\u0130stanbul B\u00fcy\u00fck\u015fehir Belediyesi, Ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k Toplu Konut \u0130daresi (TOK\u0130) ile birlikte 1 milyonu a\u015fk\u0131n binan\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131na, 3-4 milyon ki\u015finin yer de\u011fi\u015ftirmesine, bu rakam\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n da \u0130stanbul d\u0131\u015f\u0131na s\u00fcr\u00fclmesine yol a\u00e7acak kapsamda bir plan\u0131 hayata ge\u00e7irmeye giri\u015fmi\u015f durumda. Bu plan\u0131n yasal aya\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturacak olan \u201cD\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm Alanlar\u0131 Yasa Tasar\u0131s\u0131\u201d ise Meclis g\u00fcndeminde. S\u00f6z konusu yasa tasar\u0131s\u0131yla Silahl\u0131 Kuvvetler\u2019in elindeki arazilerin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan t\u00fcm arazilere iktidar\u0131n ve hatta TOK\u0130\u2019nin etkin \u015fekilde m\u00fcdahale etmesinin de yolu a\u00e7\u0131lacak. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
Uzun bir zamandan beri \u0130stanbul\u2019un rantsal de\u011feri y\u00fcksek noktalar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik projelerle – ve \u00f6zellikle 2010 K\u00fclt\u00fcr Ba\u015fkenti \u201cseferberli\u011fi\u201d kapsam\u0131nda at\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan ad\u0131mlarla – \u0130stanbul\u2019da sermayenin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131na daha fazla alan a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131, bu e\u011filimin bir sonucu olarak emek\u00e7ilerin de daha fazla kent periferilerine itilmesi g\u00fcndemdeydi. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00d6te yandan 2008 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren netlik kazanan ve kuvveden ile ge\u00e7en planlar, \u201cd\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u201d plan\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finin katland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, yaln\u0131zca \u00e7ok g\u00f6zde noktalarla yetinmeyip \u0130stanbul\u2019un tamam\u0131n\u0131 kapsar hale geldi\u011fini ve dahas\u0131 s\u00fcratli, etkin ve muhalefet kabul etmez bir anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n hedeflendi\u011fini ortaya koydu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201cKentsel d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm projesi\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan planlar b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc ile, sanayi \u00fcretimi \u0130stanbul\u2019un periferilerine ve hatta yabanc\u0131 \u00fclkelerdeki ta\u015feron b\u00f6lgelere kayd\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rken, sanayi kurulu\u015flar\u0131 ile emek\u00e7ilerin \u00f6teden beri bar\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 blok ve gecekondulardan kalan arsalara da b\u00fcy\u00fck plazalar, l\u00fcks kompleksler, e\u011flence ve al\u0131\u015fveri\u015f merkezleri, turizm ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr end\u00fcstrisi yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 h\u0131z kazanm\u0131\u015f durumda. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
Her ne kadar kentsel d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm ihtiyac\u0131 \u0130stanbul\u2019un dizginlenemez n\u00fcfusundan ve kilitlenmi\u015f alt yap\u0131s\u0131ndan kaynakl\u0131 sorunlar\u0131n giderilmesi, \u201cAvrupa Birli\u011fi yolunda kentlilik bilincinin\u201d geli\u015ftirilmesi t\u00fcr\u00fcnden <\/p>\n\n\n\n
arg\u00fcmanlara dayand\u0131r\u0131lmaktaysa da bu yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n, esas olarak sermayenin ve serbest piyasa ekonomisinin emrine amade olmas\u0131 hedeflenmekte. B\u00f6ylece uluslararas\u0131 sermaye kurulu\u015flar\u0131, G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Avrupa, Ortado\u011fu ve Kafkasya\u2019y\u0131 \u201cd\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcme u\u011fram\u0131\u015f\u201d \u0130stanbul\u2019da sa\u011flad\u0131klar\u0131 korunakl\u0131 ve istikrarl\u0131 merkez \u00fcslerinden kontrol edecek. \u0130stanbul ise kendini uluslararas\u0131 sermayeye e\u015fsiz emlak olanaklar\u0131, \u201czengin\u201d hizmet, turizm ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr end\u00fcstrisi \u00fcr\u00fcnleriyle sunacak. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
