{"id":1053,"date":"1848-02-21T11:27:16","date_gmt":"1848-02-21T08:27:16","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/trockist.net\/?p=1053"},"modified":"2021-01-19T13:21:53","modified_gmt":"2021-01-19T10:21:53","slug":"komunist-parti-manifestosu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/1848\/02\/21\/komunist-parti-manifestosu\/","title":{"rendered":"Kom\u00fcnist Parti Manifestosu"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Bu yaz\u0131 <\/em>https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/turkce\/m-e\/1848\/manifest\/index.htm<\/a> adresinden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

***<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Karl Marx ve Friedrich Engels (1848)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avrupa’da bir hayalet dola\u015f\u0131yor – Kom\u00fcnizm hayaleti. Avrupa’n\u0131n t\u00fcm eski g\u00fc\u00e7leri bu hayalete kar\u015f\u0131 kutsal bir s\u00fcrg\u00fcn av\u0131 i\u00e7in ittifak halindeler, Papa ile \u00c7ar, Metternich ile Guizot, Frans\u0131z radikalleri ile Alman polisleri.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ktidardaki rakiplerince \u00e7\u0131\u011fl\u0131k \u00e7\u0131\u011fl\u0131\u011fa kom\u00fcnist diye sald\u0131r\u0131lmayan hi\u00e7bir muhalefet partisi var m\u0131? Daha ilerici muhaliflere oldu\u011fu gibi, gerici rakiplerine de damgalay\u0131c\u0131 bir kom\u00fcnizm su\u00e7lamas\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k vermeyen hi\u00e7bir muhalefet partisi var m\u0131?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu ger\u00e7eklikten iki \u015fey \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kom\u00fcnizm, art\u0131k t\u00fcm Avrupa g\u00fc\u00e7lerince bir g\u00fc\u00e7 olarak kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kom\u00fcnistlerin, bak\u0131\u015f tarzlar\u0131n\u0131, ama\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 ve e\u011filimlerini t\u00fcm d\u00fcnya \u00f6n\u00fcnde a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ortaya koymalar\u0131 ve Kom\u00fcnizm hayaleti masal\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na bir parti manifestosuyla bizzat \u00e7\u0131kmalar\u0131n\u0131n tam zaman\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu ama\u00e7la en de\u011fi\u015fik milliyetlerden Kom\u00fcnistler Londra’da topland\u0131lar ve \u0130ngilizce, Frans\u0131zca, Almanca, \u0130talyanca, Flamanca ve Danimarka dilinde yay\u0131nlanmak \u00fczere a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki manifestoyu olu\u015fturdular.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I – Burjuvalar ve Proleterler [ 1 ]<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bug\u00fcne kadarki t\u00fcm toplum [ 2 ] tarihi, s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadeleleri tarihidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6zg\u00fcr ile k\u00f6le, patrisyen ile pleb, seny\u00f6r ile serf, lonca ustas\u0131 ile \u00e7\u0131rak, k\u0131sacas\u0131, ezen ile ezilen, birbiriyle s\u00fcrekli bir kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131k i\u00e7inde bulunmu\u015f, birbirine kar\u015f\u0131 gizli ya da a\u00e7\u0131k kesintisiz bir m\u00fccadele s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f, bu m\u00fccadele ya t\u00fcm toplum yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n devrimci bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcyle, ya da m\u00fccadele eden s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n hep birlikte \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyle sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarihin daha \u00f6nceki d\u00f6nemlerinde, hemen her yerde toplumun de\u011fi\u015fik katmanlara tam bir ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, toplumsal konumlar\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli basamaklara ayr\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Eski Roma’da, patrisyenler, \u015f\u00f6valyeler, plebler, k\u00f6leler; orta\u00e7a\u011fda, feodal beyler, vasaller, lonca ustas\u0131, \u00e7\u0131raklar, serfler; \u00fcstelik hemen her bir s\u0131n\u0131f da kendi i\u00e7inde \u00f6zel bir basamakl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Feodal toplumun \u00e7\u00f6kmesiyle olu\u015fan modern burjuva toplumu, s\u0131n\u0131f kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rm\u0131\u015f de\u011fil. Yaln\u0131zca, eskilerin yerine yeni s\u0131n\u0131flar, yeni ezme ko\u015fullar\u0131, yeni m\u00fccadele bi\u00e7imleri getirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ne var ki burjuvazinin d\u00f6nemi olan \u00e7a\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca \u00f6zelli\u011fi, s\u0131n\u0131f kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 basitle\u015ftirmi\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Giderek toplumun t\u00fcm\u00fc birbirine d\u00fc\u015fman iki safa, birbirine do\u011frudan kar\u015f\u0131t iki b\u00fcy\u00fck s\u0131n\u0131fa ayr\u0131l\u0131yor: Burjuvazi ile proletarya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Orta\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n serflerinden ilk kentlerin imtiyazl\u0131 k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri, imtiyazl\u0131 k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fckten de burjuvazinin ilk unsurlar\u0131 olu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Amerika’n\u0131n ke\u015ffi, Afrika’n\u0131n gemiyle dolan\u0131lmas\u0131, y\u00fckselen burjuvaziye yeni bir alan yaratt\u0131. Do\u011fu Hint ve \u00c7in pazar\u0131, Amerika’n\u0131n s\u00f6m\u00fcrgele\u015ftirilmesi, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerle al\u0131\u015fveri\u015f, m\u00fcbadele ara\u00e7lar\u0131nda ve genel olarak metadaki art\u0131\u015f, ticarete, gemicili\u011fe, sanayiye g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f bir y\u00fckselme getirdi ve b\u00f6ylece de y\u0131k\u0131lmakta olan feodal toplumun i\u00e7indeki devrimci \u00f6\u011feye h\u0131zl\u0131 bir geli\u015fme sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sanayide o zamana kadarki feodal veya lonca yap\u0131l\u0131 i\u015fletme tarz\u0131, yeni pazarlarla b\u00fcy\u00fcyen talebi kar\u015f\u0131lamaz oldu. O yap\u0131lar\u0131n yerini man\u00fcfakt\u00fcr ald\u0131. Sanayi orta kesimi, lonca ustalar\u0131n\u0131 bir kenara itti; i\u015fin de\u011fi\u015fik korporasyonlar aras\u0131nda b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi, i\u015fin her bir at\u00f6lyenin kendi i\u00e7indeki b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi \u00f6n\u00fcnde yitip gitti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ama pazarlar s\u00fcrekli b\u00fcy\u00fcyor, talep s\u00fcrekli y\u00fckseliyordu. Man\u00fcfakt\u00fcr de yetmez oldu. \u0130\u015fte bu noktada buhar ve makinele\u015fme, sanayi \u00fcretimine devrim getirdi. Man\u00fcfakt\u00fcr\u00fcn yerini modern b\u00fcy\u00fck sanayi al\u0131rken, sanayi orta kesiminin yerini de end\u00fcstri milyonerleri, t\u00fcm sanayi ordular\u0131n\u0131n patronlar\u0131, modern burjuvazi ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck sanayi, Amerika’n\u0131n ke\u015ffinin haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fcnya pazar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturdu. D\u00fcnya pazar\u0131 ise, ticarete, gemicili\u011fe, kara ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131na \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcz bir geli\u015fme sa\u011flad\u0131. Bu da yine sanayiyi geli\u015ftirici etki yapt\u0131 ve sanayinin, ticaretin, gemicili\u011fin, demiryollar\u0131n\u0131n geni\u015flemesi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcnde burjuvazi de geli\u015fti, sermayesini art\u0131rd\u0131, orta\u00e7a\u011fdan kalma t\u00fcm s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 geriye itti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Demek ki modern burjuvazinin kendisinin de nas\u0131l uzun bir geli\u015fme s\u00fcrecinin, \u00fcretim ve de\u011fi\u015fim tarzlar\u0131ndaki bir dizi d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmlerin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor i\u015fte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Burjuvazinin bu geli\u015fim basamaklar\u0131n\u0131n her birini, ona uyan bir politik ilerleme izliyordu. Feodal beylerin egemenli\u011finde bask\u0131 alt\u0131ndaki bir kesim, kom\u00fcn[ 3 ] i\u00e7inde silahl\u0131 ve kendi kendini y\u00f6neten birlik, \u015furada ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z kent cumhuriyeti, orada monar\u015fiye kar\u015f\u0131 vergi y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcs\u00fc \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc kesim, sonra man\u00fcfakt\u00fcr d\u00f6neminde mutlak veya me\u015fruti monar\u015filerde soylulara kar\u015f\u0131 denge g\u00fcc\u00fc, b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle b\u00fcy\u00fck monar\u015filerin temeli olarak burjuvazi, m\u00fccadelesinin sonucunda nihayet b\u00fcy\u00fck sanayinin ve d\u00fcnya pazar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturulmas\u0131yla modern temsili devlette siyasal iktidar\u0131 tek ba\u015f\u0131na ele ge\u00e7irdi. Modern devlet g\u00fcc\u00fc, t\u00fcm burjuva s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n ortak i\u015flerini y\u00fcr\u00fcten bir komiteden ibarettir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Burjuvazi, tarihte son derece devrimci bir rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ktidara geldi\u011fi her yerde burjuvazi, t\u00fcm feodal, babaerkil, k\u0131rsal ili\u015fkileri darmada\u011f\u0131n etmi\u015ftir. \u0130nsanlar\u0131 do\u011fal efendilerine d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmleyen cicili bicili feodal kordonlar\u0131 ac\u0131mas\u0131zca kopar\u0131p atm\u0131\u015f ve insan ile insan aras\u0131nda kupkuru \u00e7\u0131kar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, duygusuz “nakit \u00f6deme” d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, hi\u00e7bir ba\u011f b\u0131rakmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Dindar esrikli\u011fin kutsal \u00fcrpertilerini de, \u015f\u00f6valyece y\u00fcksek heyecanlar\u0131 da, dar kafal\u0131 burjuva duygusall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da bencil hesap\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n buz gibi suyunda bo\u011fmu\u015ftur. Ki\u015fisel sayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fim de\u011ferine indirgemi\u015f, say\u0131s\u0131z belgeli ve kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerin t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn yerine tek bir \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, vicdans\u0131z ticaret \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc koymu\u015ftur. K\u0131sacas\u0131 burjuvazi, dinsel ve siyasal g\u00f6zba\u011flar\u0131yla \u00fcst\u00fc \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn yerine, apa\u00e7\u0131k, utanmaz, dolays\u0131z, \u00e7\u0131plak s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc ge\u00e7irmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bug\u00fcne dek \u00fcst\u00fcn de\u011fer verilen ve sofuca bir \u00fcrk\u00fcnt\u00fcyle bak\u0131lan ne kadar eylem varsa burjuvazi bunlar\u0131n hepsinin \u00fcst\u00fcndeki kutsall\u0131k \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc \u00e7ekip atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Doktoru da, hukuk\u00e7uyu da, rahibi de, \u015fairi de, iktisat\u00e7\u0131y\u0131 da, kendi \u00fccretli emek\u00e7isi haline getirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Burjuvazi, aile ili\u015fkilerinin y\u00fcrek titreten duygu dolu pe\u00e7esini y\u0131rtm\u0131\u015f ve onu d\u00fcz para ili\u015fkisine indirgemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Burjuvazi, orta\u00e7a\u011fda gericili\u011fin \u00f6ylesine hayranl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 uyand\u0131ran kaba kuvvet g\u00f6sterisinin maskesini indirip, ona nas\u0131l hantalca bir ay\u0131 postunun yak\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130nsan eyleminin neleri ba\u015farabilece\u011fini ilk kan\u0131tlayan burjuvazi olmu\u015ftur. M\u0131s\u0131r’\u0131n piramitlerinden, Roma’n\u0131n su kanallar\u0131ndan ve gotik katedrallerden \u00e7ok ba\u015fka harikalar yaratm\u0131\u015f, Kavimler G\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcnden ve Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Seferlerinden \u00e7ok ba\u015fka seferler ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131nda, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerinde ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla t\u00fcm toplumsal ili\u015fkilerde s\u00fcrekli devrim yapmaks\u0131z\u0131n burjuvazi var olamaz. