{"id":1190,"date":"2019-03-21T19:00:35","date_gmt":"2019-03-21T16:00:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/trockist.net\/?p=1190"},"modified":"2019-03-21T19:00:37","modified_gmt":"2019-03-21T16:00:37","slug":"gida-talanindan-gercek-bir-aclik-krizine-dogru","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/2019\/03\/21\/gida-talanindan-gercek-bir-aclik-krizine-dogru\/","title":{"rendered":"G\u0131da talan\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ek bir a\u00e7l\u0131k krizine do\u011fru"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

A\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131n (1)<\/strong> tarihini incelemeye kalkacak olursak, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n tarihi kadar eski bir konuya el atm\u0131\u015f oluruz. Yaz\u0131l\u0131 tarihin kay\u0131t alt\u0131na ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk a\u00e7l\u0131k vakas\u0131 milattan \u00f6nce 5. y\u00fcz y\u0131la, antik Roma\u2019ya dayan\u0131r. Sonras\u0131nda gelen s\u00fcre\u00e7te ise, \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00fcretim bi\u00e7imlerinin \u00e7\u00f6kmekte olmas\u0131ndan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc, yahut \u00e7e\u015fitli salg\u0131n hastal\u0131klar\u0131n bir sonucu olarak kitlesel a\u00e7l\u0131klar ve \u00f6l\u00fcmlere rastlamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7erisinde oldu\u011fu gibi, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n t\u00fcm yaz\u0131l\u0131 tarihi \u2013 yahut s\u0131n\u0131fl\u0131 toplum tarihi – boyunca ya\u015fanan a\u00e7l\u0131klar, her d\u00f6nemde farkl\u0131 anlamlara b\u00fcr\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Her ne kadar, 5. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n Avrupa\u2019s\u0131nda a\u00e7l\u0131k \u00e7eken ki\u015filerin, 16. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Hindistan\u2019da a\u00e7l\u0131ktan \u00f6len 2 milyon ki\u015finin ve de bu g\u00fcn d\u00fcnyan\u0131n herhangi bir yerinde a\u00e7l\u0131ktan \u00f6lmekte olan birinin biyolojik olarak i\u00e7erisinde bulundu\u011fu durum ayn\u0131 olsa da, bir tarihsel materyalist a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan a\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131n tan\u0131m\u0131 bu tarihsel s\u00fcre\u00e7lerde s\u00fcrekli olarak de\u011fi\u015fecektir. Bir tehdit olarak a\u00e7l\u0131k, yiyecek yemek bulamama anlam\u0131ndan, sava\u015flarda kullan\u0131lan etkili bir silaha, oradan da bir avu\u00e7 g\u0131da tekelinin inan\u0131lmaz \u015fekilde zenginle\u015fmesi i\u00e7in olmazsa olmaza ve son olarak, belki de t\u00fcm insan cinsinin yok olu\u015funa dek ilerleyebilecektir.(2)<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Emperyalist kapitalizmin t\u00fcm d\u00fcnya ekonomisini sarsan krizi i\u00e7erisinde d\u00fcnya genelinde a\u00e7l\u0131k s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda ya\u015fayan (yani g\u00fcnl\u00fck geliri 1 dolar\u0131n alt\u0131nda olan) insanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 son bir y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde 100 milyon artt\u0131. Bu art\u0131\u015fla a\u00e7l\u0131k s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda ya\u015fayan insanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunun yedide birinden fazlas\u0131n\u0131 bularak 1 milyar 20 milyona ula\u015ft\u0131. \u0130nsanl\u0131k tarihi boyunca g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f bir d\u00fczey olan bu veri bizlere, kapitalizmin yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve a\u00e7abilece\u011fi felaketleri anlatan senaryolar\u0131n ne denli ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i olabilece\u011fini anlat\u0131yor. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, konunun burjuva yetkili\/ilgilileri bu art\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir s\u00fcrpriz olarak nitelenmezken, a\u00e7l\u0131k tehdidinin \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki d\u00f6nemde d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunu daha da \u00e7ok etkisi alt\u0131nda b\u0131rakaca\u011f\u0131 hususunda hem kirler. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcndeki a\u00e7l\u0131k tehdidini a\u015fmak i\u00e7in, ba\u015fta Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler ve D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131 olmak \u00fczere pek \u00e7ok uluslararas\u0131 burjuva \u00f6rg\u00fct \u201c\u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00f6nerilerini\u201d s\u0131ralamaya ba\u015flad\u0131. BM sekreteri Ban Ki-moon, Obama ile yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmede a\u00e7l\u0131k sorununu \u00e7\u00f6zmenin d\u00fcnya bar\u0131\u015f\u0131na katk\u0131da bulunup kararl\u0131 ve dengeli bir ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcmenin de \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7aca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade etmi\u015fti. Bu ba\u011flamda da a\u00e7l\u0131k sorununu \u00e7\u00f6zmek i\u00e7in 20 milyar dolarl\u0131k bir b\u00fct\u00e7enin a\u00e7\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 ve bu b\u00fct\u00e7elerin de, ortakl\u0131klar\u0131 besleyip bar\u0131\u015f ve karde\u015fli\u011fi yarataca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 umdu\u011funu belirtmi\u015fti. Bu durum ve de son yirmi y\u0131lda g\u0131da piyasalar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde inan\u0131lmaz \u015fekilde b\u00fcy\u00fcyen \u015firketler bize a\u00e7l\u0131k tehdidi \u00fczerinden yeni sald\u0131r\u0131 planlar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcndemde oldu\u011funu i\u015faret ediyor. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yeni felaketlerin ne boyutlara ula\u015fabilece\u011fi ve yakla\u015fan felakete kar\u015f\u0131 korunma \u00e7arelerinin ne oldu\u011funu incelemeden \u00f6nce, a\u00e7l\u0131k oran\u0131ndaki art\u0131\u015f\u0131n sebeplerini ve art\u0131\u015f\u0131n sorumlular\u0131n\u0131 incelemekte fayda var. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