Neoliberalizmin Kentleri <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n 21. y\u00fczy\u0131l, d\u00fcnya d\u00fczeyinde n\u00fcfusun a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn art\u0131k kentlerde ya\u015famaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131, k\u0131r ile kent aras\u0131ndaki dengelerin k\u00f6kl\u00fc bir bi\u00e7imde d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcme u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kent ve bar\u0131nma sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n yeni birikim modelleri e\u015fli\u011finde merkezi bir \u00f6nem kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 yeni bir evreyi temsil etmekte. Yaln\u0131zca T\u00fcrkiye \u00f6rne\u011fi bile ba\u015fl\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131na bir g\u00f6sterge. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Zira, 1945\u2019te \u00fclke n\u00fcfusunun y\u00fczde 18,3\u2019\u00fc kentlerde ya\u015farken, bu oran 2000 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u00fczde 60 seviyesine ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f durumda art\u0131k. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Kapitalist \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerinin h\u00fck\u00fcmranl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda ve \u00f6zellikle de 1970\u2019lerle birlikte \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan neoliberal \u00fcretim s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinin belirleyicilik kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 kentler, -ama \u00f6zellikle de geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkeler olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan emperyalizme ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 \u00e7evre \u00fclkelerdeki kentler – kapitalist ekonomi politi\u011fin do\u011fal bir sonucu olarak sosyal ve siyasal temelde e\u015fitsizli\u011fi derinle\u015ftiren bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm ortaya \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015f durumda. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Metropolle\u015fmi\u015f kentlerin say\u0131s\u0131ndaki art\u0131\u015fla beraber, orta ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli kentlerdeki geli\u015fme dinamikleri de giderek bu tip kentlerin ekseninde belirlenmekte. Kentlerdeki i\u015fsizlik, sa\u011fl\u0131ks\u0131z konut alanlar\u0131na s\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131p kalan kalabal\u0131k y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131n, \u00f6zellikle Latin Amerika ve Asya kentlerindeki sokaklarda, meydanlarda ve parklardaki umutsuz evsizlerin art\u0131\u015f\u0131na ra\u011fmen, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7aptaki kentsel d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm projeleri h\u0131z kesmemekte, \u201ctasar\u0131m\u0131n ve konseptin\u201d \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 aray\u0131\u015flar, s\u0131n\u0131fsal \u00e7eli\u015fkilerdeki ac\u0131mas\u0131z e\u015fitsizli\u011fi gizlemek istercesine \u00e7o\u011falmakta. \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcms\u00fcz hale gelmi\u015f ev ve i\u015f sorunuyla sa\u011fl\u0131k ve g\u00fcvenlikten yoksun bir kentsel \u00e7evrede ya\u015fayan, yok say\u0131lm\u0131\u015f s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n temsilcileri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndansa estetik ve ekonomik a\u00e7\u0131dan d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f kentler \u015fiar\u0131, bar\u0131nma hakk\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmekten ba\u015fka bir anlam ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131yor. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Daha \u00f6nceki t\u00fcm kentsel d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm a\u015famalar\u0131nda da ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi kent s\u00fcrecinin bu en son ve k\u00f6kl\u00fc geni\u015flemesi de derin ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imi d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmlerini beraberinde getirdi. Art\u0131k, <\/p>\n\n\n\n …kent ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n kalitesi kentin kendisi gibi, t\u00fcketimcilik, turizm, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve bilgi temelli end\u00fcstrilerin kent ekonomi politi\u011finin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7ehreleri haline geldi\u011fi bir d\u00fcnyada bir mal haline geldi. Hem t\u00fcketici al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131nda hem de k\u00fclt\u00fcrel bi\u00e7imlerde pazar ni\u015fleri olu\u015fturmay\u0131 cesaretlendirmeye duyulan post-modern tutku \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f kent deneyimini, paran\u0131z oldu\u011fu s\u00fcrece, bir se\u00e7enek \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc havas\u0131yla \u00e7evreliyor. Al\u0131\u015fveri\u015f merkezleri ve \u00e7ok katl\u0131 fast-food ve zanaat\u00e7\u0131 pazaryerleri gibi h\u0131zla \u00e7o\u011fal\u0131yor. \u015eimdi elimizde olan, kent toplumbilimcisi Sharon Zukin\u2019in ortaya koydu\u011fu gibi, \u201ckapu\u00e7ino ile uzla\u015ft\u0131rmad\u0131r\u201d. Bir\u00e7ok alanda egemenli\u011fini s\u00fcrd\u00fcren tutars\u0131z, donuk ve s\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 banliy\u00f6 arazi geli\u015fmesi bile \u015fimdi kendi panzehirini, kent r\u00fcyas\u0131n\u0131 doyurmak i\u00e7in topluluk ve butik ya\u015fam tarzlar\u0131n\u0131n sat\u0131\u015f \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131rtkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yapan \u201cyeni kent\u00e7ilik\u201d hareketinden sa\u011fl\u0131yor. Bu, i\u00e7inde, yo\u011fun sahiplenici bireycili\u011fin neoliberal eti\u011finin ve bunun akrabas\u0131 olan toplu eylem bi\u00e7imlerinden siyasi vazge\u00e7i\u015fin insan toplumsalla\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u015fablon haline geldi\u011fi bir d\u00fcnyad\u0131r.<\/em>(1)<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Kent Politikalar\u0131 <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Bug\u00fcn\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiye\u2019si, kentsel yar\u0131lma ve gecekondu sorunuyla; yoksullu\u011fun derinle\u015fip yayg\u0131nla\u015fan bi\u00e7imleriyle, b\u00f6lgeler aras\u0131 ekonomik e\u015fitsizlikleri, etnik sorunlar\u0131, cinsler aras\u0131 e\u015fitsizlikleri ve do\u011fal y\u0131k\u0131mlar\u0131 bir mukadderat olarak kan\u0131ksatan bir \u00e7arp\u0131lmayla y\u00fcz y\u00fcze. Avrupa d\u00fczeyinde en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00fccretler kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda en a\u011f\u0131r \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131na maruz kalan bu topraklar\u0131n emek\u00e7ileri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, g\u00fcndelik hayatlar\u0131n\u0131 her t\u00fcrl\u00fc alt yap\u0131dan yoksun kentlerde bir kabus lmi izler gibi ge\u00e7irmelerini sa\u011flayan bu kentsel \u00e7arp\u0131lma, ayn\u0131 zamanda sorunun yerel y\u00f6netimlerce ve neoliberal politikalar\u0131n uygulay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131nca ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi salt teknik bir sorun olarak ele al\u0131namayacak kadar kritik ve b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fckl\u00fc bir sorun oldu\u011funu ortaya koymakta. <\/p>\n\n\n\n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de 1950\u2019lerden itibaren a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k kazanan emperyalizme ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 kapitalist birikim modeli, temelde ve \u00f6ncelikle ucuz