fak Erg\u00fcder, T\u00fcrkiye \u0301de Kad\u0131n Eme\u011finin De\u011fi\u015fen Yap\u0131s\u0131: Enformel Kesimde Kad\u0131n Eme\u011fi ve Kad\u0131n Eme\u011fine Talep, Y\u00fcksek Lisans Tezi, \u0130stanbul, \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 9.)<\/strong> Hacer Ansal, age. s.18. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 10.) <\/strong>Erg\u00fcder, s. 120. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 11.)<\/strong> Ba\u015fak Erg\u00fcder, 122 <\/p>\n\n\n\n 12.)<\/strong> ILO, Global Employment Trends for Women, 2009 March. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 13.)<\/strong> ILO, Global Employment Trends for Women, 2009 March. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Kapitalist sistem, \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7lerde \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fcne k\u0131yasla yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 geli\u015fmeye ra\u011fmen kad\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrle\u015fmesi iddias\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok gerisinde kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu sistemle ataerkil yap\u0131 yaln\u0131zca miras al\u0131nmakla kal\u0131nmam\u0131\u015f; canl\u0131 tutulmu\u015f, toplumsal cinsiyet ili\u015fkilerinin kapitalist \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileri ile eklemlenmesi yolu ile toplumsal d\u00fczeni belirleyen ana unsurlardan biri olma \u00f6zelli\u011fini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu eklemlenme elbette kapitalist \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerinin toplumsal cinsiyet ili\u015fkilerine eklemlenmesi olarak […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":176,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[646],"tags":[223,221,220,222],"class_list":["post-1210","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-kadin","tag-emegi","tag-kadin","tag-kapitalizm","tag-ucretli"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1210","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1210"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1210\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1211,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1210\/revisions\/1211"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/176"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1210"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1210"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1210"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}![\"\"](\"http:\/\/94.237.85.66\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Tablo-1-Cemre-1024x744.png\")
<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n![\"\"](\"http:\/\/94.237.85.66\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Tablo-2-Cemre.png\")
<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n