A\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u201cSebepleri\u201d <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A\u00e7l\u0131k s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda ya\u015fayan insanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131ndaki bu rekor art\u0131\u015f\u0131n sorumlulu\u011funu kendi \u00fczerlerinden atmak i\u00e7in burjuvalar\u0131n ortaya att\u0131klar\u0131 iki arg\u00fcman var. Bunlar\u0131n birincisi, artan n\u00fcfusa kar\u015f\u0131n g\u0131da \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin yetersiz kal\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve de buna paralel olarak g\u0131da fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fckseli\u015fi. Bunun do\u011fal sonucu olarak da a\u00e7l\u0131k ve yoksulluk… Bir di\u011fer arg\u00fcman ise, k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nma. S\u00f6ylenene g\u00f6re k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nman\u0131n tar\u0131m\u0131 olumsuz y\u00f6nde etkilemesi ve de azalan tar\u0131m \u00fcretiminin d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusuna yetmemesi, a\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131 artt\u0131ran bir di\u011fer temel fakt\u00f6r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.) N\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131 a\u00e7l\u0131k yarat\u0131r m\u0131? <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130lk arg\u00fcman, yani n\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n g\u0131da \u00fcretimi art\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan h\u0131zl\u0131 olmas\u0131 ve buna paralel olarak g\u0131da fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n h\u0131zla artmas\u0131 fikri konusunda bize yard\u0131mc\u0131 olabilmesi i\u00e7in, 1872-2008 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki n\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve tah\u0131l \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin fiyatlar\u0131ndaki art\u0131\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6steren a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki grafi\u011fe g\u00f6z atmakta fayda var. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Grafik 1: <\/strong>1872-2008 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda, tah\u0131l fiyatlar\u0131-n\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131 e\u011frileri(3) <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6ncelikle n\u00fcfusu temsil eden e\u011friye bakacak olursak, n\u00fcfus verili zaman aral\u0131\u011f\u0131nda 1,7 milyardan, 6,7 milyara kadar \u00e7e\u015fitli ivmelenmeler ile art\u0131yor. Ard\u0131ndan tah\u0131l \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131 temsil eden e\u011friye bakacak olursak genel kan\u0131n\u0131n tam tersini ifade eden, \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 bir veri ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131r\u0131z. Fiyat e\u011frisindeki \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00fcy\u00fck dalgay\u0131 g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edecek olursak, tah\u0131l \u00fcr\u00fcnleri fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrekli olarak bir azalma e\u011filiminde oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rebiliriz. Bunun bir tek anlam\u0131 var: \u0130nsanl\u0131k makineli tar\u0131m uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 ve toprak reformlar\u0131 ile beraber tah\u0131l \u00fcr\u00fcnleri fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmesini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f ve de elde edilen tah\u0131l \u00fcr\u00fcnlerini n\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layabilecek bir seviyeye getirebilmi\u015ftir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tah\u0131l fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fme e\u011fimlinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, hangi d\u00f6nemlerde fiyat art\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 incelemekte fayda var. Tabloya bakarak, tah\u0131l yatlar\u0131ndaki \u00fc\u00e7 dalgalanman\u0131n hangi tarihlere denk geldi\u011fine bakacak olursak, her bir dalgalanman\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck a\u00e7l\u0131k ordular\u0131n\u0131 yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlamak da m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olacakt\u0131r. Tabloya bakarak ilk b\u00fcy\u00fck dalgan\u0131n birinci emperyalistler aras\u0131 payla\u015f\u0131m sava\u015f\u0131na, ikincisinin ise, ikinci payla\u015f\u0131m sava\u015f\u0131na denk geldi\u011fini g\u00f6rebiliriz. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fck dalga ise, g\u0131da fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n bug\u00fcnk\u00fc de\u011fi\u015fiminin en \u00f6nemli karakteristik \u00f6zelli\u011fini bar\u0131nd\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc dalgan\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca sebebi, 1971\u2019de ba\u015flayan petrol krizidir ve bu \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc dalga ilk ikisinden olduk\u00e7a farkl\u0131 ve de \u00f6nemlidir. Bu \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc dalgan\u0131n ilk iki b\u00fcy\u00fck dalgadan ayr\u0131 bir yer tutmas\u0131n\u0131n sebebi, art\u0131k g\u0131da piyasalar\u0131 ile enerji piyasalar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki kopmaz ba\u011f\u0131n ve enerji piyasalar\u0131n\u0131n g\u0131da piyasalar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki kesin belirleyicili\u011finin ilk \u00f6nemli g\u00f6stergesi olu\u015fudur. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yukar\u0131da de\u011ferlendirdi\u011fimiz tablo, 2008 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar olan d\u00f6nemi kapsamaktad\u0131r. Bu tip verilere doldurulup ta\u015f\u0131r\u0131lan yaz\u0131lar\u0131n okuyucu a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan s\u0131k\u0131c\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 artt\u0131r\u0131p, yaz\u0131n\u0131n okunurlu\u011funu azaltt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilmemize ra\u011fmen, 2003\u2019ten g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar uzanan d\u00f6neme ait olan m\u0131s\u0131r, tah\u0131l, pirin\u00e7 ve de petrol fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren bir grafi\u011fe daha ba\u015f vuraca\u011f\u0131z. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Grafik 2<\/strong>: Ocak 2003-Haziran 2009 d\u00f6nemi aras\u0131nda, temel g\u0131da \u00fcr\u00fcnleri-petrol fiyatlar\u0131 e\u011frileri(4)<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Grafik \u00fczerine uzun uzad\u0131ya konu\u015fmaya l\u00fczum yok. En \u00fcstteki e\u011frinin temsil etti\u011fi, petrol fiyatlar\u0131ndaki dalgalanma, do\u011frudan do\u011fruya g\u0131da fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131 da etkilenmekte ve enerji piyasas\u0131n\u0131n g\u0131da piyasalar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki kesin belirleyicili\u011fini ortaya <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Buraya kadar, a\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131n art\u0131\u015f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 sunulan \u201cn\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck etkisi\u201d arg\u00fcman\u0131 ile ilgili olarak s\u00f6ylediklerimizi \u00f6zetleyecek olursak: <\/p>\n\n\n\n

a.) G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz ko\u015fullar\u0131nda g\u0131da \u00fcretimi, d\u00fcnden daha \u00e7ok ve daha ucuz yollar ile yap\u0131labilmektedir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

b.) \u0130nsanl\u0131k son y\u00fcz y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde artan n\u00fcfusuna kar\u015f\u0131n g\u0131da fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015febilmesini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. N\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n g\u0131da yatlar\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131, a\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131 do\u011frudan do\u011fruya etkiledi\u011fi, ya da a\u00e7l\u0131\u011fa sebep oldu\u011fu y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki fikri ispatlayabilen hi\u00e7bir bilimsel veri yoktur. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