i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc kaynaklar\u0131ndan yararlanmaya ihtiya\u00e7 duymu\u015f, bu ihtiya\u00e7 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kla k\u0131rsal b\u00f6lgelerden g\u00f6\u00e7 yoluyla kar\u015f\u0131lanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ne var ki, \u00fclkenin gecikmi\u015f kapitalizmi ve uluslararas\u0131 rekabetteki zaaflar\u0131 nedeniyle gelece\u011fin i\u015f\u00e7isi olarak k\u0131rlardan akan bu g\u00f6\u00e7men y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131n en temel ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 i\u00e7in ne sermaye ne de devlet taraf\u0131ndan hi\u00e7bir kaynak ayr\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu \u00e7arp\u0131k ve plans\u0131z sanayile\u015fme modeli sayesinde T\u00fcrkiye kentleri, b\u00f6lgesel dengesizlikler i\u00e7inde geli\u015fti ve kapitalist merkezlerin ekonomik ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 temelinde b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fc. Ba\u015fl\u0131ca sanayi merkezlerinin, \u0130stanbul ve Marmara B\u00f6lgesi\u2019ne y\u0131\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131 ya da \u0130zmir\u2019in ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi t\u00fcrden h\u0131zl\u0131 ve \u00e7arp\u0131k sanayile\u015fme s\u00fcreci, ger\u00e7ekte ithal ikamecili\u011fe dayal\u0131 bir sanayile\u015fme modelinin yans\u0131malar\u0131ndan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildir. Bu durum, ba\u015fl\u0131ca sanayi b\u00f6lgelerindeki kentsel geli\u015fmeyi de t\u00fcm\u00fcyle d\u0131\u015fa ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 bir eksene s\u00fcr\u00fcklemi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u00f6nemli kentleri, Bat\u0131 kapitalizminin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 gidermek noktas\u0131nda i\u015flevler \u00fcstlenmeye mahkum edilmi\u015flerdir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Etkisi a\u011f\u0131rla\u015farak g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze miras kalan, alt yap\u0131s\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde t\u00fcm\u00fcyle kilitlenmi\u015f sa\u011fl\u0131ks\u0131z kentler ve \u00e7arp\u0131k kentle\u015fme olgusu, bu s\u00fcratli ve \u00e7arp\u0131k sanayile\u015fme s\u00fcrecine endeksli yerle\u015fim politikas\u0131n\u0131n bir sonucudur. \u0130stanbul, Bursa ve \u0130zmir gibi tarihsel zenginlikleri ge\u00e7mi\u015f y\u00fczy\u0131ldan miras alm\u0131\u015f kentlerde, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel dokunun ba\u015fl\u0131ca \u00f6\u011feleri ac\u0131mas\u0131zca imha edilmi\u015f; ortaya ye\u015fil alan yoksunu, alt yap\u0131s\u0131 t\u00fcm\u00fcyle kilitlenmi\u015f sa\u011fl\u0131ks\u0131z kentler \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ucubele\u015fmi\u015f kentsel g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcn ba\u015fl\u0131ca sonucu ise \u00f6zellikle kentlerde birikmi\u015f emek\u00e7i y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131n ya\u015fam kalitelerindeki y\u0131llara yay\u0131lan belirgin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. <\/p>\n\n\n\n AKP tipi Neoliberal belediyecilik <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n 12 Eyl\u00fcl 1980 askeri darbesi marifetiyle ve zor yoluyla y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe konan toplumsal ve ekonomik d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm projesiyle birlikte neoliberalizmin \u201cg\u00fcne\u015fi\u201d T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin ufkunda belirir. B\u00f6ylelikle T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin d\u00fcnya ile ekonomik ve siyasal d\u00fczlemde \u201centegrasyonu\u201d ancak serbest piyasan\u0131n mutlak hakimiyetiyle s\u00f6z konusu olabilecektir. Hemen t\u00fcm siyasal ve ekonomik alanlar piyasan\u0131n mutlak hakimiyetine terk edilecek, g\u00fcmr\u00fck ve korumac\u0131l\u0131k duvarlar\u0131 kald\u0131r\u0131lacak, sermaye giri\u015f \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015flar\u0131ndaki kontrole son verilecektir. T\u00fcrk tipi neoliberalizmin kentsel ve kamusal d\u00fczlemde ba\u015fl\u0131ca yans\u0131mas\u0131 ise, kamuya d\u00f6n\u00fck hizmet ve mal \u00fcretimlerinin \u00f6zelle\u015ftirilmesi\/ticarile\u015ftirilmesi olmu\u015ftur. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Geride kalan 30 y\u0131l boyunca sermayenin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda ve sistematik bir bi\u00e7imde, kentsel d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm projelerinin zeminini haz\u0131rlayacak yerel ve merkezi politikalar hayata ge\u00e7irildi. T\u00fcm bu d\u00fczenlemeler, yeni bin y\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda \u201cd\u00fcnya pazarlar\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131lma ihtiyac\u0131\u201d d\u00fcsturuyla b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015ftirilmi\u015f durumdayd\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Her ne kadar, neoliberal belediyecilik anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6kleri \u00d6zal h\u00fck\u00fcmetine ve Refah Partisi y\u00f6netimlerine dek uzansa da, kabul etmek gerekir ki bu do\u011frultudaki en cesur, kapsaml\u0131 ve vurucu darbeler AKP h\u00fck\u00fcmeti ve yerel y\u00f6netimleri d\u00f6neminde g\u00fcndeme geldi. AKP tipi neoliberal belediyecilik anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca belirleyeni ise, 2000\u2019li y\u0131llar boyunca T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin d\u0131\u015f finans kaynaklar\u0131na olan ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yd\u0131. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n merkezinde, kent arsalar\u0131 ve bu arsalar \u00fczerinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen spek\u00fclasyon yer al\u0131yordu. Yabanc\u0131 sermayenin \u0130stanbul\u2019a daha kapsaml\u0131 n\u00fcfuz etmekteki \u015fevki, AKP y\u00f6netimleri ve burjuvazi taraf\u0131ndan e\u015fsiz bir f\u0131rsat olarak alg\u0131lanm\u0131\u015f, ba\u015fl\u0131ca k\u00e2r getiren yat\u0131r\u0131m alanlar\u0131ndan biri olarak sermaye; emlak ve in\u015faat sekt\u00f6rlerinde yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a \u201cd\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm projelerinin\u201d \u00e7ap\u0131 da geni\u015flemi\u015fti. \u0130stanbul gibi do\u011fal s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na dek yap\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015f bir kentte yat\u0131r\u0131m yapmay\u0131 k\u00e2<\/em>rl\u0131 hale getirecek merkezi alanlar nas\u0131l yarat\u0131labilir sorusunun yan\u0131t\u0131 i\u00e7in bu alanlara \u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015fen ulusal ve \u00e7ok uluslu rmalar\u0131n yer se\u00e7imlerini ve bu alanlar\u0131n da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m \u00f6zelliklerini incelemek, kentsel d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm planlar\u0131yla ilgili da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m haritalar\u0131na bir g\u00f6z atmak yeterli olacakt\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Merkezi ve t\u00fcm\u00fcyle organize bir \u015fekilde \u00fcretildi\u011fi belli olan d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm projeleri, anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar\u0131yla, mevcut alanlar aras\u0131nda daha y\u00fcksek k\u00e2rl\u0131l\u0131k oranlar\u0131 sa\u011flayacak arazileri y\u0131karak yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131rmay\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6rmekte. Anadolu yakas\u0131nda G\u00fclsuyu ve G\u00fclensu gibi Marmara Denizi\u2019nin manzaras\u0131na hakim alanlar ve 1 May\u0131s Mahallesi t\u00fcr\u00fcnden direni\u015f potansiyeli ta\u015f\u0131yan b\u00f6lgelerin etraflar\u0131 finans kurulu\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n emlak yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131yla ku\u015fat\u0131lmakta, Maslak hatt\u0131n\u0131n finans ve ticaret merkezine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesiyle benzer bir politika, Avrupa yakas\u0131nda 1940\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda b\u00f6lgeyi ku\u015fatan fabrikalar\u0131n ve \u00fcniversitelerin i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc kar\u015f\u0131layan Derbent, Baltaliman\u0131, Armutlu gibi alanlara kayd\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Plan\u0131n yap\u0131sal d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm hede do\u011frultusundaki \u00f6nemli bir politikas\u0131 ise tek merkezli yap\u0131dan \u00e7ok merkezli bir yap\u0131ya ge\u00e7erek, Anadolu ve Avrupa yakas\u0131nda \u00e7ekim merkezleri ve geli\u015fme alanlar\u0131 olu\u015fturmak… Avrupa Yakas\u0131\u2019nda \u00c7ekmece\u2019nin bat\u0131s\u0131nda, Anadolu Yakas\u0131\u2019nda ise Sabiha G\u00f6k\u00e7en Havaliman\u0131\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fusunda kalan alanlar, yeni \u00e7ekim merkezleri ve geli\u015fme alanlar\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mlanmakta, \u0130stanbul\u2019un g\u00fcneyine lineer olarak yay\u0131lan bir mekansal d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Marmaray\u2019\u0131n da dahil oldu\u011fu rayl\u0131 sistem ve deniz ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ula\u015f\u0131m projelerinin de bu mekansal d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc destekleyen tamamlay\u0131c\u0131 projeler olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/em>(2)<\/strong> <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n Dahas\u0131 Kartal, Ba\u015f\u0131b\u00fcy\u00fck, Sultanbeyli t\u00fcr\u00fcnden u\u00e7 alanlar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, tarihi yar\u0131mada olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan \u0130stanbul\u2019un merkezi noktalar\u0131nda da hummal\u0131 bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm faaliyeti g\u00fcndemdedir. Zeytinburnu, Tarlaba\u015f\u0131, Sulukule gibi yo\u011fun i\u00e7 g\u00f6\u00e7e maruz kalm\u0131\u015f ve kent merkezine hayli yak\u0131n alanlarda \u201ctarihi dokuyu yeniden d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmek\u201d do\u011frultusunda bir atak k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede hayata ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Hali\u00e7 k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131 boyunca tarihi de\u011fer ta\u015f\u0131yan binalara yerle\u015ftirilen Kadir Has ve Bilgi \u00dcniversiteleri kongre turizmi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr end\u00fcstrisi merkezli planlar\u0131n Truva at\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f; Fener, Balat, Gedikpa\u015fa, Samatya t\u00fcr\u00fcnden tarihi semtler alt s\u0131n\u0131flardan temizlenerek orta ve \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131flara a\u00e7\u0131lacak \u201csoylula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f\u201d b\u00f6lgeler olarak de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015ftir. Bu alanlar\u0131n d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesi do\u011frultusunda yerel y\u00f6netimlerle i\u015fbirli\u011fine girecek d\u00fczeyde maddi olana\u011fa sahip olmayan y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar, Sulukule \u00f6rne\u011finde g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi, yaratt\u0131klar\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrel dokuyla birlikte bu alanlar\u0131 soylula\u015ft\u0131rmaya soyunmu\u015f sermayenin insaf\u0131na terk etmeye zorlanmaktad\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n AKP\u2019nin neoliberal belediyecilik anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 gere\u011fi, art\u0131k merkezi kent arsalar\u0131 sermaye taraf\u0131ndan ter\u00f6r, uyu\u015fturucu ve sefalet bata\u011f\u0131ndan s\u0131yr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u201csteril\u201d alanlar yaratmak ad\u0131na \u201ckentsel d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcme\u201d u\u011frat\u0131lacak alanlar olarak ilan edilmi\u015f, emek\u00e7ilerin