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, eski \u00fcretim tarz\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fmeksizin korunmas\u0131 da t\u00fcm eski sanayi s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n\u0131n ilk varolu\u015f ko\u015fuluydu. \u00dcretimde s\u00fcrekli d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm, t\u00fcm toplumsal kesimlerin aral\u0131ks\u0131z sars\u0131nt\u0131ya u\u011frat\u0131lmas\u0131, sonsuz g\u00fcvensizlik ve hareket, burjuva d\u00f6neminin t\u00fcm \u00f6tekilerden ay\u0131rt edici niteli\u011fidir. T\u00fcm yerle\u015fmi\u015f ili\u015fkiler, do\u011furduklar\u0131 eski de\u011fer yarg\u0131lar\u0131 ve g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerle birlikte \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcl\u00fcp da\u011f\u0131lmakta, yeni olu\u015fanlarsa daha kemikle\u015femeden eskimektedir. Kal\u0131c\u0131 ve duran ne varsa buharla\u015f\u0131yor, kutsal diye ne varsa kutsall\u0131ktan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyor ve insanlar nihayet ya\u015fam tav\u0131rlar\u0131na, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 ili\u015fkilerine, ay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f g\u00f6zlerle bakmak zorunda kal\u0131yorlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u00fcrekli geni\u015fleyen s\u00fcr\u00fcm ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in burjuvazi, yeryuvarla\u011f\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcne el atmakta. Her yerde yerle\u015fmesi, her yerde yap\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131, her yerde ba\u011flant\u0131lar kurmas\u0131 gerekiyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Burjuvazi, d\u00fcnya pazar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrmek yoluyla t\u00fcm \u00fclkelerin \u00fcretim ve t\u00fcketimini kozmopolitle\u015ftirdi. Gericilerin \u00e7ok \u00fcz\u00fclecekleri bi\u00e7imde ulusal zemini sanayinin aya\u011f\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131ndan \u00e7ekiverdi. En eski ulusal sanayiler yok edildi ve h\u00e2l\u00e2 her g\u00fcn yok ediliyor. Her uygar ulusun bir ya\u015famsal sorun olarak ithal etmesi gereken ve art\u0131k yerli hammaddeyi de\u011fil en uzak b\u00f6lgelerin hammaddelerini i\u015fleyip, mamul\u00fcn\u00fcn de yaln\u0131z kendi \u00fclkesinde de\u011fil d\u00fcnyan\u0131n her yerinde birden t\u00fcketildi\u011fi yeni sanayiler, o eski ulusal sanayileri bir kenara itiyor. Yerli imalatla kar\u015f\u0131lanan eski ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n yerini de, en uzak \u00fclke ve iklimlerin \u00fcr\u00fcnleriyle ancak giderilebilecek ihtiya\u00e7lar al\u0131yor. Eski yerel ve ulusal kapal\u0131l\u0131k ve kendine yeterlik yerine de, uluslar\u0131n her y\u00f6nde hareketlili\u011fi ve her y\u00f6nde birbirine ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ge\u00e7mekte. \u00dcstelik yaln\u0131z maddi \u00fcretimde de\u011fil manevi \u00fcretimde de bu b\u00f6yle. Ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 uluslar\u0131n manevi \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ortak m\u00fclk oluyor. Ulusal tek yanl\u0131l\u0131k ve s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131l\u0131k art\u0131k m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fil, pek \u00e7ok ulusal ve yerel edebiyattan bir d\u00fcnya edebiyat\u0131 olu\u015fmakta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcm \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131zla geli\u015ftirerek ve ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131, ileti\u015fimi sonsuz kolayla\u015ft\u0131rarak burjuvazi, en barbar uluslar\u0131 da uygarl\u0131\u011fa \u00e7ekiyor. \u00dcretti\u011fi mallara koydu\u011fu ucuz fiyatlar, t\u00fcm \u00c7in Seddini temelden y\u0131kacak, barbarlar\u0131n en inat\u00e7\u0131 yabanc\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 teslime zorlayacak a\u011f\u0131r toplard\u0131r. Burjuvazi, t\u00fcm uluslar\u0131, e\u011fer yerle bir olmak istemiyorlarsa burjuva \u00fcretim tarz\u0131na uymaya zorluyor; uygarl\u0131k diye kendi uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ithal etmeye, yani burjuva olmaya zorluyor onlar\u0131. Tek kelimeyle, kendi istedi\u011fi gibi bir d\u00fcnya yarat\u0131yor kendine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Burjuvazi, k\u0131r\u0131 kent egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131na soktu. Koskoca kentler yaratt\u0131, kentli n\u00fcfusu k\u0131rsal n\u00fcfusa g\u00f6re b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda art\u0131rd\u0131 ve b\u00f6ylece n\u00fcfusun \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc k\u0131rsal ya\u015fam\u0131n b\u00f6nl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden kopard\u0131. K\u00f6y\u00fc kente ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, barbar ve yar\u0131 barbar \u00fclkeleri uygar \u00fclkelere ve k\u00f6yl\u00fc halklar\u0131 burjuva halklara, Do\u011fuyu da Bat\u0131ya ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 hale getirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n, m\u00fclkiyetin ve n\u00fcfusun par\u00e7al\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ad\u0131m ad\u0131m ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131yor burjuvazi. N\u00fcfusu bir \u00e7imento ba\u011flam\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcnleyip, \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 merkezle\u015ftiriyor ve m\u00fclkiyeti az ki\u015finin ellerinde yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yor. Bunun zorunlu sonucu ise siyasal merkezle\u015fmeydi. \u00c7\u0131karlar\u0131, yasalar\u0131, h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri ve g\u00fcmr\u00fckleri farkl\u0131, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z, hemen yaln\u0131zca ittifaklar\u0131 olan eyaletler, tek ulus, tek h\u00fck\u00fcmet, tek yasa, tek ulusal s\u0131n\u0131f \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131, tek g\u00fcmr\u00fck s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 i\u00e7ine s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Burjuvazi, y\u00fcz y\u0131l\u0131 ancak bulan s\u0131n\u0131f egemenli\u011fi s\u00fcresinde, daha \u00f6nceki ku\u015faklar\u0131n toplam\u0131ndan daha kitlesel ve daha muazzam \u00fcretim g\u00fc\u00e7leri olu\u015fturdu. Do\u011fa g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin dizginlenmesi, makinele\u015fme, sanayide ve tar\u0131mda kimyan\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, buharl\u0131 gemi i\u015fleyi\u015fi, demiryollar\u0131, elektrikli telgraflar, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n her b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde topra\u011f\u0131n i\u015flenebilir hale getirilmesi, \u0131rmaklar\u0131n ula\u015f\u0131m i\u00e7in d\u00fczenlenmesi, yerinden kopar\u0131lan b\u00fct\u00fcn insan topluluklar\u0131 \u2014daha \u00f6nceki hangi y\u00fczy\u0131l, toplumsal eme\u011fin ba\u011fr\u0131nda b\u00f6ylesine \u00fcretim g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin yatt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sezmi\u015ftir!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dernek ki g\u00f6rd\u00fck i\u015fte: Burjuvazinin o temele dayanarak kendini ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fcretim ve de\u011fi\u015fim ara\u00e7lar\u0131, feodal toplumda olu\u015fmu\u015ftu. Ancak bu \u00fcretim ve de\u011fi\u015fim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n belli bir geli\u015fim a\u015famas\u0131nda, feodal toplumun \u00fcretim ve m\u00fcbadelesini dayad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ili\u015fkiler, tar\u0131m\u0131n ve imalat\u0131n feodal \u00f6rg\u00fctleni\u015fi, tek kelimeyle feodal m\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkileri, art\u0131k o geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7lere uymaz oldu. Bu ili\u015fkiler, \u00fcretime destek olaca\u011f\u0131na onu frenliyordu. Giderek bir o kadar \u00e7ok kelep\u00e7elere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc bu m\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkileri. Kelep\u00e7elerin par\u00e7alanmas\u0131 gerekiyordu, par\u00e7aland\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Onun yerini serbest rekabet ile ona uygun toplumsal ve siyasal d\u00fczen, burjuvazinin siyasal ve ekonomik egemenli\u011fi ald\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eimdi g\u00f6zlerimizin \u00f6n\u00fcnde benzer bir hareket cereyan ediyor. Burjuva \u00fcretim ve de\u011fi\u015fim ko\u015fullar\u0131, burjuva m\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkileri, \u00f6ylesine b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fcretim ve de\u011fi\u015fim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturma b\u00fcy\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc ba\u015farm\u0131\u015f o burjuva toplumu, yer alt\u0131ndan kendi \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lere art\u0131k h\u00fckmedemez olan cinci hocalara d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015f durumda. On y\u0131llardan beri sanayi ve ticaretin tarihi, modern \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7lerin, modern \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerine kar\u015f\u0131, burjuvazinin ve burjuva egemenli\u011finin ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan bu m\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkilerine kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n tarihidir yaln\u0131zca. Periyodik yinelenmeleriyle t\u00fcm burjuva toplumunun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrekli artarak tehdit eden ve sorgulayan ticaret krizlerini anmak yeter. Ticaret krizlerinde, yaln\u0131z \u00fcretilen \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin de\u011fil, olu\u015fturulmu\u015f \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7lerin de b\u00fcy\u00fck kesimi d\u00fczenlice yok oluyor. Krizlerde \u00f6yle bir toplumsal bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 hastal\u0131k ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor ki, bu hastal\u0131k t\u00fcm daha \u00f6nceki d\u00f6nemler i\u00e7in sa\u00e7ma g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrd\u00fc \u2014a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u00fcretim denen salg\u0131n hastal\u0131k. Toplum bir anda kendini barbarl\u0131k durumuna d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f buluyor; bir k\u0131tl\u0131k, genel bir yok etme sava\u015f\u0131, t\u00fcm ya\u015famsal maddeleri toplumun elinden alm\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor; sanayi, ticaret yok edilmi\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor, ni\u00e7in? O toplum a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 uygarl\u0131\u011fa, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ge\u00e7im arac\u0131na, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 sanayiye, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ticarete sahip diye. Elinin alt\u0131ndaki \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7ler, burjuva m\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkilerini desteklemeye hizmet etmiyor art\u0131k; tam tersine bu g\u00fc\u00e7ler, o ili\u015fkilere b\u00fcy\u00fck gelmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, engellenirler; engellerden kurtulduklar\u0131 zaman ise t\u00fcm burjuva toplum d\u00fczenini bozuyorlar, burjuva m\u00fclkiyetin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tehlikeye sokuyorlar. Burjuva ili\u015fkiler, kendi \u00fcretti\u011fi zenginli\u011fi kucaklamaya yetmeyecek kadar daralm\u0131\u015f. Burjuvazi, krizleri ne yolla a\u015f\u0131yor? Bir yandan \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7lerin b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc zorla yok etme, \u00f6b\u00fcr yandan yeni pazarlar fethetme ve mevcut pazarlar\u0131 daha dibine kadar s\u00f6m\u00fcrme yollar\u0131yla. Yani? Daha \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc ve daha b\u00fcy\u00fck krizleri haz\u0131rlama ve krizleri \u00f6nleyici ara\u00e7lar\u0131 daha da azaltma yoluyla.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Burjuvazinin feodalizmi yere sermede kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 silahlar \u015fimdi burjuvazinin kendisine y\u00f6nelmi\u015f durumda.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00f6ylece burjuvazi, kendi \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc getirecek silahlar\u0131 yapmakla kalmay\u0131p, o silahlar\u0131 kullanacak insanlar\u0131 da yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r \u2014modern i\u015f\u00e7ileri, proleterleri!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Burjuvazi, yani sermaye ne oranda geli\u015firse, ancak i\u015f bulduklar\u0131 s\u00fcrece ya\u015fayan ve ancak emekleriyle sermayeyi art\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 s\u00fcrece i\u015f bulan proletarya da, yani modern i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 da o oranda geli\u015fiyor. Kendilerini par\u00e7a ba\u015f\u0131 sat\u0131\u015fa sunmak zorunda olan bu i\u015f\u00e7iler, herhangi bir ba\u015fka ticari e\u015fya gibi bir metad\u0131rlar, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla rekabetteki t\u00fcm de\u011fi\u015fmelere, t\u00fcm pazar dalgalanmalar\u0131na terk edilmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Proleterlerin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015f, makinele\u015fmenin geni\u015flemesi ve i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc sonucu, i\u015f\u00e7iler i\u00e7in her \u00e7e\u015fit \u00f6zerk karakterini ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla her \u00e7e\u015fit \u00e7ekicili\u011fini yitirmi\u015ftir. Proleter, kendisinden yaln\u0131zca en basit, en tek d\u00fcze, en kolay \u00f6\u011frenilebilen bir el hareketi istenen, makinenin bir eklentisinden ibarettir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla i\u015f\u00e7inin maliyeti, hemen yaln\u0131zca hayat\u0131n\u0131 ve soyunu s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmesi i\u00e7in zorunlu ge\u00e7im ara\u00e7lar\u0131 kadard\u0131r. Oysa bir metan\u0131n fiyat\u0131, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla eme\u011fin fiyat\u0131[ 4 ] da, o metan\u0131n \u00fcretim maliyetine e\u015fittir. Bu y\u00fczden i\u015fin sevilmezli\u011fi artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 oranda i\u015f\u00e7inin \u00fccreti de d\u00fc\u015fer. Bunun da \u00f6tesinde, makinele\u015fme ve i\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 oranda, ister \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma saatlerinin artmas\u0131, ister ayn\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcresi i\u00e7inde istenen i\u015fin artmas\u0131, makinelerin i\u015fleyi\u015f h\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fckselmesi nedeniyle olsun, i\u015fin miktar\u0131 da artar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Modern sanayi, babaerkil ustan\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck at\u00f6lyesini sanayi kapitalistinin b\u00fcy\u00fck fabrikas\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Fabrika i\u00e7ine t\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f i\u015f\u00e7i kitleleri askerce organize edilirler. S\u0131radan sanayi erleri olarak tam bir astsubaylar ve subaylar hiyerar\u015fisinin denetimi alt\u0131nda tutulurlar. \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler, yaln\u0131z burjuvazinin ve burjuva devletinin k\u00f6leleri olmakla kalmaz, her g\u00fcn ve her saat, makinenin, postaba\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ve \u00f6ncelikle de \u015fahsen fabrikat\u00f6r burjuvan\u0131n kendisinin k\u00f6lesi durumuna d\u00fc\u015ferler. Amac\u0131n\u0131n kazan\u00e7 oldu\u011funu ne kadar a\u00e7\u0131k ilan ederse bu despotluk, bir o kadar daha a\u015fa\u011f\u0131l\u0131k, tiksindirici ve \u00f6fke verici olur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kol eme\u011fi daha az ustal\u0131k ve daha az g\u00fc\u00e7 kuvvet ister duruma ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e, yani modern sanayi geli\u015ftik\u00e7e, kad\u0131n eme\u011fi de erkek eme\u011fini o kadar geriye itmektedir. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 i\u00e7in cinsiyet ve ya\u015f farklar\u0131n\u0131n toplumsal bir ge\u00e7enli\u011fi yoktur art\u0131k. Ya\u015fa ve cinsiyete g\u00f6re maliyeti de\u011fi\u015fen i\u015f ara\u00e7lar\u0131 vard\u0131r, o kadar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u015f\u00e7inin fabrikat\u00f6r taraf\u0131ndan s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesi, \u00fccretini nakden ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 anda bitince, bu kez de burjuvazinin \u00f6teki kesimleri, ev sahibi, bakkal, rehinci vb. y\u00fcklenir tepesine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bug\u00fcne kadarki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck orta kesimler, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck sanayiciler, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck t\u00fcccar ve rantiyeler, zanaat\u00e7\u0131 ve k\u00f6yl\u00fcler, t\u00fcm bu s\u0131n\u0131flar, k\u0131smen k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck sermayeleri b\u00fcy\u00fck sanayiye yetmedi\u011finden b\u00fcy\u00fck kapitalistlerle rekabet edemedikleri i\u00e7in, k\u0131smen de ustal\u0131klar\u0131 yeni \u00fcretim tarzlar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda de\u011fer yitirdi\u011fi i\u00e7in, proletaryan\u0131n i\u00e7inde bulurlar kendilerini. B\u00f6ylece proletaryaya, toplumun her s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131ndan kat\u0131l\u0131m olur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Proletarya \u00e7e\u015fitli geli\u015fini basamaklar\u0131ndan ge\u00e7er. Burjuvaziye kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadelesi, var olu\u015fuyla ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kendilerini do\u011frudan s\u00f6m\u00fcren burjuva ki\u015fiye kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta tek tek i\u015f\u00e7iler, sonra bir fabrikan\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7ileri, sonra da bir b\u00f6lgenin bir i\u015fkolundaki t\u00fcm i\u015f\u00e7iler m\u00fccadeleye girer. Sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 yaln\u0131zca burjuva \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerine kar\u015f\u0131 de\u011fildir, \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131na da sald\u0131r\u0131 y\u00f6neltirler; rekabet halindeki yabanc\u0131 mallar\u0131 yok ederler, makineleri tahrip ederler, fabrikalar\u0131 yakarlar, i\u015f\u00e7inin orta\u00e7a\u011fdaki konumunu yeniden elde etmesi i\u00e7in u\u011fra\u015f\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu a\u015famada i\u015f\u00e7iler, t\u00fcm \u00fclkeye da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve rekabet y\u00fcz\u00fcnden par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015f bir kitle durumundad\u0131r. \u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerin kitlesel birlikteli\u011fi hen\u00fcz kendi birle\u015fmelerinin bir sonucu de\u011fil, kendi siyasal ama\u00e7lar\u0131 u\u011fruna t\u00fcm proletaryay\u0131 harekete ge\u00e7irmek zorunda kalan ve zaman zaman bunu h\u00e2l\u00e2 ba\u015farabilen burjuvazinin birle\u015fmesinin bir sonucudur. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu a\u015famada proleterlerin m\u00fccadelesi, d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 de\u011fil, d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131na, mutlak\u00e7\u0131 monar\u015finin kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131na, toprak sahiplerine, sanayici olmayan burjuvalara, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuvalara kar\u015f\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece t\u00fcm tarihsel hareket burjuvazinin ellerinde yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; bu yolla elde edilen her zafer, burjuvazinin zaferidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ne var ki sanayinin geli\u015fmesiyle proletarya yaln\u0131zca \u00e7o\u011falmakla kalmaz; giderek daha b\u00fcy\u00fck kitleler halinde yo\u011funla\u015f\u0131r, g\u00fcc\u00fc artar ve g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc daha fazla duyumsamaya ba\u015flar. Makinele\u015fme giderek i\u015f ayr\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 t\u00f6rp\u00fcledik\u00e7e ve \u00fccretler hemen her yerde ayn\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck d\u00fczeye indik\u00e7e proletaryan\u0131n kendi i\u00e7indeki \u00e7\u0131karlar ve ya\u015fam durumlar\u0131 da giderek daha bir e\u015fitlenir. Burjuvalar\u0131n kendi aralar\u0131ndaki rekabet ve bundan do\u011fan ticaret krizleri, i\u015f\u00e7i \u00fccretlerinde s\u00fcrekli daha fazla dalgalanmaya neden olur; makinele\u015fmenin artan bir h\u0131zla geli\u015fmesi ve s\u00fcrekli daha iyile\u015fmesi, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin b\u00fct\u00fcn ya\u015famsal konumlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcvensizle\u015ftirir; tek tek i\u015f\u00e7ilerle tek tek burjuvalar aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar giderek daha \u00e7ok iki s\u0131n\u0131f aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma niteli\u011fine var\u0131r. \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler, burjuvalara kar\u015f\u0131 koalisyonlar [\u0130ngilizcesinde: Birlikler (sendikalar) \u2014\u00e7ev.] olu\u015fturmaya ba\u015flarlar; \u00fccret m\u00fccadelesini birlikte verirler. Ara ara y\u00fckselen isyanlar\u0131 beslemek i\u00e7in kendi i\u00e7lerinde s\u00fcrekli birlikler olu\u015ftururlar. Yer yer m\u00fccadele ayaklanma boyutuna var\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zaman zaman i\u015f\u00e7ilerin kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 olur, ama bu zafer ge\u00e7icidir. \u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerin m\u00fccadelesinin esas sonucu, o anki ba\u015far\u0131 de\u011fil, s\u00fcrekli geni\u015fleyen birle\u015fmeleridir. Bu birle\u015fmeye, b\u00fcy\u00fck sanayinin \u00fcretti\u011fi ve de\u011fi\u015fik yerlerdeki i\u015f\u00e7ilerin birbirleriyle ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan geli\u015fen ula\u015f\u0131m ve ileti\u015fim ara\u00e7lar\u0131 da yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur. Zaten ayn\u0131 nitelikteki pek \u00e7ok yerel m\u00fccadelenin ulus \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011finde bir m\u00fccadele, bir s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesi olarak yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yaln\u0131zca birle\u015fmeye ihtiyac\u0131 vard\u0131. Ama her s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesi siyasal bir m\u00fccadeledir. Ve orta\u00e7a\u011f kentlilerinin o zaman ancak kom\u015fu yerle\u015fimleri birbirine ba\u011flayabilen yol ko\u015fullar\u0131nda y\u00fczy\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131 alacak bu birle\u015fmeyi, modern proleterler, demiryollar\u0131 sayesinde birka\u00e7 y\u0131lda ba\u015farabiliyorlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Proleterlerin bir s\u0131n\u0131f olarak ve b\u00f6ylece bir siyasal parti olarak \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeleri, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin kendi aralar\u0131ndaki rekabet y\u00fcz\u00fcnden her an yeniden par\u00e7alan\u0131yor. Ama her seferinde yine olu\u015fuyor, daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc, daha s\u0131k\u0131 ve daha b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7apta. Burjuvazinin kendi i\u00e7indeki \u00e7atlaklar\u0131 kullanarak onu, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin tek tek \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 yasa d\u00fczeyinde tan\u0131maya zorlayabiliyor. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u0130ngiltere’de on saatlik i\u015f g\u00fcn\u00fc yasas\u0131 gibi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eski toplumdaki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar esasen proletaryan\u0131n geli\u015fme s\u00fcrecine bir\u00e7ok y\u00f6nden katk\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Burjuvazi s\u00fcrekli bir m\u00fccadele i\u00e7indedir: ba\u015fta aristokrasiye kar\u015f\u0131; daha sonra, \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 sanayinin ilerlemesiyle \u00e7eli\u015fen burjuva kesimlerine kar\u015f\u0131; her zaman d\u0131\u015f \u00fclkeler burjuvazilerine kar\u015f\u0131. T\u00fcm bu m\u00fccadelelerinde burjuvazi, proletaryaya ba\u015fvurmak gere\u011fini duyar, onu yard\u0131ma \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131r ve b\u00f6ylece proletaryay\u0131 politikan\u0131n i\u00e7ine \u00e7eker. Demek ki, kendi e\u011fitiminin \u00f6\u011felerini, yani kendisine kar\u015f\u0131 kullan\u0131lacak silahlar\u0131 proletaryan\u0131n eline bizzat kendisi verir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz gibi, sanayinin ilerlemesiyle egemen s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n pek \u00e7ok kesimleri b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle proletaryan\u0131n i\u00e7ine f\u0131rlat\u0131l\u0131rlar, ya da en az\u0131ndan ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131 bu tehdit alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. Bunlar da proletaryaya pek \u00e7ok e\u011fitim \u00f6\u011fesi sunar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nihayet s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesi belirleyici sona yakla\u015f\u0131nca, egemen s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n kendi i\u00e7indeki \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclme s\u00fcreci, t\u00fcm\u00fcyle eski toplumun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclme s\u00fcreci \u00f6ylesine \u015fiddetli ve keskin bir niteli\u011fe var\u0131r ki, egemen s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ondan koparak gelece\u011fi elinde ta\u015f\u0131yan devrimci s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n saf\u0131na ge\u00e7er. Nas\u0131l ge\u00e7mi\u015fte bu y\u00fczden soylular\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc burjuvazinin saflar\u0131na ge\u00e7mi\u015fse, \u015fimdi de burjuvazinin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, \u00f6zellikle de tarihsel hareketin b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc kuramsal olarak kavrama yolunda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f bir k\u0131s\u0131m burjuva ideologu, proletarya saflar\u0131na ge\u00e7mektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde burjuvazinin kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda yer alan t\u00fcm s\u0131n\u0131flar i\u00e7inde yaln\u0131zca proletarya ger\u00e7ekten devrimci s\u0131n\u0131ft\u0131r \u00d6teki s\u0131n\u0131flar g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcp gitmekte ve b\u00fcy\u00fck sanayinin geli\u015fimiyle \u00e7\u00f6kmektedirler, proletarya ise b\u00fcy\u00fck sanayinin en kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Orta kesimler, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck sanayici, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck t\u00fcccar, zanaat\u00e7\u0131, k\u00f6yl\u00fc, hepsi orta kesim olarak varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015fe kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00fcvenceye almak i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele eder burjuvaziyle. Demek ki bunlar devrimci de\u011fil tutucudurlar. Dahas\u0131, gericidirler, tarihin \u00e7ark\u0131n\u0131 geriye do\u011fru d\u00f6nd\u00fcrmeye u\u011fra\u015f\u0131yorlar. E\u011fer devrimci iseler, proletaryaya ge\u00e7i\u015f \u00f6nlerinde durdu\u011fu i\u00e7indir bu ve o zaman \u015fimdiki \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil gelecekteki \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 savunurlar, proletaryan\u0131n bak\u0131\u015f konumuna ge\u00e7mek \u00fczere kendi konumlar\u0131n\u0131 terk ederler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u00fcmpen proletaryaya