c.) G\u0131da fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131\u015f\u0131 bug\u00fcn i\u00e7in esas olarak ba\u015fta enerji sanayii olmak \u00fczere, bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak kapitalist ekonominin anar\u015fik planlamas\u0131na ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131d\u0131r. G\u0131da fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n dalgalanmas\u0131n\u0131n temel sebebi budur. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.) K\u00fcresel Is\u0131nma A\u00e7l\u0131k Yarat\u0131r m\u0131? <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Formel \u015fekliyle ifade edecek olursak k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nma; g\u00fcne\u015ften gelen enerjinin geri yans\u0131mas\u0131n\u0131 engelleyen atmosferdeki baz\u0131 gazlar\u0131n oran\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131 sonucu d\u00fcnyan\u0131n s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n gittik\u00e7e artmas\u0131 olay\u0131d\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarih boyunca atmosferin s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hi\u00e7bir zaman sabit olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, ancak atmosfer s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fimler olduk\u00e7a uzun zamanlara yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n bu de\u011fi\u015fime ayak uydurmas\u0131 kolay olmu\u015ftur. Fakat bug\u00fcn durum farkl\u0131d\u0131r. Atmosferin ortalama s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 son buzul devrinden (20 bin y\u0131l \u00f6ncesinden) beri yakla\u015f\u0131k 5 derece artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak sadece son y\u00fcz y\u0131lda atmosferin s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 1 derece birden y\u00fckselmi\u015ftir. \u0130\u015fte k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nman\u0131n bug\u00fcne kadar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 korkun\u00e7 bilan\u00e7o budur.(5)<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sadece bu veri dahi, k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nman\u0131n tar\u0131m \u00fczerinde ne denli b\u00fcy\u00fck felaketlere yol a\u00e7abilece\u011fini g\u00f6stermekte yeterlidir. Yak\u0131n d\u00f6nem i\u00e7erisinde beklenilen felaketler i\u00e7erisinde, b\u00fcy\u00fck susuzluklar y\u00fcz\u00fcnden pek \u00e7ok tar\u0131m arazisinin ekime elveri\u015fsiz hale gelmesi birinci s\u0131rada yer almakta. Tahminlere g\u00f6re s\u0131rf bu sebep ile, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en verimli b\u00f6lgelerinde bir daha tar\u0131m yap\u0131lamayacak. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eimdilik bu ciddi tehlikeyi, ger\u00e7ek\u00e7ili\u011fini unutmamak kayd\u0131 ile bir kenara b\u0131rakal\u0131m. A\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 ve k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nma aras\u0131ndaki etkile\u015fimin g\u00fcncel bir ifadesini somutlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rsak, tatmin edici bir veri ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015famay\u0131z. D\u00fcnya genelinde ya\u015fanan iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin bir sonucu olarak baz\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin hasad\u0131nda bir azalma oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olsa da, hen\u00fcz bu konuda bir genelleme yap\u0131p, k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nman\u0131n g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde <\/em>tar\u0131m \u00fcretiminde ciddi azalmalara yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 sav\u0131n\u0131 ortaya atmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nman\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 hen\u00fcz yeterince ya\u015fanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve tar\u0131m \u00fcretimine olan etkisi hen\u00fcz s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7eltik vs gibi sulak alanlarda yeti\u015fen \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin ekiminde baz\u0131 k\u0131smi azalmalar\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve bu azal\u0131\u015f\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca sebebinin k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nma oldu\u011funu iddia etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olsa da, son on y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde tar\u0131msal \u00fcretimde belirli bir art\u0131\u015f dahi ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin m\u0131s\u0131r \u00fcretiminde d\u00fcnya genelinde %20\u2019lik bir art\u0131\u015f s\u00f6z konusudur.(6) <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nman\u0131n tar\u0131m \u00fczerindeki y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 etkilerini hen\u00fcz g\u00f6stermemi\u015f olu\u015fu, 2003\u2019ten beri a\u00e7l\u0131k say\u0131s\u0131ndaki h\u0131zl\u0131 art\u0131\u015f\u0131n ve de son bir y\u0131ldaki rekor d\u00fczeydeki art\u0131\u015f\u0131n k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nma ile a\u00e7\u0131klanamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmaktad\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kapitalizmin t\u00fcm insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 tehdit eden a\u00e7l\u0131k salg\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n, k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nman\u0131n etkilerinin daha belirgin g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015flanaca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki d\u00f6nemlerde ise, daha da y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 bir hal alaca\u011f\u0131 a\u015fikar. \u0130\u015fte o d\u00f6nemde, burjuvalar, yine bug\u00fcn oldu\u011fu gibi, \u201cBizim elimizden ne gelir ki? Kahrolas\u0131ca karbon emisyonu. \u0130\u015fte t\u00fcm su\u00e7lu o!\u201d diyip duracaklar ve bir kez daha g\u00fcnahlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00fczerlerinden atmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlarken, sofralar\u0131ndan – e\u011fer nesli t\u00fckenmemi\u015fse – koala etini eksik etmeyecekler. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Peki burjuvalar\u0131n bu adi yalanlar\u0131n\u0131 bir kenara b\u0131rakacak olursak, a\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131n ger\u00e7ek sebepleri nelerdir? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