bar\u0131nma alanlar\u0131 ise kent periferisine ta\u015f\u0131nmaya m\u00e2hkum edilmi\u015ftir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n TOK\u0130 a\u00e7\u0131n halinden anlar m\u0131? <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Bize g\u00f6re ter\u00f6r\u00fcn arkas\u0131nda gecekondula\u015fma var… Gecekondula\u015fman\u0131n bitmesi i\u00e7in \u00fcniversiteler, meslek odalar\u0131, sermaye gruplar\u0131 destek vermeli… 2008 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130stanbul\u2019da her b\u00f6lgeye girece\u011fiz. Belediye yapmak istiyorsa belediyeye yetki verilecek, TOK\u0130 yapmak istiyorsa belediyeler TOK\u0130\u2019nin \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc kesemeyecek.<\/em>(3)<\/strong> <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n Bir sava\u015f ilan\u0131ndan farks\u0131z bu s\u00f6zlerin sahibi TOK\u0130 Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Erdo\u011fan Bayraktar, yaln\u0131zca uygulanmakta olan \u201cD\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm Plan\u0131n\u0131n\u201d \u00e7eperini berrak bir bi\u00e7imde ortaya koymamakla kalmamakta; ayr\u0131ca bu plan\u0131n geni\u015f kesimler nezdinde yarataca\u011f\u0131 in ali savu\u015fturabilmek i\u00e7in bir me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131rma \u00e7abas\u0131na da giri\u015fmekte. D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm projelerinin ba\u015fl\u0131ca orta\u011f\u0131 olan ve geni\u015f yetkilerle donat\u0131lan TOK\u0130, sistematik bir bi\u00e7imde kamu arazilerinin gecekondularca \u201chaks\u0131z i\u015fgaline\u201d son verilece\u011fini, b\u00f6ylelikle bu marjinal b\u00f6lgelerde yo\u011funla\u015fan \u201csu\u00e7 unsurlar\u0131n\u0131n\u201d kentten s\u00fcp\u00fcr\u00fclece\u011fini, her b\u00fct\u00e7eye uygun konutlar\u0131n kendilerince yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vaat ediyor bug\u00fcnlerde. Gelin g\u00f6r\u00fcn ki, var olu\u015f amac\u0131 kamu fonlar\u0131 yard\u0131m\u0131yla sosyal meskenler in\u015fa etmek olan TOK\u0130, son y\u0131llarda kendisini t\u00fcm\u00fcyle farkl\u0131 gelir gruplar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik konut \u00fcretmeye hasretmi\u015f durumda. TOK\u0130\u2019nin 1966 y\u0131l\u0131ndan bu yana \u00fcretti\u011fi sosyal konut say\u0131s\u0131 1600. Oysa bu kurulu\u015f, son bir ka\u00e7 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde \u00f6n\u00fcne koydu\u011fu 50 bin konut hedefini tutturmu\u015f durumda. Belki de sorun tam bu noktada d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmleniyor. TOK\u0130 sosyal konut \u00fcretme amac\u0131n\u0131 son y\u0131llar i\u00e7inde ve t\u00fcm\u00fcyle stratejik bir plan do\u011frultusunda de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015f durumda. Tam da bu bilin\u00e7li tercihin bir sonucu olarak, b\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kla yak\u0131n bir gelecekte \u0130stanbul \u00e7ok derin sosyal sorunlarla ba\u015f etmek zorunda kalacak. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Sonu\u00e7 Yerine <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Neoliberalizmin y\u00fckseli\u015fine tan\u0131k oldu\u011fumuz son 20 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde, Barselona, Sao Paolo, Mexico City, \u015eangay ve bu trenin son vagonuna atlamay\u0131 ba\u015faran \u0130stanbul gibi baz\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck metropoller, \u201ck\u00fcresel kent olmak\u201d t\u00fcr\u00fcnden iddial\u0131 bir role talip oldular ve hatta uluslararas\u0131 sermaye taraf\u0131ndan do\u011frudan bu role \u00f6zendirildiler, k\u0131yas\u0131 bir rekabet merkezine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fcler. Oysa bug\u00fcnlerde ya\u015fanan derin ekonomik krizin istihdama, ucuz bor\u00e7lanma ve kredi sistemine vurdu\u011fu darbe ve \u00e7o\u011fu finansal spek\u00fclasyonlar \u00fczerinden kazan\u00e7 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n krizle birlikte u\u011frad\u0131klar\u0131 ciddi kay\u0131plar