gelince, eski toplumun bu en alt katmanlar\u0131ndaki pasif \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fl\u00fck, bir proleter devrim sayesinde yer yer hareketin i\u00e7ine savrulsa da, ya\u015fam tarz\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc gere\u011fi gerici \u00e7abalara sat\u0131lmaya daha istekli olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eski toplumun varl\u0131k ko\u015fullar\u0131, proletaryan\u0131n varl\u0131k ko\u015fullar\u0131 i\u00e7inde zaten yok edilmi\u015f durumda. Proleter m\u00fclks\u00fczd\u00fcr; kar\u0131s\u0131 ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131yla ili\u015fkisinde art\u0131k burjuva aile ili\u015fkileriyle ortak hi\u00e7bir yan yoktur; \u0130ngiltere’de nas\u0131lsa Fransa’da da ayn\u0131 olan, Amerika’da nas\u0131lsa Almanya’da da ayn\u0131 olan modern sanayi i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fi, sermayenin boynuna ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi bu modern boyunduruk, proleterin \u00fcst\u00fcnden her \u00e7e\u015fit ulusal karakteri s\u0131y\u0131r\u0131p atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yasalar da, ahlak da, din de, proleter i\u00e7in ard\u0131nda bir o kadar burjuva \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 gizlenmi\u015f burjuva \u00f6nyarg\u0131lar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Egemenli\u011fi ele ge\u00e7iren t\u00fcm daha \u00f6nceki s\u0131n\u0131flar, kazanm\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131 ya\u015fam konumunu, b\u00fct\u00fcn toplumu bu kazan\u0131m\u0131n buyru\u011fu alt\u0131na sokarak g\u00fcvenceye almaya bakm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Proleterler ise \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7leri ancak, o zamana kadarki kendi m\u00fclk edinme tarzlar\u0131n\u0131 ve b\u00f6ylece o zamana kadarki t\u00fcm m\u00fclk edinme tarzlar\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rarak ele ge\u00e7irebilirler. Proleterlerin g\u00fcvenceye alacak hi\u00e7bir \u015feyleri yoktur, o ana kadarki \u00f6zel g\u00fcvencelerin ve \u00f6zel sigortalar\u0131n hepsini tahrip etme zorunluluklar\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eimdiye kadarki t\u00fcm hareketler, az\u0131nl\u0131ktakilerin hareketiydi veya az\u0131nl\u0131ktakilerin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131na hareketlerdi. Proleter hareket ise, son derece b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fun, son derece b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7o\u011funluk \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131 ad\u0131na giri\u015fti\u011fi \u00f6zerk harekettir. \u015eimdiki toplumun en alt katman\u0131 olan proletarya, resmi toplumu olu\u015fturan katmanlar\u0131n t\u00fcm \u00fcstyap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle havaya u\u00e7urmad\u0131k\u00e7a do\u011frulamaz, aya\u011fa kalkamaz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u00e7erik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan de\u011filse de bi\u00e7im a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan proletaryan\u0131n burjuvaziye kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadelesi ilk a\u015famada ulusald\u0131r. Her \u00fclkenin proletaryas\u0131 elbette \u00f6nce kendi burjuvazisiyle hesapla\u015fmak durumundad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Proletaryan\u0131n geli\u015fmesinin genel evrelerini \u00e7izerek mevcut toplumun i\u00e7indeki az ya da \u00e7ok gizli i\u00e7 sava\u015f\u0131, a\u00e7\u0131k bir devrimin patlak verdi\u011fi ve burjuvazinin zorla devrilerek proletaryan\u0131n kendi egemenli\u011fini kurdu\u011fu noktaya kadar izledik.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00f6rd\u00fck ki \u015fimdiye kadar toplumlar\u0131n hepsi ezen ve ezilen s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131na dayanmaktayd\u0131. Ama bir s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ezebilmek i\u00e7in ona en az\u0131ndan k\u00f6lece varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilece\u011fi ko\u015fullar\u0131 sa\u011flamak gerekir. Serf, serflik d\u00f6neminde kom\u00fcn \u00fcyeli\u011fine y\u00fckselmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, nas\u0131l feodal mutlak\u0131yet boyunduru\u011fu alt\u0131nda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuva da burjuval\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015fsa. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k modern i\u015f\u00e7i, end\u00fcstrinin ilerlemesiyle kalk\u0131naca\u011f\u0131na, kendi s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n da daha alt\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fmektedir s\u00fcrekli. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i sefille\u015fiyor ve sefalet, toplumdan ve zenginlikten daha h\u0131zla geli\u015fiyor. B\u00f6ylece apa\u00e7\u0131k ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor ki, burjuvazi daha uzun s\u00fcre toplumun egemen s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 olarak kalma ve kendi varolu\u015f ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 topluma d\u00fczenleyici yasa olarak dayatma yetisinde de\u011fil. Burjuvazi egemenli\u011fini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrme yetisinde de\u011fil, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc k\u00f6lesine k\u00f6le olarak bile var olma g\u00fcvencesi veremiyor, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc k\u00f6leyi, o kendisini besleyece\u011fine kendisi onu beslemek zorunda oldu\u011fu bir duruma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcyor elinde olmaks\u0131z\u0131n. Toplum art\u0131k burjuvazinin sultas\u0131nda ya\u015fayamaz, yani, burjuvazinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 toplum taraf\u0131ndan ta\u015f\u0131nabilir gibi de\u011fil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Burjuva s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n esas varl\u0131k ve egemenlik ko\u015fulu, servetin \u00f6zel ellerde birikmesidir, sermayenin olu\u015fmas\u0131 ve artmas\u0131d\u0131r; sermayenin ko\u015fulu ise \u00fccretli emektir. \u00dccretli emek yaln\u0131zca i\u015f\u00e7ilerin kendi aralar\u0131ndaki rekabete dayal\u0131. Ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 ister istemez ve engelsizce burjuvazi olan sanayinin ilerlemesi, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin rekabet yoluyla yal\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131 yerine onlar\u0131 bir araya getirerek devrimci birle\u015fimlerini sa\u011flamakta. Demek ki b\u00fcy\u00fck sanayinin geli\u015fmesiyle burjuvazinin \u00fcretim yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc sahiplendi\u011fi kendi temeli aya\u011f\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131ndan \u00e7ekilmekte. Burjuvazi her \u015feyden \u00f6nce kendi mezar kaz\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcretiyor. Onun y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 da proletaryan\u0131n zaferi de ayn\u0131 oranda ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II – Proleterler ve Kom\u00fcnistler<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kom\u00fcnistlerin proleterlerle ili\u015fkisinin asl\u0131 nedir?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6teki i\u015f\u00e7i partileri kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda kom\u00fcnistler \u00f6zel bir parti de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kom\u00fcnistlerin, t\u00fcm proletaryan\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131ndan ayr\u0131 bir \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 yoktur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Proletarya hareketini bi\u00e7imlemek \u00fczere \u00f6zel ilkeler koymazlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kom\u00fcnistlerin \u00f6teki proletarya partilerinden tek ayr\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 nokta, bir yandan proleterlerin \u00e7e\u015fitli ulusal m\u00fccadeleleri i\u00e7inde, t\u00fcm proletaryan\u0131n ulusall\u0131ktan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ortak \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne getirerek ge\u00e7erli k\u0131lmalar\u0131, \u00f6b\u00fcr yandan da burjuvazi ile proletarya aras\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fcyen m\u00fccadelede her zaman hareketin b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 temsil ediyor olmalar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Demek ki kom\u00fcnistler pratikte, b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fclkelerin i\u015f\u00e7i partilerinin en kararl\u0131, hep ileriye g\u00f6t\u00fcren kesimleridir; kuramsal olarak kom\u00fcnistler, proletaryan\u0131n \u00f6teki kitleleri \u00f6n\u00fcnde, proleter hareketin ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131, gidi\u015fini ve genel sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6ren bir \u00f6nc\u00fcll\u00fc\u011fe sahiptir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcm \u00f6teki proletarya partileri gibi kom\u00fcnistlerin de ilk amac\u0131: proletaryan\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131f d\u00fczeyinde olu\u015fmas\u0131, burjuva egemenli\u011finin y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 ve proletaryan\u0131n siyasal iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmesi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kom\u00fcnistlerin kuramsal ifadeleri asla \u015fu ya da bu d\u00fcnya d\u00fczelticisinin icat etti\u011fi ya da ke\u015ffetti\u011fi fikirlere, ilkelere dayanmaz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Onlar\u0131n s\u00f6yledikleri yaln\u0131zca, mevcut bir s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesinin, g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcnde cereyan eden bir tarihsel hareketin somut ifadeleridir. \u015eimdiye kadarki m\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkilerinin ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 hi\u00e7 de kom\u00fcnizmin ay\u0131rt edici bir \u00f6zelli\u011fi de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcm m\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkileri s\u00fcrekli bir tarihsel d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcme, s\u00fcrekli bir tarihsel de\u011fi\u015ftirmeye tabi olmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6rne\u011fin Frans\u0131z Devrimi, burjuva m\u00fclkiyet hat\u0131r\u0131na feodal m\u00fclkiyeti ortadan kald\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kom\u00fcnizme \u00f6zg\u00fc olan, b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle m\u00fclkiyetin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 de\u011fil, burjuva m\u00fclkiyetinin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ama modern burjuva \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyeti, \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin, s\u0131n\u0131f kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131klar\u0131na dayal\u0131, birinin \u00f6tekini s\u00f6m\u00fcrmesine dayal\u0131 bi\u00e7imde \u00fcretilmesinin ve sahiplenilmesinin en son ve en tam ifadesidir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu anlamda kom\u00fcnistler, kuramlar\u0131n\u0131: \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, diye tek bir s\u00f6zle \u00f6zetleyebilirler. Biz kom\u00fcnistler, ki\u015fisel olarak kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, ki\u015finin kendi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131yla elde edilmi\u015f m\u00fclkiyeti ortadan kald\u0131rmak istemekle su\u00e7land\u0131k; her \u00e7e\u015fit bireysel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, bireysel edimi ve bireysel \u00f6zerkli\u011fi meydana getiren \u015feymi\u015f m\u00fclkiyet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ki\u015fisel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmayla elde edilmi\u015f, hakk\u0131yla kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, ki\u015fisel kazan\u00e7la edinilmi\u015f m\u00fclkiyet! Burjuva m\u00fclkiyetinden \u00f6nce var olan, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuva, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u00f6yl\u00fc m\u00fclkiyetinden mi s\u00f6z ediyorsunuz? Onu bizim kald\u0131rmam\u0131za gerek yok ki, sanayinin geli\u015fmesi ortadan kald\u0131rd\u0131 onu, g\u00fcn ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e daha da kald\u0131rmakta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yoksa modern burjuva \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetinden mi s\u00f6z ediyorsunuz?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Peki \u00fccretli emek, proleterin eme\u011fi m\u00fclk sa\u011fl\u0131yor mu kendisine? Asla. Onun eme\u011fi sermaye yarat\u0131yor, yani \u00fccretli eme\u011fi s\u00f6m\u00fcren m\u00fclkiyeti sa\u011fl\u0131yor, yaln\u0131zca yeniden s\u00f6m\u00fcrmek \u00fczere yeni \u00fccretli emek \u00fcretmesi halinde artabilen m\u00fclkiyeti. Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc bi\u00e7imiyle m\u00fclkiyet, sermaye ile \u00fccretli emek aras\u0131ndaki kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131kta deviniyor. Bu kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n her iki yan\u0131n\u0131 bir g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irelim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kapitalist olmak, \u00fcretimde salt ki\u015fisel de\u011fil, toplumsal bir konum almak demek. Sermaye, ortakla\u015fa bir \u00fcr\u00fcnd\u00fcr ve ancak pek \u00e7ok \u00fcyenin ortak edimiyle, evet son tahlilde ancak toplumun t\u00fcm \u00fcyelerinin ortak edimiyle harekete ge\u00e7irilebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Demek ki sermaye, ki\u015fisel de\u011fil toplumsal bir g\u00fc\u00e7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O halde sermaye, toplumun \u00fcyelerinin t\u00fcm\u00fcne ait olan bir ortak m\u00fclkiyete d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcrse, ki\u015fisel m\u00fclkiyet toplumsal m\u00fclkiyete d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f olmaz. Yaln\u0131zca m\u00fclkiyetin toplumsal karakteri de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015f olur. S\u0131n\u0131fsal karakterini yitirir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gelelim \u00fccretli eme\u011fe:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dccretli eme\u011fin ortalama fiyat\u0131, asgari \u00fccrettir, yani i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015f\u00e7i olarak hayatta kalmas\u0131 i\u00e7in zorunlu olan ge\u00e7im ara\u00e7lar\u0131 toplam\u0131. \u00d6yleyse \u00fccretli i\u015f\u00e7inin edimiyle sahip oldu\u011fu \u015fey ancak onun \u00e7\u0131plak hayat\u0131n\u0131 yeniden \u00fcretmesine yeter. Emek \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin, ancak do\u011frudan hayat\u0131 yeniden \u00fcretmek \u00fczere b\u00f6ylesi ki\u015fisel m\u00fclkiyetini, yani ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n eme\u011fi \u00fcst\u00fcnde egemenlik kurduracak net gelir b\u0131rakmayan ki\u015fisel m\u00fclkiyeti asla kald\u0131rmak istiyor de\u011filiz. Bizim istedi\u011fimiz yaln\u0131zca, i\u015f\u00e7inin s\u0131rf sermayeyi art\u0131rmak i\u00e7in ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131, s\u0131rf egemen s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131n\u0131n gerektirdi\u011fi kadar ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u00fclkiyetin bu rezil karakterini ortadan kald\u0131rmak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Burjuva toplumunda canl\u0131 emek, yaln\u0131zca birikmi\u015f eme\u011fi art\u0131rman\u0131n bir arac\u0131d\u0131r. Kom\u00fcnist toplumda ise birikmi\u015f eme\u011fi, yaln\u0131zca i\u015f\u00e7ilerin ya\u015fam s\u00fcrecini geni\u015fletmek, zenginle\u015ftirmek, geli\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in bir ara\u00e7t\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Demek ki burjuva toplumda ge\u00e7mi\u015f bug\u00fcne h\u00fckmediyor, kom\u00fcnist toplumdaysa bug\u00fcn, ge\u00e7mi\u015fe h\u00fckmediyor. Burjuva toplumda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan birey \u00f6zerk de\u011filken, ki\u015fisel de\u011filken, sermaye \u00f6zerk ve ki\u015fiseldir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u015fte bu ko\u015fullar\u0131n ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na burjuvazi, ki\u015fiselli\u011fin ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 diyor! Hakl\u0131 da. Yaln\u0131z, burjuva ki\u015fiselli\u011finin, burjuva \u00f6zerkli\u011finin, burjuva \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu tabii.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eimdiki burjuva \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileri i\u00e7inde \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck deyince, \u00f6zg\u00fcr ticaret, \u00f6zg\u00fcr al\u0131\u015f sat\u0131\u015f anla\u015f\u0131lmakta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ama bezirg\u00e2nl\u0131k d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc m\u00fc, \u00f6zg\u00fcr bezirg\u00e2nl\u0131k da d\u00fc\u015fer. Bizim burjuvazinin ba\u015fka \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131rtkanl\u0131klar\u0131 gibi \u00f6zg\u00fcr bezirg\u00e2nl\u0131k deyi\u015fleri de ancak ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 bezirg\u00e2nl\u0131\u011fa, orta\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n k\u00f6lele\u015ftirilmi\u015f yurtta\u015f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 bir anlam ifade eder, yoksa kom\u00fcnizmin, bezirg\u00e2nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve burjuva \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerini ortadan kald\u0131rmas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, burjuvazinin kendisini ortadan kald\u0131rmas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, anlam\u0131 kalmaz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6zel m\u00fclkiyeti ortadan kald\u0131rmak istiyoruz diye deh\u015fete d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyorsunuz. Oysa sizin mevcut toplumunuzda n\u00fcfusun onda dokuzunun \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyeti ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f durumda; \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetiniz ancak onda dokuzun buna sahip olmamas\u0131 sayesinde ayakta duruyor. Demek ki bizi su\u00e7laman\u0131z\u0131n nedeni, toplumun ezici \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun m\u00fclks\u00fcz olmas\u0131n\u0131 zorunlu ko\u015ful koyan bir m\u00fclkiyeti ortadan kald\u0131rmak istememiz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tek kelimeyle bizi, sizin m\u00fclkiyetinizi ortadan kald\u0131rmak istemekle su\u00e7luyorsunuz. Do\u011frusu, istedi\u011fimiz de bu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Emek, sermayeye, paraya, toprak rant\u0131na, k\u0131sacas\u0131 tekelle\u015ftirilebilir bir toplumsal g\u00fcce d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclemedi\u011fi andan itibaren, yani ki\u015fisel m\u00fclkiyet burjuva m\u00fclkiyetine ge\u00e7irilemedi\u011fi andan itibaren, bireyin ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan ediyorsunuz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Birey deyince burjuvadan ba\u015fka birini, burjuva m\u00fclk sahibinden ba\u015fka birini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmedi\u011finizi itiraf ediyorsunuz demek ki. \u0130\u015fte o birey kalmamal\u0131 do\u011frusu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kom\u00fcnizm, kimsenin toplumsal \u00fcr\u00fcnleri m\u00fclk edinme g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc elinden alm\u0131yor, yaln\u0131zca o m\u00fclkiyet yoluyla ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n eme\u011fini boyunduru\u011fa sokma g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc al\u0131yor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6zel m\u00fclkiyetin ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla t\u00fcm faaliyetin duraca\u011f\u0131, genel bir tembelli\u011fin ortal\u0131\u011f\u0131 kaplayaca\u011f\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Buna g\u00f6re burjuva toplumu \u00e7oktan atalet y\u00fcz\u00fcnden \u00e7\u00f6km\u00fc\u015f olmal\u0131yd\u0131; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc o toplumda kimler \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorsa, m\u00fclk edinemiyor, kimler m\u00fclk sahibiyse, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131yor. T\u00fcm bu kayg\u0131, sermaye olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anda \u00fccretli emek de olmaz, totolojisine var\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kom\u00fcnizmde maddi \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin m\u00fclkiyet ve \u00fcretim tarz\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclen t\u00fcm su\u00e7lamalar, manevi \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin m\u00fclkiyet ve \u00fcretimine de geni\u015fletildi. Burjuva i\u00e7in nas\u0131l s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fclkiyetinin son bulmas\u0131 \u00fcretimin kendisinin son bulmas\u0131 demekse, s\u0131n\u0131f k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn son bulmas\u0131 da b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn son bulmas\u0131 demek oluyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kayb\u0131na bu kadar \u00fcz\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc k\u00fclt\u00fcr, ezici bir \u00e7o\u011funluk i\u00e7in makine haline gelme k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc olmu\u015f bile.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ama burjuva m\u00fclkiyetinin ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 kendi burjuvaca \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, k\u00fclt\u00fcr, hukuk tasar\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131zla \u00f6l\u00e7erek tart\u0131\u015fmay\u0131n bizimle. Sizin fikirleriniz bile burjuva \u00fcretim ve m\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkilerinin birer \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc, nas\u0131l hukukunuz, kendi s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n yasa d\u00fczeyine y\u00fckseltilmi\u015f iradesinden ibaretse; bir irade ki i\u00e7eri\u011fi kendi s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n maddi ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131yla belirlenmi\u015f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kendi \u00fcretim ve m\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkilerinizi, \u00fcretimin ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi tarihsel ili\u015fkilerden kopar\u0131p genel ge\u00e7er do\u011fa ve ak\u0131l yasalar\u0131 haline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcz ilgin\u00e7 tasar\u0131m, g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcp gitmi\u015f t\u00fcm egemen s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n da tasar\u0131m\u0131yd\u0131. Antik d\u00f6nem m\u00fclkiyeti i\u00e7in kavrayabildi\u011finizi, feodal m\u00fclkiyet i\u00e7in kavrayabildi\u011finizi, burjuva m\u00fclkiyeti i\u00e7in kavrayamaz oldunuz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ailenin ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131! En radikaller bile kom\u00fcnistlerin bu utan\u00e7 verici niyetlerine ate\u015f p\u00fcsk\u00fcr\u00fcyorlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki aile, burjuva ailesi, neye dayan\u0131yor? Sermayeye, \u00f6zel kazanca. Tam geli\u015fmi\u015f olarak yaln\u0131zca burjuvazi i\u00e7in var; ama proleterin ailesizli\u011fe zorlanmas\u0131 ve kamusalla\u015fm\u0131\u015f fuhu\u015f b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fcyor onu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu b\u00fct\u00fcnleyicileri olmad\u0131 m\u0131 burjuva ailesi de olmaz ku\u015fkusuz ve sermaye olmad\u0131 m\u0131 her ikisi de olmaz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ana baban\u0131n \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrmesini ortadan kald\u0131rmak istiyoruz diye mi su\u00e7luyorsunuz bizi? Bu b\u00fcy\u00fck su\u00e7umuzu itiraf ediyoruz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ama ev i\u00e7i e\u011fitimin yerine toplumsal e\u011fitimi getirerek en s\u0131cak ili\u015fkileri yok etti\u011fimizi s\u00f6yl\u00fcyorsunuz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Peki e\u011fitiminizi bu toplumsal ko\u015fullar i\u00e7inde yapman\u0131zla olsun, toplumun do\u011frudan ya da dolayl\u0131 m\u00fcdahalesiyle olsun, okul kanal\u0131yla olsun, vb. sizin e\u011fitiminiz de toplumca belirlenmiyor mu? Toplumun e\u011fitimi etkilemesi kom\u00fcnistlerin bulu\u015fu de\u011fil ki; kom\u00fcnistler yaln\u0131zca bu etkinin karakterini de\u011fi\u015ftiriyorlar, e\u011fitimi egemen s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n etkisinden kopar\u0131yorlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aile ve e\u011fitim \u00fcst\u00fcne, ana baba ile \u00e7ocuklar aras\u0131ndaki kutsal ili\u015fkiler \u00fcst\u00fcne burjuva s\u00f6ylemleri, b\u00fcy\u00fck sanayi y\u00fcz\u00fcnden proleterlerin t\u00fcm aile ba\u011flar\u0131 par\u00e7aland\u0131k\u00e7a ve \u00e7ocuklar adi ticaret meta\u0131na ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ara\u00e7lar\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fck\u00e7e bir o kadar i\u011fren\u00e7le\u015fiyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ama siz kom\u00fcnistler kad\u0131nlar\u0131n ortakla\u015fal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 getirmek istiyorsunuz, diye t\u00fcm burjuvazi koro halinde y\u00fcz\u00fcm\u00fcze hayk\u0131rmakta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Burjuva, kendi kar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 salt bir \u00fcretim arac\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyor. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131 ortakla\u015fa kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r, s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc duyar duymaz, bu ortakla\u015fal\u0131k kaderinin ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde kad\u0131nlar\u0131 da kapsamas\u0131ndan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnemiyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tam tersine kad\u0131nlar\u0131n bu salt \u00fcretim arac\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lma durumunu ortadan kald\u0131rmakt\u0131r s\u00f6z konusu olan, burjuva bunu kavrayam\u0131yor i\u015fte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kald\u0131 ki bizim burjuvalar\u0131n, kom\u00fcnistlerde g\u00fcya var oldu\u011funu iddia ettikleri resmi kad\u0131n ortakla\u015fal\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan b\u00f6ylesine deh\u015fet duymalar\u0131 son derece g\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00e7. Kad\u0131n ortakla\u015fal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kom\u00fcnistlerin getirmesine hi\u00e7 gerek yok ki; hemen her zaman vard\u0131 o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bizim burjuvalar, resmi fuhu\u015f bir yana, \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 proleterlerin kar\u0131lar\u0131na, k\u0131zlar\u0131na sahip olmakla da yetinmeyip, as\u0131l kendi kar\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 ayartmaktan zevk al\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Burjuva ailesi asl\u0131nda kad\u0131nlar\u0131n ortakla\u015fal\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Kom\u00fcnistler de olsa olsa kad\u0131n ortakla\u015fal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sahtece gizlisine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k resmi ve a\u00e7\u0131k y\u00fcreklisini getirmek istedikleri iddias\u0131yla su\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015f oluyorlar. Kald\u0131 ki, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerinin ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla ondan kaynaklanan kad\u0131n ortakla\u015fal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n da, yani resmi veya gayri resmi fuhu\u015fun da yok olaca\u011f\u0131 kendili\u011finden anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kom\u00fcnistlere ayr\u0131ca vatan\u0131, milliyeti ortadan kald\u0131rmak isteme su\u00e7u y\u00fcklendi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerin vatan\u0131 yoktur. Zaten onlar\u0131n olmayan bir \u015feyin, al\u0131nmas\u0131 da m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fil. Proletarya, \u00f6nce siyasal iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmek, kendini ulusal s\u0131n\u0131f d\u00fczeyine getirmek, kendini ulus yapmak durumunda oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, kendisi de ulusald\u0131r h\u00e2l\u00e2, ama asla burjuva anlamda de\u011fil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Halklar\u0131n ulus olarak ayr\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ve kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131klar\u0131, daha burjuvazinin, ticaret \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn, d\u00fcnya pazar\u0131n\u0131n, sanayi \u00fcretimindeki tek bi\u00e7imlili\u011fin ve ona uyan ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fmesiyle zaten giderek yok olmakta.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Proletaryan\u0131n egemenli\u011fi bunu daha da yok edecektir. Birle\u015fik eylem, hi\u00e7 de\u011filse uygar \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda olmak \u00fczere, proletaryan\u0131n kurtulu\u015fu i\u00e7in en \u00f6nde gelen ko\u015fullardand\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bir bireyin bir ba\u015fka bireyi s\u00f6m\u00fcrmesi ortadan kalkt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde, bir ulusun da \u00f6tekini s\u00f6m\u00fcrmesi ortadan kalkacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ulusun kendi i\u00e7indeki s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla birlikte uluslar\u0131n birbirlerine kar\u015f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fmanca tutumlar\u0131 da d\u00fc\u015fer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kom\u00fcnizme, dinsel, felsefi ve genel olarak ideolojik bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131ndan y\u00f6neltilen su\u00e7lamalar, daha fazla a\u00e7\u0131klanmaya de\u011fmez.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130nsanlar\u0131n maddi varolu\u015f ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n, toplumsal ili\u015fkilerinin, toplumsal varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n, onlardaki tasar\u0131mlar\u0131, g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri ve kavramlar\u0131, k\u0131sacas\u0131 insanlar\u0131n bilincini de de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011fini anlamak i\u00e7in daha derin bir bak\u0131\u015fa ihtiya\u00e7 var m\u0131?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fikirlerin tarihi, manevi \u00fcretimin, maddi \u00fcretimle birlikte de\u011fi\u015fti\u011finden ba\u015fka neyi kan\u0131tlar? Bir \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n egemen fikirleri yaln\u0131zca egemen s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n fikirleri olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcm bir toplumda devrim yaratan fikirlerden s\u00f6z edilir; bunu s\u00f6ylemekle yaln\u0131zca, eski toplumun ba\u011fr\u0131nda, yeninin \u00f6\u011felerinin olu\u015ftu\u011fu belirtilmi\u015f oluyor, \u00f6yle ki, eski toplumsal ili\u015fkilerin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi, eski fikirlerin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesini de birlikte getirir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eski d\u00fcnyan\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131lmakta oldu\u011fu kavrand\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, H\u0131ristiyan dini de eski dinlere bask\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. 18. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ayd\u0131nlanma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri H\u0131ristiyan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini alt etti\u011finde, feodal toplum, o d\u00f6nemde devrimci olan burjuvaziye kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcm kal\u0131m sava\u015f\u0131 veriyordu. Vicdan ve din \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, bilgi alanlar\u0131nda serbest rekabetin egemenli\u011fini dile getirmekteydi yaln\u0131zca.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Ama”, denecektir, “dinsel, ahlaksal, felsefi, politik, hukuksal vb. d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler, tarihsel geli\u015fim i\u00e7inde elbet de\u011fi\u015fim ge\u00e7irmi\u015f olmakla birlikte, din, ahlak, felsefe, politika, hukuk, bu de\u011fi\u015fimde hep kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dahas\u0131, her toplumsal durum i\u00e7in ortak olan, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, adalet vb. ebedi hakikatler vard\u0131r. Oysa kom\u00fcnizm, ebedi hakikatleri ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131yor, dini, ahlak\u0131, yeniden bi\u00e7imlemek yerine d\u00fcped\u00fcz kald\u0131r\u0131yor, yani bug\u00fcne kadarki tarihsel geli\u015fimlere ters d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyor.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu su\u00e7laman\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fc nedir? T\u00fcm bug\u00fcne kadarki toplum, de\u011fi\u015fik evrelerde de\u011fi\u015fik bi\u00e7imler g\u00f6steren s\u0131n\u0131f kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7inde devinmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ama hangi bi\u00e7imi alm\u0131\u015f olursa olsun, toplumun bir kesiminin \u00f6teki kesim taraf\u0131ndan s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclmesi, ge\u00e7en y\u00fczy\u0131llar\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcnde ortak olan bir ger\u00e7ekliktir. O halde t\u00fcm \u00e7e\u015fitliliklere ve farkl\u0131l\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131n o y\u00fczy\u0131llar\u0131n hepsindeki toplumsal bilincin, ancak s\u0131n\u0131f kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131klar\u0131 toptan yok olunca tam olarak \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclebilecek belli ortak bi\u00e7imler i\u00e7inde devinmesine hi\u00e7 \u015fa\u015fmamal\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kom\u00fcnist devrim, ge\u00e7mi\u015ften gelen m\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkilerinin en k\u00f6kten kopar\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131d\u0131r; onun geli\u015fim s\u00fcrecinde ge\u00e7mi\u015ften gelen fikirlerle de en k\u00f6kten bir kopu\u015f olmas\u0131na hi\u00e7 \u015fa\u015fmamal\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Neyse, burjuvazinin kom\u00fcnizme kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00f6neltti\u011fi su\u00e7lamalar\u0131 b\u0131rakal\u0131m bir yana.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yukar\u0131da g\u00f6rd\u00fck ki, i\u015f\u00e7i devriminde ilk at\u0131lacak ad\u0131m, proletaryan\u0131n egemen s\u0131n\u0131f konumuna y\u00fckselmesidir, demokrasinin m\u00fccadeleyle kazan\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Proletarya, kendi siyasal egemenli\u011fini, t\u00fcm sermayenin ad\u0131m ad\u0131m burjuvazinin elinden kopar\u0131lmas\u0131na, t\u00fcm \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n devlet elinde, yani egemen s\u0131n\u0131f olarak \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmi\u015f proletarya elinde yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na ve \u00fcretici g\u00fc\u00e7leri b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn olabildi\u011fince h\u0131zla art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na kullanacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu ise ilk a\u015famada ku\u015fkusuz ancak m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131na ve burjuva \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerine despot\u00e7a el atmak yoluyla olur, yani ekonomik a\u00e7\u0131dan yetersiz ve ge\u00e7ici de g\u00f6r\u00fcnse hareketin s\u00fcreci i\u00e7inde kendini a\u015fan ve b\u00fct\u00fcn bir \u00fcretim tarz\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesinin arac\u0131 olan bu vazge\u00e7ilmez \u00f6nlemler yoluyla olur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu \u00f6nlemler ku\u015fkusuz her \u00fclkeye g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fik olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ama en geli\u015fkin \u00fclkeler i\u00e7in \u015fu a\u015fa\u011f\u0131dakiler, epey ortak olarak kullan\u0131m alan\u0131na girebilecektir:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Toprak m\u00fclkiyetinin kamula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve toprak rant\u0131n\u0131n devlet giderlerine kullan\u0131lmas\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Y\u00fcksek bir art\u0131\u015f oranl\u0131 vergi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Miras hakk\u0131n\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. T\u00fcm kar\u015f\u0131 gelenlerin ve \u00fclkeden ka\u00e7anlar\u0131n m\u00fclklerine el konulmas\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. Devlet sermayeli ve tek tekel olarak Ulusal Banka yoluyla kredilerin devlet elinde merkezle\u015ftirilmesi.\/p><\/p>\n\n\n\n

6. Ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n devlet elinde merkezle\u015ftirilmesi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7. Ulusal fabrikalar\u0131n ve \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, arazinin ortak bir plan uyar\u0131nca i\u015flenir hale getirilip \u0131slah\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8. Herkes i\u00e7in e\u015fit \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma zorunlulu\u011fu, \u00f6zellikle tar\u0131m i\u00e7in sanayi ordular\u0131n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

9. Tar\u0131m ve sanayi i\u015fletmelerinin birle\u015ftirilmesi, kent ile k\u0131r aras\u0131ndaki fark\u0131n s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde giderilmesinde etkin olmak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

10. T\u00fcm \u00e7ocuklar i\u00e7in kamusal ve paras\u0131z e\u011fitim. \u00c7ocuklar\u0131n bug\u00fcnk\u00fc bi\u00e7imde fabrikalarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na son verilmesi. E\u011fitimin maddi \u00fcretimle b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015ftirilmesi, vb;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Geli\u015fme s\u00fcreci i\u00e7inde s\u0131n\u0131f ayr\u0131mlar\u0131 ortadan kaybolunca ve \u00fcretimin t\u00fcm\u00fc \u00f6rg\u00fctl\u00fc bireylerin ellerinde yo\u011funla\u015f\u0131nca, kamusal zor kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n politik niteli\u011fi kalmaz. Politik zor kullan\u0131m\u0131, as\u0131l anlam\u0131yla bir s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n \u00f6tekilere bask\u0131 uygulamak \u00fczere \u00f6rg\u00fctledi\u011fi zor kullan\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r. Proletarya, burjuvaziyle m\u00fccadelesi gere\u011fi s\u0131n\u0131f olarak birle\u015fip, devrim yoluyla egemen s\u0131n\u0131f oldu\u011funda ve egemen s\u0131n\u0131f olarak zorla eski \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerini ortadan kald\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, b\u00f6ylece o \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileriyle birlikte s\u0131n\u0131f kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131k ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 da, b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 da ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131f olarak kendi egemenli\u011fini de ortadan kald\u0131rm\u0131\u015f olur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131yla ve s\u0131n\u0131f \u00e7eli\u015fkileriyle birlikte eski burjuva toplumunun yerine, her bireyin \u00f6zg\u00fcr geli\u015fiminin herkes i\u00e7in topluca \u00f6zg\u00fcr geli\u015fim ko\u015fulu oldu\u011fu bir birlik gelir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

III – Sosyalist ve Kom\u00fcnist Yaz\u0131n<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Gerici Sosyalizm<\/p>\n\n\n\n