A\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131n Ger\u00e7ek Sebepleri <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Konuya tarihsel olarak bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda son y\u00fcz y\u0131l i\u00e7erisindeki kitlesel a\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131n art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n temel sebebinin, kapitalist \u00fcretim ve b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm ili\u015fkileri oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Son y\u00fcz y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde d\u00fcnya her an t\u00fcm insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layabilecek kadar g\u0131daya sahip olmu\u015ftur. Ancak, kapitalizmde -her metada oldu\u011fu gibi – g\u0131dan\u0131n da e\u015fitsiz da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 s\u00f6z konusudur. S\u00f6zgelimi, burjuvalar g\u0131daya insanlar\u0131n ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilmek i\u00e7in zorunlu olarak ihtiya\u00e7 duyduklar\u0131 temel bir madde g\u00f6z\u00fc ile de\u011fil de, al\u0131n\u0131p sat\u0131labilen, yani art\u0131 de\u011fer elde edilebilen bir meta g\u00f6z\u00fc ile bakmaktad\u0131rlar. Bu y\u00fczden de g\u0131da \u00fcr\u00fcnleri kapitalistlerin ambarlar\u0131nda, a\u00e7lar\u0131 doyurmay\u0131 de\u011fil, paraya \u00e7evrilmeyi bekleyen bir metalard\u0131r. G\u0131dan\u0131n ne kadar besleyici oldu\u011funun, yahut birim yat\u0131r\u0131mla ne kadar fazla insana \u00fcr\u00fcn ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilece\u011finin de bir \u00f6nemi yoktur. Bir kapitalist i\u00e7in m\u00fchim olan, \u201cyat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u201d ne kadar kar getirdi\u011fidir. D\u00fcnya genelindeki, fiyat\u0131 y\u00fcksek olan b\u00fcy\u00fck ba\u015f hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n bu denli fazla olmas\u0131n\u0131n sebebi bu basit prensipte yatar. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Burjuvalar\u0131n ambarlar\u0131ndaki g\u0131da, al\u0131m g\u00fcc\u00fcne sahip olanlar i\u00e7indir. A\u00e7lar\u0131nsa al\u0131m g\u00fc\u00e7leri yoktur. Bu y\u00fczden de, onlar\u0131n say\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ka\u00e7 oldu\u011funun kapitalizm a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hi\u00e7bir zaman \u00f6nemi olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kapitalizmin a\u00e7lar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i bir \u015fekilde azaltmak gibi bir amac\u0131 ve gayreti ise tarih boyunca g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015ftir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kapitalizmde a\u00e7l\u0131k konusunu ba\u015f\u0131ndan ba\u015flayarak k\u0131saca inceleyelim. 1800\u2019l\u00fc y\u0131llar\u0131n sonlar\u0131ndan itibaren, tekelle\u015fme \u00e7a\u011f\u0131na girmekte olan kapitalist \u00fclkeler, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6lgelerindeki s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerinin tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnlerine el koyarak, kendilerine ciddi ticari gelirler elde ettiler. Bunun en tipik \u00f6rne\u011fi Hindistan ile \u0130ngiltere aras\u0131nda ya\u015fand\u0131. \u0130ngiltere Hindistan\u2019\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrgele\u015ftirirken, Hindistan\u2019\u0131n t\u00fcm tar\u0131msal \u00fcretim ili\u015fkisini y\u0131kt\u0131. Hindistan\u2019\u0131n \u00fcretti\u011fi g\u0131da \u00fcr\u00fcnleri \u0130ngilizler taraf\u0131ndan pazarlanmak \u00fczere \u0130ngiliz ambarlar\u0131na dolduruldu. \u0130ngiltere sadece Hindistan\u2019dan, 10 milyon ton \u00fcr\u00fcn elde ederken, bunun kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak Hindistan\u2019da yirmi milyon insan a\u00e7l\u0131ktan \u00f6ld\u00fc. Sonu\u00e7 olarak bu d\u00f6nem i\u00e7erisinde, ba\u015fta Afrika, \u00c7in ve Hindistan\u2019da kitlesel \u00f6l\u00fcmlerle sonu\u00e7lanan a\u00e7l\u0131k vakalar\u0131 ya\u015fan\u0131rken Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n kapitalist devletlerinin en b\u00fcy\u00fck sorunu ellerindeki fazla g\u0131day\u0131 stoklayacak yer bulmakt\u0131. \u0130\u015fte burjuva \u201czenginli\u011finin\u201d ger\u00e7ek y\u00fcz\u00fc ve d\u00fcnya genelindeki a\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131n tarih sahnesine k\u0131tl\u0131k de\u011fil de, bolluktan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc girdi\u011fi ilk an! <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6zellikle ikinci d\u00fcnya sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan gelen s\u00fcre\u00e7, kapitalizmin g\u0131da piyasalar\u0131n\u0131 korumak amac\u0131 ile iyiden iyiye kurumsalla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nem oldu. G\u0131da Yard\u0131m Programlar\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde, DT\u00d6 (D\u00fcnya Ticaret \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc) ve IMF arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile at\u0131lan ad\u0131mlar, esas\u0131nda g\u0131da tekellerine yard\u0131mdan ba\u015fka bir i\u015fe yaramad\u0131. \u0130lk d\u00f6nemde Avrupa\u2019da Marchall plan\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde, ikinci d\u00f6nemde ise, Latin Amerika\u2019da G\u00fcney Amerika Serbest Ticaret Anla\u015fmas\u0131 (NAFTA) i\u00e7erisinde b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u0131da tekellerinin yol haritalar\u0131 \u00e7izilmi\u015f oldu. Bu sayede say\u0131lar\u0131 d\u00f6rd\u00fc ge\u00e7meyen g\u0131da tekelleri t\u00fcm g\u0131da \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131 kontrol edebilir hale geldiler. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zenginli\u011fin, burjuvalar\u0131n ellerinde yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131 buna kar\u015f\u0131n da i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n yoksullu\u011funun s\u00fcrekli olarak artmas\u0131 \u015feklinde a\u00e7\u0131klanabilecek olan sefaletin artmas\u0131 yasas\u0131<\/em>, esas\u0131nda kapitalizmin temel \u00f6zelliklerinden biridir. Bu yasay\u0131 a\u00e7l\u0131k sorununa uyarlayacak olursak; g\u0131da tekellerinin etti\u011fi k\u00e2rlar artt\u0131k\u00e7a ve bu tekeller b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fck\u00e7e bunun ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz sonucu olarak, a\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131n artmas\u0131 beklenecektir. Bu y\u00fczden a\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131n art\u0131\u015f\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir ola\u011fan d\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir. Ancak kapitalizmin bu do\u011fal \u00f6zelli\u011finin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, g\u0131da fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesinin ve de a\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131n artmas\u0131n\u0131n baz\u0131 ba\u015fka sebepleri de vard\u0131r. Ki bu sebepler a\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131n ola\u011fand\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir h\u0131zla artmas\u0131 sonucunu do\u011furmu\u015ftur. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6ncelikle, daha \u00f6nce de belirtti\u011fimiz \u00fczere tar\u0131mdaki makinele\u015fme tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin fiyat\u0131n\u0131n petrol fiyatlar\u0131na paralel olarak artmas\u0131 veya azalmas\u0131 sonucunu do\u011furmu\u015ftur. Bu tip krizlerin bir sonucu olarak, kitlesel a\u00e7l\u0131klarda art\u0131\u015flara rastlamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Yukar\u0131da da bahsetti\u011fimiz \u00fczere 1971 s\u00fcrecinde ya\u015fanan petrol krizinin ard\u0131ndan g\u0131da fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n patlamas\u0131n\u0131n sebebi de tam olarak budur. \u015eimdi s\u00fcreci fakl\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde ele alal\u0131m ve petrol krizini petrol \u015firketlerinin krizi ve de bu krizi de kapitalist ekonominin krizi, yani bir t\u00fcr fazla \u00fcretim bunal\u0131m\u0131 olarak okuyal\u0131m. Bu durumda, 1971\u2019den itibaren a\u00e7l\u0131k; salt g\u0131da \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin e\u015fitsiz da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131ndan ibaret olmaktan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f, emperyalist kapitalizmin i\u00e7ine girdi\u011fi farkl\u0131 (fazla \u00fcretim) krizlerinin de etkisi ile, g\u0131da fiyatlar\u0131ndaki art\u0131\u015f e\u011filimine paralel olarak artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K\u0131sacas\u0131, kapitalizmin basit yasas\u0131 gere\u011fi, burjuvalar\u0131n ambarlar\u0131n\u0131n dolup ta\u015fmas\u0131 d\u00fcnyadaki yoksul kitlelerin a\u00e7l\u0131\u011fa itilmeleri i\u00e7in tek sebep olmaktan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u0131da sanayii, makinele\u015fmedeki inan\u0131lmaz art\u0131\u015f\u0131n do\u011frudan bir sonucu olarak, pek \u00e7ok sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn bunal\u0131m\u0131ndan do\u011frudan etkilenerek krizlere s\u00fcr\u00fcklenebilen hassas bir b\u00fcnyeye sahip olmu\u015ftur. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kapitalist d\u00fczenin s\u00fcrekli krizlere gebe olan insanl\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesinden her daim nasibini alan \u201cg\u0131da sekt\u00f6r\u00fc\u201d, etkilendi\u011fi her krizin ard\u0131ndan a\u00e7l\u0131k sorununu daha da b\u00fcy\u00fctm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Fakat kapitalizmin do\u011furdu\u011fu bu yeni durum yetmezmi\u015f gibi, tar\u0131msal \u00fcretimin end\u00fcstriyel tar\u0131ma a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k vermeye ba\u015flamas\u0131 ile; tar\u0131m\u0131n ba\u015fka sekt\u00f6rlerin maliyetini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcr ve daha fazla art\u0131-de\u011fer vaat eder hale gelmesi sonucu \u201cg\u0131da krizi\u201dnin yeni boyular\u0131 da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. \u0130\u015fte g\u0131da sanayisinin bu yeni boyutu, a\u00e7l\u0131k meselesini insanl\u0131k tarihinin y\u00fcz karas\u0131 olan bir zirveye, ola\u011fan d\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir h\u0131zla ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131na sebep olmu\u015ftur. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bahsetti\u011fimiz sekt\u00f6rlerden bir tanesi, biyodizel arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile daha da g\u00fc\u00e7lenen enerji sekt\u00f6r\u00fc, bir di\u011feri ise, tar\u0131m ile do\u011frudan do\u011fruya ili\u015fkisi olan biyoteknoloji sekt\u00f6r\u00fcd\u00fcr. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yoksullar\u0131n Ekme\u011finden Al\u0131n\u0131p Petrol Sanayisine Kat\u0131lan Mazot: Biyodizel <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Biyodizel, \u00e7e\u015fitli tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinden (ay\u00e7i\u00e7e\u011fi, m\u0131s\u0131r, soya, aspir, kolza…) elde edilen organik ya\u011flar\u0131n, \u00e7e\u015fitli baz ve alkollerle kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak dizel yak\u0131ta d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesi ile elde edilir. Dizel motorlar\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcnde, motor \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma prensibinde hi\u00e7bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik uygulanmaks\u0131z\u0131n biyodizel kullanmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Biyodizelin bu potansiyeli, 2000\u2019li y\u0131llarda enerji piyasalar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7erisine girdi\u011fi kriz ortam\u0131nda, petrol \u015firketlerine y\u00fcksek karlar kazand\u0131rd\u0131. Burjuva h\u00fck\u00fcmetler k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nmaya kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6nlem al\u0131nmak mazereti ile, dizel yak\u0131tlara belirli bir y\u00fczdelik oranlar ile biyodizelin kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Bu sayede, birka\u00e7 y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde inan\u0131lmaz \u015fekilde b\u00fcy\u00fcyen biyodizel \u00fcretimi, ilk etapta s\u00f6ylendi\u011finin aksine \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00e7evre felaketleri yaratt\u0131. M\u0131s\u0131r ekimi i\u00e7in katledilen ya\u011fmur ormanlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ekimi ve toplanmas\u0131 s\u00fcrecinde de \u00e7evreye inan\u0131lmaz zararlar verdi. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Konumuza ge\u00e7ecek olursak da, biyodizel \u00fcretiminden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc, ba\u015fta Latin Amerika olmak \u00fczere d\u00fcnyan\u0131n pek \u00e7ok b\u00f6lgesinde, tar\u0131m alanlar\u0131 sat\u0131\u015f garantisine sahip olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00fcretimlerini biyodizel sekt\u00f6r\u00fcne yapmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Yaz\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda belirtilen, m\u0131s\u0131r \u00fcretiminin %20 oran\u0131nda artmas\u0131n\u0131n temel sebebi de budur. Ancak biyodizel \u00fcretiminin tek sonucu, yaln\u0131zca biyodizel \u00fcretilebilen \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin g\u0131da olarak de\u011ferlendirilmeyip, biyodizel i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 olmad\u0131. Biyodizel \u00fcretimi, belirli g\u0131da \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin inan\u0131lmaz \u015fekilde zamlanmas\u0131 sonucunu da do\u011furdu. Bu da yetmezmi\u015f gibi, ba\u015fka g\u0131da \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin ekildi\u011fi alanlar\u0131n da h\u0131zla biyodizel olarak kullan\u0131labilen tohumlar ile doldurulmas\u0131 sonucu da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.(7) <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu sebeple, ba\u015fta Latin Amerika ve Afrika olmak \u00fczere d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6lgelerindeki insanlar\u0131n a\u00e7l\u0131k ve yoksulluk s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131na itilmesi ola\u011fan d\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir h\u0131z kazand\u0131. Yoksullar\u0131n kar\u0131nlar\u0131 bo\u015falt\u0131l\u0131rken, petrol \u015firketlerinin kasalar\u0131 doldu… Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, toprak \u00fczerindeki a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc \u015fimdiden pek \u00e7ok verimli tar\u0131m arazisinin yak\u0131n gelecekte kullan\u0131lamaz hale gelme ihtimali de s\u00f6z konusu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu durumun en can al\u0131c\u0131 sonu\u00e7lardan biri ise \u015fu; \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan g\u0131da tekellerinin kontrol\u00fcnde olan b\u00fcy\u00fck tar\u0131m alanlar\u0131, zaten al\u0131m g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn daha y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu b\u00f6lgelere \u00fcretim yap\u0131yordu. Gelir seviyesi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olan kimselerin bu tekellerden al\u0131\u015f veri\u015f yapmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildi. A\u00e7l\u0131ktaki bu ola\u011fand\u0131\u015f\u0131 art\u0131\u015f i\u00e7erisindeki kimseleri, bug\u00fcne kadar besleyenler, yerli k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00fcreticilerdi. Ancak end\u00fcstriyel tar\u0131m\u0131n bu denli b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi pek \u00e7ok stratejik \u00fclkedeki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00fcreticiyi ya yok etti, ya da onlar\u0131n da \u00fcretimlerini end\u00fcstriye yapabilmelerinin yolunu a\u00e7t\u0131. B\u00f6ylece, yoksullar\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcndeki son bir par\u00e7a ekmek de ellerinden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f oldu. Ne u\u011fruna? Bir avu\u00e7 tekelin daha fazla kar\u0131 u\u011fruna… <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Burjuvazinin A\u00e7l\u0131ktan Daha da Fazla Faydalanmaya Niyeti Var: GDO <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kapitalizmin y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 karakteri, kendi rutin i\u015fleyi\u015finden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc pek \u00e7ok felakete yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r. Ancak insanl\u0131k i\u00e7in belki de en tehdit edici olan\u0131, kapitalizmin kendi yerle bir etti\u011fi \u015fey \u00fczerinden de kendine has \u201c\u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00f6nerileri\u201d arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile yeniden y\u00fckselebilmesi, y\u00fcksek karlar elde edebilmesidir. Sonu\u00e7 olarak da kapitalizmin her \u201c\u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc\u201d kendi yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131 daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir enkaz haline getirmektedir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu bahsetti\u011fimizin en \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6rneklerinden birini de a\u00e7l\u0131k sorununda g\u00f6rmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. Burjuvazi 90\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda, artan a\u00e7l\u0131k tehdidine kar\u015f\u0131 GDO (Geneti\u011fi De\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015f Organizmalar) arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm olu\u015fturabilecekleri sav\u0131n\u0131 ortaya att\u0131. Onlara g\u00f6re; besin de\u011feri daha fazla olan, daha kolay yeti\u015fen, tohumu daha ucuz olan ve de ila\u00e7lamaya l\u00fczum olmaks\u0131z\u0131n yeti\u015febilen bu tohumlar, t\u00fcm d\u00fcnya yoksullar\u0131n\u0131n karn\u0131n\u0131 doyuracakt\u0131! <\/p>\n\n\n\n