g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u201cfinansal merkez\u201d, \u201ck\u00fcresel kent\u201d t\u00fcr\u00fcnden rollere soyunan bu kentlerin ufkunu koyu bir belirsizli\u011fin kaplamakta oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a anla\u015f\u0131lacakt\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Kentlerde birikmi\u015f emek\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131flar ve kent halklar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan derinle\u015fen bir e\u015fitsizli\u011fin kayna\u011f\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen ve temelde spek\u00fclasyona ve kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f haklar\u0131 ya\u011fmalamaya dayal\u0131 kentsel d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm projelerinin, s\u0131n\u0131fsal gerilimi ve \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6rmek i\u00e7in k\u00e2hin olmaya gerek yok. Tam da bu nedenle bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn hayata ge\u00e7irilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 kapitalist kentlerde, yerel y\u00f6netimler ve burjuvazi otoriterle\u015fme e\u011filimine girmekte. \u015eimdi bir yandan, bu kentler gerekli altyap\u0131 ve kapsay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131ktan yoksun ve daha otoriter bir \u015fekilde y\u00f6netilirken, di\u011fer yandan egemen s\u0131n\u0131flar topyek\u00fbn g\u00fcven duygusu yaratan d\u0131\u015fa kapal\u0131 refah adac\u0131klar\u0131 olu\u015fturup, tahkim etmekle me\u015fguller. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Temmuz 2009 <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Dipnotlar:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n 1.)<\/strong> Hilde Nafstad vd., \u201cIdeology and Power: The Influence of Current Neoliberalism in Society\u201d, Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology<\/em>, Cilt 17, Say\u0131 4 (Temmuz 2007), s. 313\u201327. <\/p>\n\n\n\n 2.)<\/strong> Mustafa S\u00f6nmez, \u0130stanbul\u2019u \u201cplanl\u0131\u201d satarken Anadolu\u2019yu kurutmak<\/em>, 3 Haziran 2007, bak.: http:\/\/www.sendika.org\/yazi.php?yazi_no=11596 <\/p>\n\n\n\n 3.)<\/strong> Bak.: http:\/\/www.nethaber.com\/Ekonomi\/44713\/TOKI-baskani-Parasi-olmayani-Istanbuldan-uzak-tutmanin. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" \u0130stanbul B\u00fcy\u00fck\u015fehir Belediyesi, Ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k Toplu Konut \u0130daresi (TOK\u0130) ile birlikte 1 milyonu a\u015fk\u0131n binan\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131na, 3-4 milyon ki\u015finin yer de\u011fi\u015ftirmesine, bu rakam\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n da \u0130stanbul d\u0131\u015f\u0131na s\u00fcr\u00fclmesine yol a\u00e7acak kapsamda bir plan\u0131 hayata ge\u00e7irmeye giri\u015fmi\u015f durumda. Bu plan\u0131n yasal aya\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturacak olan \u201cD\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm Alanlar\u0131 Yasa Tasar\u0131s\u0131\u201d ise Meclis g\u00fcndeminde. S\u00f6z konusu yasa tasar\u0131s\u0131yla Silahl\u0131 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":389,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[647],"tags":[447,444,442,446,443,711,445],"class_list":["post-1206","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ekoloji-ve-kent","tag-donustururken","tag-donusum","tag-istanbul","tag-kentleri","tag-kentsel","tag-kentsel-donusum","tag-neoliberalizm"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1206","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1206"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1206\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1207,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1206\/revisions\/1207"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/389"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1206"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1206"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1206"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}