a) Feodal Sosyalizm<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tarihsel konumu gere\u011fi Frans\u0131z ve \u0130ngiliz aristokrasisi, modern burjuva toplumuna kar\u015f\u0131 yergiler yazmak durumundayd\u0131. 1830’daki Frans\u0131z Temmuz Devriminde olsun, \u0130ngiliz reform hareketinde olsun, aristokrasi, nefret etti\u011fi o t\u00fcrediye bir kez daha yenik d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Ciddi bir siyasal m\u00fccadelenin s\u00f6z\u00fc edilemezdi art\u0131k. Elinde yaln\u0131zca kalem kavgas\u0131 kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ama yaz\u0131n alan\u0131nda da restorasyon[ 5 ] d\u00f6neminin eski s\u00f6ylemleri olanaks\u0131zla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Sempati uyand\u0131rmak i\u00e7in aristokrasi, g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fte kendi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zden uzak tutmak ve burjuvaziye kar\u015f\u0131 iddianamesini yaln\u0131zca s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclen i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karma d\u00fczenlemek zorundayd\u0131. B\u00f6ylece, yeni efendisine ta\u015flamalar d\u00fczebilmenin ve kula\u011f\u0131na az ya da \u00e7ok felaket tellall\u0131\u011f\u0131 f\u0131s\u0131ldayabilmenin \u00f6zr\u00fcn\u00fc haz\u0131rl\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Feodal sosyalizm bu tarzda \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 ortaya, yar\u0131 \u015fikayetname, yar\u0131 ta\u015flama, yar\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015f yank\u0131s\u0131, yar\u0131 gelecek uyar\u0131s\u0131, bu arada ac\u0131 ve zekice yaralay\u0131c\u0131 yarg\u0131 yoluyla burjuvaziyi kalbinden vurarak ama modern tarihin gidi\u015fini kavramadaki tam yetersizli\u011fiyle de g\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00e7 bir etki b\u0131rakarak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Halk\u0131 arkalar\u0131ndan s\u00fcr\u00fcklemek i\u00e7in ellerinde proleter dilenci torbas\u0131 sall\u0131yorlard\u0131 bayrak gibi. Ama halk onlar\u0131 her izleyi\u015finde, k\u0131\u00e7lar\u0131ndaki eski feodal armalar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcp hi\u00e7 sayg\u0131l\u0131 olmayan a\u011f\u0131z dolusu g\u00fcl\u00fc\u015flerle t\u00fcy\u00fcyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu seyirli\u011fi en g\u00fczel oynayanlar, Frans\u0131z Lejitimistlerinin bir kesimiyle Gen\u00e7 \u0130ngiltereciler oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Feodaller kendi s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc tarzlar\u0131n\u0131n burjuvaca s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcden farkl\u0131 bi\u00e7imlenmi\u015f oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterirken, yaln\u0131zca t\u00fcmden farkl\u0131 ve art\u0131k zaman\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015f ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda s\u00f6m\u00fcrd\u00fcklerini unutuyorlar, o kadar. Kendi egemenliklerinde proletaryan\u0131n var olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kan\u0131tlarken feodaller, kendi toplum d\u00fczenlerinin zorunlu veledinin esasen modern burjuvazi oldu\u011funu unutuyorlar yaln\u0131zca.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kald\u0131 ki burjuvaziye y\u00f6nelttikleri esas su\u00e7lama tam da, burjuva rejiminde eski toplum d\u00fczenini t\u00fcm\u00fcyle havaya u\u00e7uracak bir s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n geli\u015fiyor olmas\u0131na dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, ele\u015ftirilerinin genci niteli\u011fini zaten \u00e7ok az gizliyorlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Burjuvaziyi, bir proletarya yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u00e7ok, devrimci bir proletarya yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in su\u00e7luyorlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu y\u00fczden siyasal pratikte i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 al\u0131nan \u015fiddet \u00f6nlemlerinin hepsine kat\u0131l\u0131yorlar ve g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015famlar\u0131nda, t\u00fcm \u015fi\u015firilmi\u015f s\u00f6ylemlerinin aksine, alt\u0131n elmalar\u0131 toplaman\u0131n keyfini \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131p, sadakati, a\u015fk\u0131, \u015ferefi, bezirgan<\/p>\n\n\n\n

pazarl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, y\u00fcnle, \u015fekerpancar\u0131yla ve alkoll\u00fc i\u00e7kiyle takas ediyorlar.[ 6 ]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nas\u0131l papaz hep feodal beyle el ele y\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fse, papazca sosyalizm de feodal sosyalizmle \u00f6yle el eledir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u0131ristiyan dervi\u015fli\u011fine sosyalist bir hava vermekten daha kolay bir \u015fey yok. \u00d6yle ya, H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k, \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyete, evlili\u011fe, devlete de kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmam\u0131\u015f m\u0131yd\u0131? Onlar\u0131n yerine yard\u0131mseverlik ve dilenme, manast\u0131r bekareti ve nefsini \u00f6ld\u00fcrme, \u00e7ad\u0131r hayat\u0131 ve kilise, diye vaazlar vermemi\u015f miydi? H\u0131ristiyan sosyalizmi, aristokrat\u0131n \u00f6fkesine papaz\u0131n serpti\u011fi vaftiz suyudur yaln\u0131zca.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

b) K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Burjuva Sosyalizmi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Feodal aristokrasi, modern burjuva toplumunda ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131 zay\u0131flay\u0131p t\u00fckenen ve burjuvazi taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7\u00f6kertilen tek s\u0131n\u0131f de\u011fildir. Orta\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n kentlile\u015fen imtiyazl\u0131 k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri ile k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fck, modern burjuvazinin \u00f6nc\u00fcleriydi. Sanayi ve ticareti daha az geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerde bu s\u0131n\u0131f, y\u00fckselen burjuvazi yan\u0131nda bitkisel ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 hen\u00fcz s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Modern uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n geli\u015fti\u011fi \u00fclkelerdeyse, proletarya ile burjuvazi aras\u0131nda yalpalayan yeni bir k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuvazi olu\u015ftu. Burjuva toplumunun bir b\u00fct\u00fcnleyicisi olarak kendini s\u00fcrekli yineleyen ama rekabet sonucu bireyleri hep proletaryan\u0131n i\u00e7ine savrulmakta olan bu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuvazi, \u00fcstelik b\u00fcy\u00fck sanayi geli\u015ftik\u00e7e modern toplumun \u00f6zerk bir kesimi olma konumunu t\u00fcmden yitirece\u011fi ve ticarette olsun, imalatta olsun, tar\u0131mda olsun, yerini postaba\u015f\u0131lara ve hizmetkarlara b\u0131rakaca\u011f\u0131 an\u0131n yakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u00f6yl\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n toplam n\u00fcfus i\u00e7inde yandan fazla oldu\u011fu Fransa gibi \u00fclkelerde burjuvaziye kar\u015f\u0131 proletaryadan yana olan yazarlar\u0131n, burjuva rejime y\u00f6nelttikleri ele\u015ftiride k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuvazi ve k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc kullanmalar\u0131 ve i\u015f\u00e7ilerden yana tav\u0131r al\u0131rken k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuva bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hareket etmeleri do\u011fald\u0131. B\u00f6ylece k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuva sosyalizmi olu\u015ftu. Bu yaz\u0131nda ba\u015f\u0131 \u00e7eken, yaln\u0131z Fransa i\u00e7in de\u011fil \u0130ngiltere i\u00e7in de, Sismondi’dir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu sosyalizm, modern \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileri i\u00e7indeki \u00e7eli\u015fkileri son derece keskin bir isabetle \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemi\u015ftir. \u0130ktisat\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n yaltaklanan \u015firinle\u015ftirmelerini a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa d\u00f6km\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Gerek makinele\u015fmenin ve i\u015fb\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 etkilerini, gerekse sermayenin ve toprak m\u00fclkiyetinin yo\u011funla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u00fcretimi, krizleri, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuvazi ile k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc, proletaryan\u0131n sefaletini, \u00fcretimdeki anar\u015fiyi, servetin b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcndeki a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a s\u0131r\u0131tan orans\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131, uluslar\u0131n kendi aralar\u0131ndaki end\u00fcstriyel yok etme sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131, eski g\u00f6reneklerin, eski aile ili\u015fkilerinin, eski milliyetlerin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcl\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc, inkar edilemez bi\u00e7imde kan\u0131tlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ne var ki olumlu i\u00e7eri\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131n bu sosyalizm, ya eski \u00fcretim ve de\u011fi\u015fim ara\u00e7lar\u0131yla birlikte eski \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerini ve eski toplumu geri getirmek, ya da modern \u00fcretim ve de\u011fi\u015fim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131, k\u0131r\u0131p par\u00e7alad\u0131\u011f\u0131, par\u00e7alamak zorunda oldu\u011fu eski m\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkileri i\u00e7ine zorla yeniden t\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak iste\u011findedir. Her iki durumda da hem genci hem \u00fctopiktir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130malatta lonca d\u00fczeni ile k\u0131rda babaerkil tar\u0131m i\u015fletmesi; k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuva sosyalizminin son s\u00f6zleri budur i\u015fte.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Geli\u015fim s\u00fcreci i\u00e7inde bu y\u00f6n, korkak bir yaygaraya sapt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

c) Alman Sosyalizmi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ya da “Hakiki” Sosyalizm<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fransa’da, egemen bir burjuvazinin bask\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda olu\u015fan ve bu egemenli\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadelenin yaz\u0131nsal ifadesi olan sosyalist ve kom\u00fcnist yaz\u0131n, tam da burjuvazinin feodal mutlak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadeleye ge\u00e7ti\u011fi s\u0131rada Almanya’ya sokuldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alman filozoflar\u0131, yar\u0131 filozoflar\u0131 ve sivri zekalar\u0131 bu yaz\u0131n\u0131 h\u0131rsla \u00f6z\u00fcmsediler ama bu arada, Fransa’dan o yaz\u0131lar\u0131n girmesiyle Frans\u0131z ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n da ayn\u0131 anda Almanya’ya girmi\u015f olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 unutuverdiler. Almanya ko\u015fullar\u0131nda bu Frans\u0131z yaz\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frudan pratik anlam\u0131n\u0131 t\u00fcm\u00fcyle yitirip salt yaz\u0131nsal bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm ald\u0131. \u0130nsan varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi \u00fcst\u00fcne bo\u015f bir spek\u00fclasyon olarak \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 ortaya ister istemez. B\u00f6ylece 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l Alman filozoflar\u0131na g\u00f6re ilk Frans\u0131z Devriminin talepleri yaln\u0131zca genelde “pratik zeka”n\u0131n talepleri olarak anlam kazan\u0131yor ve devrimci Frans\u0131z burjuvazisinin irade beyanlar\u0131 da, salt iradenin, olmas\u0131 gereken iradenin, hakiki insan iradesinin yasalar\u0131 demek oluyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alman yazarlar\u0131n\u0131n tek \u00e7abalar\u0131, yeni Frans\u0131z fikirlerini kendi eski felsefi vicdanlar\u0131na uydurmak, ya da daha ziyade kendi felsefi bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131ndan Frans\u0131z fikirlerini sahiplenmekti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu sahiplenme aynen bir yabanc\u0131 dile nas\u0131l sahip \u00e7\u0131k\u0131l\u0131rsa o yolla oldu: \u00c7eviri yoluyla.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bilindi\u011fi gibi ke\u015fi\u015fler, eski \u00e7ok tanr\u0131l\u0131 d\u00f6nem kl\u00e2siklerinin elyazmalar\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcne kendi zevksiz Katolik aziz hik\u00e2yelerini yazm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Alman yazarlar\u0131 ise d\u00fcnyevi Frans\u0131z yaz\u0131n\u0131na tersini uygulad\u0131lar. Kendi felsefi sa\u00e7mal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 Frans\u0131z asl\u0131n\u0131n arkas\u0131na yazd\u0131lar. \u00d6rne\u011fin para ili\u015fkilerine y\u00f6nelik Frans\u0131z ele\u015ftirisinin arkas\u0131na “\u0130nsan \u00d6z\u00fcnden Feragat” diye yazd\u0131lar, burjuva devlete y\u00f6nelik Frans\u0131z ele\u015ftirisinin arkas\u0131na da, “Soyut Genelin Egemenli\u011fini Ortadan Kald\u0131rma” diye yazd\u0131lar, vb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Frans\u0131z geli\u015fimlerinin alt\u0131na b\u00f6yle felsefi s\u00f6ylemler soku\u015fturmay\u0131, “Eylemin Felsefesi”, “Hakiki Sosyalizm”, “Alman Sosyalizm Bilimi”, “Sosyalizmin Felsefi Temeli” gibi deyimlerle vaftiz ettiler.