90\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llardan bu yana GDO\u2019nun yayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 artt\u0131 ve bu at\u0131\u015f, 2000\u2019li y\u0131llardaki a\u00e7l\u0131k oran\u0131ndaki rekor y\u00fckseli\u015fi engelleyemedi. Sadece bu veri bile GDO\u2019nun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00fcretmekten ne denli uzak oldu\u011funu bizlere g\u00f6stermeye yeter. Fakat daha da k\u00f6t\u00fcs\u00fc, a\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131 azaltmay\u0131 bir kenara b\u0131rakal\u0131m, GDO\u2019nun d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131ndaki a\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131n daha da h\u0131zl\u0131 yay\u0131lmas\u0131nda ciddi hizmetleri oldu. Yak\u0131n gelecekte ba\u015f\u0131m\u0131za a\u00e7abilece\u011fi tehlikeler ise daha da fazla. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

GDO\u2019nun sebep oldu\u011fu a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 toprak s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fc, biyolojik \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fin azalmas\u0131, insan ve hayvan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na verdi\u011fi zararlar\u0131 bir kenara b\u0131rak\u0131p, sadece a\u00e7l\u0131k ile olan ili\u015fkisini incelemeye bakal\u0131m. 2005 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n verilerine g\u00f6re, d\u00fcnya \u00fczerindeki y\u0131ll\u0131k olarak elde edilen toplam soyan\u0131n %57.5\u2019ini, toplam m\u0131s\u0131r\u0131n %11\u2019ini, pamu\u011fun %21\u2019ini ve kanolan\u0131n da %14\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc geneti\u011fi de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015f \u00e7e\u015fitler olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Buna ek olarak da GDO\u2019lu tohum ekiminin yasalla\u015f\u0131p kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fclkelerin say\u0131s\u0131 da g\u00fcn ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e artmaktad\u0131r.(8)<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu art\u0131\u015f i\u00e7erisinde, t\u00fcm biyoteknoloji pazar\u0131 d\u00f6rt \u015firket aras\u0131nda payla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f durumda. Bu \u015firketlerden biri olan Monsanto adl\u0131 bir Amerikan \u015firketi ise, tek ba\u015f\u0131na t\u00fcm piyasan\u0131n %90\u2019\u0131n\u0131 kontrol etmekte. Bu \u015firketler \u015fu anda d\u00fcnyada kullan\u0131lan pek \u00e7ok tohumu patentlemi\u015f durumda ve de, kendi patentledikleri tohumlar\u0131n d\u00fcnyan\u0131n herhangi bir yerinde ekilmesine m\u00fcsaade etmemekteler. Ayr\u0131ca bu \u015firketler kendi \u00fcrettikleri tohumlar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, ekimi y\u00fcz y\u0131llard\u0131r yap\u0131lan baz\u0131 tohumlar\u0131n patentlerini de sat\u0131n alarak yeni krizler yaratt\u0131lar. \u015eu anda, bu tohumlar\u0131n y\u00fcz y\u0131llard\u0131r ekildi\u011fi co\u011frafyalarda dahi patent sahibi \u015firketten tohum al\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131lmadan \u00fcretimin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 yasakl\u0131nm\u0131\u015f durumda. Bir kereli\u011fine ekilebilen ve de bir daha tohum vermeyen bu \u201cterminat\u00f6r tohumlar\u201d ise, ciddi bir mail y\u00fck yarat\u0131yorlar. Bunlar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, biyoteknoloji tekelleri tar\u0131m ila\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n patentlerini de sat\u0131n alarak, bu sekt\u00f6r \u00fczerinde de bir hakimiyet kurmu\u015f durumdalar.(9) <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak GDO\u2019nun kullan\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131 ile beraber d\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131ndaki pek \u00e7ok \u00fcretici, tohum yoklu\u011fu, yahut patent sorunu y\u00fcz\u00fcnden \u00fcretim yapamamakta. Bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda da \u00fcretim kar getirecek co\u011frafyalara kaymakta ve g\u0131da k\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgelere g\u0131da \u00fcr\u00fcnleri yine ithalat arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile pahal\u0131 yollardan girmekte. Bu gidi\u015fat da, tekellerin karlar\u0131n\u0131 milyarlar\u0131n a\u00e7l\u0131ktan \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ile artt\u0131rmakta… <\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de A\u00e7l\u0131k Sorunu <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00dc\u0130K\u2019in verilerine g\u00f6re T\u00fcrkiye de g\u00fcnl\u00fck asgari besin ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layamayan n\u00fcfusun oran\u0131 2002 ile 2006 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda 1.35 ile 0.87 aras\u0131nda sal\u0131nm\u0131\u015f.(10)<\/strong> Ancak en kritik d\u00f6nem olan, i\u015fsizli\u011fin ve yoksullu\u011fu h\u0131zla artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 2008-09 d\u00f6nemine dair herhangi bir veri bulunmamakta. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcrk-\u0130\u015f\u2019in a\u00e7l\u0131k ve yoksulluk ile ilgili haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 raporlarda ise, Haziran 2009\u2019da 4 ki\u015filik bir ailenin a\u00e7l\u0131k s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 733 TL olarak belirlenmi\u015f durumda. Bunun yan\u0131nda, 2009 y\u0131l\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde temel g\u0131da \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin fiyatlar\u0131, Haziran ay\u0131n\u0131 saymazsak, s\u00fcrekli olarak artmakta.(11) <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eimdiye kadar a\u00e7\u0131klanan veriler ekonomik krizin etkilerinin bir yans\u0131mas\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcp, anla\u015f\u0131labilir olarak betimlenebilir olsa da, krizin etkilerinin derinle\u015fece\u011fi ve uzun s\u00fcreli olaca\u011f\u0131 hesaba kat\u0131l\u0131rsa, yak\u0131n gelecekte bizleri \u00e7ok ciddi tehlikeler bekliyor olacak. Bu ba\u011flamda, Ziraat M\u00fchendisleri Odas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de tar\u0131m\u0131n gelece\u011fi ile ilgili olarak yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda olduk\u00e7a i\u00e7 karart\u0131c\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar elde edilmekte. Ba\u015fta sulak arazilerin kaybedilmesi ve yanl\u0131\u015f sulama ile a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 toprak s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn tar\u0131m arazilerini kullan\u0131lamaz hale getirmesi ciddi bir g\u0131da krizinin kap\u0131m\u0131za dayanmak \u00fczere oldu\u011funu bizlere g\u00f6stermekte. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu \u201crutin\u201d tehlikenin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de, GDO\u2019nun ekimi ve t\u00fcketiminin tamamen yasalla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak olan yasa (\u015fu anda meclisin onay\u0131n\u0131 bekliyor), e\u011fer y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girerse, bu durum T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki a\u00e7l\u0131k sorunun daha da h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde b\u00fcy\u00fcyece\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelebilir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcm bunlar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki a\u00e7l\u0131k sorununun istatistiklere yans\u0131maya en \u00f6nemli boyutu K\u00fcrt topraklar\u0131nda ya\u015fanmaktad\u0131r. Senelerce bu topraklarda uygulanan zorunlu g\u00fc\u00e7 uygulamas\u0131, \u201cter\u00f6rle m\u00fccadele\u201d kapsam\u0131nda yak\u0131lan ormanlar ve bu ba\u011flamda tar\u0131msal \u00fcretimin ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck darbeler, GSMH\u2019n\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye genelinde y\u00fckseli\u015fte oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemlerinde dahi bu topraklar\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015fmesi, yak\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki en ciddi a\u00e7l\u0131k sorunun ni\u00e7in K\u00fcrdistan\u2019da ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bizlere anlatacakt\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sonu\u00e7<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

A\u00e7l\u0131k sorunu, genel olarak kapitalizmin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve do\u011fas\u0131 gere\u011fi asla \u00f6nlemini alamayaca\u011f\u0131 bir sorundur. En basit \u015fekliyle, tekelci kapitalizm olarak adland\u0131r\u0131labilecek olan emperyalizmin do\u011frudan bir sonucu ile birlikte a\u00e7l\u0131k sorunu daha da ciddi boyutlar kazand\u0131: bir yandan do\u011fal kaynaklar\u0131n tahribat\u0131 h\u0131zlan\u0131rken, di\u011fer yandan d\u00fcnyay\u0131 veba gibi saran korporasyonlar ve \u00f6zellikle g\u0131da tekelleri, g\u0131da fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131 tek ba\u015flar\u0131na kontrol ederek, t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyadaki yoksullar\u0131 a\u00e7l\u0131\u011fa mahkum etme meziyetini g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Emperyalist kapitalizmin neo-liberal politikalar\u0131n\u0131n sonucu d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda (gerek metropol gerekse de yar\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrge \u00fclkelerin \u015fehirlerinde) artan yoksulluk ile g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki a\u00e7l\u0131k sorunu aras\u0131nda do\u011frudan bir ili\u015fki vard\u0131r. On y\u0131llar boyunca yoksullu\u011fa itilmi\u015f kitlelerin pay\u0131na, bug\u00fcn a\u00e7l\u0131k s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131na itilmek d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyor. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yaz\u0131m\u0131zda vurgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z gibi kapitalist-emperyalist sistem a\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmesi ve yay\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sorumludur. \u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in de\u011fil ama kar i\u00e7in \u00fcretim yapan g\u0131da sanayisi, di\u011fer sekt\u00f6rlerdeki kapitalist krizlerden \u00e7ok \u00e7abuk etkilenmekte ve bunun sonucu olarak da g\u0131da fiyatlar\u0131nda art\u0131\u015f ya\u015fanmaktad\u0131r. \u0130kinci olarak tar\u0131msal faaliyetin end\u00fcstriyel \u00fcretime kaymas\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fckba\u015f hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k ve biyodizel \u00f6rne\u011finde g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi, art\u0131 de\u011fer yo\u011funlu\u011fu daha fazla olan sekt\u00f6rlerde \u00fcretimin yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131 sonucunu do\u011furmaktad\u0131r. Son olarak d\u00fcnya tar\u0131m\u0131ndaki pay\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zla artt\u0131ran GDO\u2019lu \u00fcr\u00fcnler, patent ve a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 toprak s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fc ve buna e\u015flik eden k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve orta \u00e7apl\u0131 \u00fcreticilerin i asa s\u00fcr\u00fcklenmeleri ve g\u0131dan\u0131n ula\u015f\u0131labilirli\u011finin azalmas\u0131 g\u0131da \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131na neden olmaktad\u0131r. Hi\u00e7 \u015f\u00fcphesiz mali piyasalarda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen spek\u00fclatif faaliyetler petrol fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n oldu\u011fu gibi g\u0131da \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin fiyatlar\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir art\u0131\u015fa neden olmaktad\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yukar\u0131da vurgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bu sebepler dolay\u0131s\u0131yla a\u00e7l\u0131k tarih boyunca hi\u00e7 g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f bir \u015fekilde h\u0131zlanarak s\u00fcrmektedir. Burada s\u00f6z konusu olan a\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131n ya\u015fanmas\u0131n\u0131n temel sebebinin hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde g\u00fcncel ve ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i bir \u201cg\u0131da krizi\u201d olmamas\u0131d\u0131r. A\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131n bu denli artmas\u0131n\u0131n tek sebebi neo-liberal politikalar ve g\u0131da piyasalar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7erisine girdi\u011fi k\u00e2rl\u0131l\u0131k krizlerdir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu basit \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemeden, a\u00e7lar kitlesin daha da artaca\u011f\u0131 sonucu \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Ancak bizi gelecekte bekleyen tehlike bunun da \u00f6tesinde. Kapitalizmin yeni \u00fcretim teknikleri, do\u011fa \u00fczerinde \u00f6ylesine b\u00fcy\u00fck bir tahribat yaratmaktad\u0131r ki, ger\u00e7ek bir g\u0131da krizi orta vadeli bir gelecekte kap\u0131m\u0131zdan i\u00e7eri girece\u011fe benziyor. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n biyolojik \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi kaybedilmekte, tar\u0131ma elveri\u015fli araziler h\u0131zla yok olmakta ve ciddi bir su krizi bize do\u011fru yakla\u015fmakta. T\u00fcm bu tehlikelerin belirli sekt\u00f6rlerdeki burjuva m\u00fclkiyetinden kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6recek olursak, acil korunma \u00e7arelerini s\u00f6ylemek bizim i\u00e7in kolayla\u015facakt\u0131r. \u00d6ncelikle, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n gelece\u011fini tehdit eden bu duruma kar\u015f\u0131, ba\u015fta g\u0131da ve enerji olmak \u00fczere t\u00fcm do\u011fal kaynaklar \u00fczerinde kamula\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n savunulmas\u0131 en acil ihtiya\u00e7t\u0131r. \u0130\u015fte bu, canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n devam\u0131 ve a\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki tek ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00f6nerisidir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Son on y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde a\u00e7l\u0131k s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda ya\u015fayan insanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131ndaki ola\u011fand\u0131\u015f\u0131 patlama ise, kapitalizmin bug\u00fcn vard\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u015famada insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n sorunlar\u0131na bir \u00e7are bulmaktan \u00e7ok uzak oldu\u011funun a\u00e7\u0131k bir kan\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r. Kapitalist geminin izledi\u011fi rotada art\u0131k kara g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc. Bu karan\u0131n bayra\u011f\u0131nda insanl\u0131k i\u00e7in sadece \u015fu c\u00fcmle yaz\u0131yor: \u201cBarbarl\u0131k yolu ile toplu yok olu\u015f!\u201d H\u0131zla artan ve kapitalizmin ko\u015fullar\u0131 alt\u0131nda daha da b\u00fcy\u00fck patlanmalar ile artaca\u011f\u0131 kesin olan a\u00e7l\u0131ktan \u00f6lmekte olan insanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131, barbarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki tek alternati n sosyalizm oldu\u011funun a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ispat etmektedir. \u015e\u00f6yle diyebiliriz, sosyalizm belki de hi\u00e7 bug\u00fcn oldu\u011fu kadar ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00f6nerisi olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131! <\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcm bu anlatt\u0131klar\u0131m\u0131zdan \u00e7\u0131kan sonu\u00e7 kapitalizmin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tahribat\u0131n vard\u0131\u011f\u0131 boyutlar\u0131n proletaryan\u0131n tarihsel sorumlulu\u011funu daha da art\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Sadece burjuvazinin tarih sahnesinden s\u00fcp\u00fcr\u00fclmesi, yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 t\u00fcm y\u0131k\u0131mlar\u0131 onunla beraber yok etmeyecektir. Kapitalizmin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 hasar o denli b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr ki, proletaryan\u0131n bir g\u00f6revi de, kapitalizmin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 t\u00fcm y\u0131k\u0131mlar\u0131 onarmak ve iyile\u015ftirmek olacakt\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sosyalistler a\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131n temel nedenlerinin ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 talep ederken kapitalist emperyalist sistemin s\u00f6zc\u00fcleri a\u00e7l\u0131k sorunu kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda iki y\u00fczl\u00fc bir tutum almakta. Onlar, a\u00e7l\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm arad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 iddia ederken, sadece g\u0131da tekellerinin krizlerine \u00e7are yaratman\u0131n pe\u015flerindeler ve a\u00e7l\u0131k sorununa dair ise sadece kozmetik tedbirler pe\u015finde ko\u015fmaktad\u0131rlar: BM\u2019nin Ban Ki-moon arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile sundu\u011fu \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00f6nerilerinin ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i hi\u00e7bir y\u00f6n\u00fc yoktur. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ne 20 milyar dolarl\u0131k sadakalar, ne de g\u0131da piyasalar\u0131n\u0131 iyile\u015ftirme paketleri a\u00e7l\u0131k sorununa \u00e7are olabilecek potansiyelde de\u011fildir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00fcnyan\u0131n yedide biri a\u00e7 ve soruna kaynakl\u0131k eden hi\u00e7bir etmen ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lam\u0131yor! Art\u0131k keskin bir noktaya gelmi\u015f bulunuyoruz. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde, a\u00e7l\u0131k krizinin bir burjuva \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc s\u00f6z konusu olamaz! Ban Ki-moon\u2019a kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z tek bir konu vard\u0131r: A\u00e7l\u0131k sorununu \u00e7\u00f6zmek, d\u00fcnyaya bar\u0131\u015f\u0131, hem de sonsuz bir bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 getirecektir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Temmuz 2009 <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dipnotlar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.)<\/strong> Yaz\u0131n\u0131n tamamlanma s\u00fcrecinde, her daim Marksizm’in k\u00f6\u015fe ta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 i\u015faret eden \u00f6nerileriyle yaz\u0131ya b\u00fcy\u00fck kat- k\u0131lar sunan Erol Ye\u015filyurt\u2019a <\/em>te\u015fekk\u00fcrlerle… <\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.)<\/strong> Tarih boyunca g\u00f6r\u00fclen a\u00e7l\u0131k vakalar\u0131n\u0131n bir listesi i\u00e7in bak: http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_famines. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.)<\/strong> J. von Braun, BLS CPI veri taban\u0131ndan hareketle haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, Godo <\/em>2001, OECD 2005, and DG\u00d6 2008; Joachim von Braun, IFPRI, May\u0131s 2009. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

4.)<\/strong> DG\u00d6 ve IMF 2009 verilerinden hareketle haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

5.)<\/strong> Ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgi i\u00e7in bak: \u201c\u0130klim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin neden oldu\u011fu sorunlar ve olu\u015fturaca\u011f\u0131 risk- ler\u201d, \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fc<\/em>, Temmuz 2007. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

6.)<\/strong> Ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgi i\u00e7in bak: \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fc; Haziran 2007. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

7.)<\/strong> Ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgi i\u00e7in bak: National Geographic T\u00fcrkiye, <\/em>Ekim 2007. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

8.)<\/strong> Ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgi i\u00e7in bak: \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fc<\/em>, 2005. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

9.)<\/strong> Ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgi i\u00e7in bak: Ne\u015fe Y\u0131lmaz, \u201cGDO: Yan\u0131tlanamayan Sorular\u201d, K\u0131z\u0131lc\u0131k Dergisi<\/em>, May\u0131s-Haziran 2006. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

10.)<\/strong> Bak: http:\/\/nkg.tuik.gov.tr\/tum.asp?gosterge=47&Submit=G%F6r%FCnt%Fcle. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

11.)<\/strong> Bak: http:\/\/www.turkis.org.tr\/?wapp=52521E5F-FCA5-4BDD-940D-A284DA6F151D. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

A\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131n (1) tarihini incelemeye kalkacak olursak, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n tarihi kadar eski bir konuya el atm\u0131\u015f oluruz. Yaz\u0131l\u0131 tarihin kay\u0131t alt\u0131na ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk a\u00e7l\u0131k vakas\u0131 milattan \u00f6nce 5. y\u00fcz y\u0131la, antik Roma\u2019ya dayan\u0131r. Sonras\u0131nda gelen s\u00fcre\u00e7te ise, \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00fcretim bi\u00e7imlerinin \u00e7\u00f6kmekte olmas\u0131ndan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc, yahut \u00e7e\u015fitli salg\u0131n hastal\u0131klar\u0131n bir sonucu olarak kitlesel a\u00e7l\u0131klar ve \u00f6l\u00fcmlere rastlamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bu […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":124,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[636],"tags":[183,79,185,73,181,184,182],"class_list":["post-1190","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ekonomik-kriz","tag-aclik","tag-bir","tag-dogru","tag-gercek","tag-gida","tag-krizine","tag-talanindan"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1190","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1190"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1190\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1191,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1190\/revisions\/1191"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/124"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1190"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1190"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1190"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}