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Frans\u0131z sosyalist-kom\u00fcnist yaz\u0131n\u0131 b\u00f6yle usturupluca i\u011fdi\u015f edildi. Ve bir s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n \u00f6b\u00fcr s\u0131n\u0131fa kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadelesini dile getirmek Alman elinde bitirildi\u011fi i\u00e7in o Alman, “Frans\u0131z tek yanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131” a\u015fm\u0131\u015f olma bilincini ta\u015f\u0131yordu; hakiki ihtiya\u00e7lar yerine hakikat ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131, proletaryan\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 yerine insan varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131, hi\u00e7bir s\u0131n\u0131ftan olmayan, ger\u00e7ekte bile olmayan, yaln\u0131zca felsefe fantezisinin puslu semalar\u0131nda bulunan genel insan\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 savunuyordu bu bilin\u00e7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kimseden yard\u0131m almaks\u0131z\u0131n ba\u015fard\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu okul \u00f6devlerini \u00f6ylesine tantanayla ciddiye al\u0131p \u00f6ylesine \u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131rtkanl\u0131kla g\u00f6klere \u00e7\u0131karan bu Alman sosyalizmi, b\u00f6ylece giderek bilgi\u00e7 masumiyetini yitirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alman burjuvazisinin, \u00f6zellikle de Prusya burjuvazisinin feodal ve mutlak\u00e7\u0131 krall\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadelesi, tek kelimeyle liberal hareket, daha b\u00fcy\u00fck ciddiyet kazand\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00f6ylece “hakiki” sosyalizmin eline, \u00e7ok istedi\u011fi bir f\u0131rsat, siyasal hareketin kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na sosyalist taleplerini koyma f\u0131rsat\u0131 verilmi\u015f oluyordu, yani liberalizme kar\u015f\u0131, temsili devlete kar\u015f\u0131, burjuva rekabetine, burjuva bas\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne, hukukuna, burjuvaca \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe ve e\u015fitli\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131 bilinen lanetleri savurma ve halk kitlesine de bu burjuva hareketinden hi\u00e7bir kazanc\u0131n\u0131n olmayaca\u011f\u0131, tersine her \u015feyini yitirece\u011fi uyar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 yapma f\u0131rsat\u0131. Alman sosyalizmi, ruhsuzca yank\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Frans\u0131z ele\u015ftirisinin, modern burjuva toplumuna ve ona uyan ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131na, ona g\u00f6re bi\u00e7imlenen siyasal kurumla\u015fmaya dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tam zaman\u0131nda unuttu; Almanya’da daha ancak bu \u00f6n ko\u015fullar i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele s\u00f6z konusuydu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alman sosyalizmi, burjuvazinin tehdit edici y\u00fckseli\u015fine kar\u015f\u0131 istenen bir korkuluk olarak, mutlak\u00e7\u0131 Alman h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerine ve papazlar\u0131yla, okul hocalar\u0131yla, toprak a\u011falar\u0131yla, b\u00fcrokrasisiyle onlar\u0131n ba\u011fla\u015f\u0131klar\u0131na hizmet etti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ayn\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin Alman i\u015f\u00e7i ayaklanmalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 kulland\u0131klar\u0131 ac\u0131 t\u00fcfek kur\u015funlar\u0131n\u0131n ve k\u0131rba\u00e7 darbelerinin tatl\u0131 bir b\u00fct\u00fcnleyicisi oldu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Hakiki” sosyalizm, Alman burjuvazisine kar\u015f\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin elinde b\u00f6ylesine bir silah olurken, bir o kadar da genci bir \u00e7\u0131kan, ba\u011fnaz Alman k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuvazisinin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frudan temsil ediyordu. Almanya’da, 16. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan kalan ve o zamandan beri \u00e7e\u015fitli bi\u00e7imlerde hep ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuvazi, mevcut durumlar\u0131n esas toplumsal temelini olu\u015fturdu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Onun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131, Almanya’da mevcut durumlar\u0131n korunmas\u0131 demektir. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuvazi, burjuvazinin siyasal ve ekonomik egemenli\u011finde, bin yandan sermayenin merkezle\u015fmesi sonucu, \u00f6b\u00fcr yandan da devrimci bir proletaryan\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 sonucu kesin mahvolmaktan korkan. “Hakiki” sosyalizm onun i\u00e7in her iki ku\u015fu birden vuracak ta\u015f olanak g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc. Salg\u0131n hastal\u0131k gibi yay\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alman sosyalistlerinin, kendi iskelete d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015f “ebedi hakikatler”ine giydirdikleri bu, spek\u00fclatif tezgahta dokunmu\u015f, sivri zekal\u0131 s\u00f6ylem \u00e7i\u00e7ekleriyle s\u00fcslenmi\u015f, a\u015fk bayg\u0131n\u0131 huzur \u00e7iyleriyle y\u0131kanm\u0131\u015f bereketli kisve, mallar\u0131n\u0131n o kesimdeki s\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc art\u0131rd\u0131 yaln\u0131zca.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kendi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan Alman sosyalizmi, bu ba\u011fnaz k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuvazinin tumturakl\u0131 s\u00f6zc\u00fcs\u00fc olma konumunu giderek iyice benimsedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alman ulusunu, \u00f6rnek ulus olarak, Alman k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuvazisini de \u00f6rnek insan olarak b\u00fcy\u00fck l\u00e2flarla ilan etti. Onun her a\u015fa\u011f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na, tam tersini ifade eden, gizli, y\u00fcksek, sosyalist anlamlar y\u00fckledi. Nihayet kom\u00fcnizmin “kaba y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131”na do\u011frudan kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karak ve t\u00fcm s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelelerinin \u00fcst\u00fcnde bir tarafs\u0131z y\u00fccelik taslayarak, \u00e7izgisinin son kertesine geldi. Almanya’da, sosyalist veya kom\u00fcnist diye ortal\u0131kta dola\u015fan ne kadar yaz\u0131n varsa, \u00e7ok az istisnas\u0131yla hep bu kirli, bu cans\u0131z yaz\u0131n alan\u0131na girer.[ 7 ]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Tutucu Sosyalizm<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ya da Burjuva Sosyalizmi<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Burjuva toplumunun kal\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in bir kesim burjuvazi sosyal s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmaya yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmak ister.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede: ekonomistler, filantroplar, insanc\u0131llar, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n durumunu d\u00fczeltmeciler, yard\u0131mseverler, hayvan korumac\u0131lar\u0131, \u0131l\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00e7\u00fcleri, vard\u0131r. En \u00e7e\u015fitlisinden k\u00f6\u015fe bucak reformcular\u0131 yani. Hatta bu burjuva sosyalizminin b\u00fct\u00fcn bir sistem olarak i\u015flenenleri olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00d6rnek olarak Proudhon’un “Philosophie de la Mis\u00e4re”ini [Sefaletin Felsefesi \u2014\u00e7ev.] ele alal\u0131m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sosyalist burjuvalar, modern toplumun ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 isterler, ama o ko\u015fullar\u0131n kendisinden kaynaklanan m\u00fccadeleler ve tehlikeler olmaks\u0131z\u0131n. Mevcut toplumu, onu devrimci d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcme u\u011fratacak ve \u00e7\u00f6zecek unsurlar kesilip \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olanak isterler. Burjuvazi olsun ama proletarya olmas\u0131n. Kendi egemen oldu\u011fu d\u00fcnyay\u0131 elbette ki en iyi d\u00fcnya olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcr burjuvazi. Burjuva sosyalizmi bu i\u00e7 ferahlat\u0131c\u0131 tasar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 yan\u0131 ya da tam bir sistem olu\u015fturmaya kadar vard\u0131r\u0131r. Kendisinin sistemlerini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmesini ve bu yeni Kud\u00fcs’e dahil olmas\u0131n\u0131 proletaryadan talep ederken, asl\u0131nda ona yaln\u0131zca, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc toplumun i\u00e7inde kal ama bu topluma ili\u015fkin nefretlik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerinden ar\u0131n, demi\u015f oluyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[Bu] sosyalizmin daha az sistematik ve biraz daha pratik bir ikinci bi\u00e7imiyse, bu ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131nda \u015fu ya da bu siyasal d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn de\u011fil de yaln\u0131zca bir tek de\u011fi\u015fimin, yani yaln\u0131zca ekonomik ko\u015fullarda bir de\u011fi\u015fimin yararl\u0131 olabilece\u011fini kan\u0131tlayarak i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n her devrimci hareketini sakatlamaya u\u011fra\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ama bu sosyalizmin, maddi varolu\u015f ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmek derken d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, asla ancak devrimci yolla olabilecek burjuva \u00fcretim ili\u015fkilerinin ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 de\u011fildir, onun d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, bu \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileri zemininde uygulanacak, yani sermaye ile \u00fccretli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkide hi\u00e7bir \u015feyi de\u011fi\u015ftirmeyen, olsa olsa burjuvazinin egemenli\u011finin bedellerini azalt\u0131p devlet b\u00fct\u00e7esini basitle\u015ftirecek y\u00f6netsel d\u00fczeltmelerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Burjuva sosyalizmi kendine uyan ifadeyi, salt konu\u015fan fig\u00fcr durumuna gelmekte bulur ancak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Serbest ticaret! \u00c7al\u0131\u015fan s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131na. Korumac\u0131 g\u00fcmr\u00fck! \u00c7al\u0131\u015fan s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kan i\u00e7in. H\u00fccreli hapishaneler! \u00c7al\u0131\u015fan s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131na. Burjuva sosyalizminin ciddi niyetli oldu\u011fu son s\u00f6zd\u00fcr bu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Burjuvazinin sosyalizmi, zaten burjuvalar\u0131n \u2014\u00e7al\u0131\u015fan s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131na\u2014 burjuva olduklar\u0131n\u0131 savunmaktan ibarettir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Ele\u015ftirel-\u00dctopyac\u0131 Sosyalizm<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ve Kom\u00fcnizm<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Burada, t\u00fcm modern devrimlerde proletaryan\u0131n taleplerini dile getirmi\u015f olan yaz\u0131ndan s\u00f6z etmiyoruz. (Babeuf’\u00fcn yaz\u0131lar\u0131 vb.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Genel bir ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131 \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda, feodal toplumun y\u0131k\u0131lma d\u00f6neminde, proletaryan\u0131n do\u011frudan kendi s\u0131n\u0131f \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131n\u0131 kabul ettirmeye y\u00f6nelik ilk \u00e7abalar\u0131, hem proletaryan\u0131n kendi geli\u015fmemi\u015fli\u011finden dolay\u0131, hem de kurtulu\u015fu i\u00e7in ancak burjuva d\u00f6nemin \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olabilecek maddi ko\u015fullar\u0131n eksikli\u011finden dolay\u0131, ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz bi\u00e7imde yenilgiye u\u011frad\u0131. Proletaryan\u0131n bu ilk hareketlerini izleyen devrimci yaz\u0131n, i\u00e7erik olarak ister istemez gericidir. Genel bir dervi\u015f kanaatk\u00e2rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve kaba bir e\u015fit\u00e7ilik \u00f6nerir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Esas sosyalist ve kom\u00fcnist sistemler, St-Simon’un, Fourier’nin, Owen’\u0131n vb. sistemleri, proletarya ile burjuvazi aras\u0131ndaki m\u00fccadelenin yukar\u0131da belirtti\u011fimiz geli\u015fmemi\u015f ilk d\u00f6neminde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar. (Bkz: Burjuvalar ve Proleterler.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu sistemleri bulanlar ger\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 egemen toplumun kendisindeki \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcc\u00fc unsurlar\u0131n etkinli\u011fi olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyorlar. Ama proletarya cephesinde hi\u00e7bir tarihsel \u00f6zerk giri\u015fkenlik, ona \u00f6zg\u00fc hi\u00e7bir siyasal hareket g\u00f6rm\u00fcyorlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u0131n\u0131f kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fimi, sanayinin geli\u015fimiyle ba\u015fa ba\u015f y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in, onlar\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde proletaryan\u0131n kurtulu\u015funun maddi ko\u015fullar\u0131 da bulunmuyor ve \u00f6ncelikle bu ko\u015fullar\u0131 yaratman\u0131n toplumsal yasalar\u0131, toplumsal bilimi pe\u015finde gidiyorlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toplumsal faaliyetin yerini onlar\u0131n bulucu ki\u015fisel faaliyetlerinin almas\u0131 gerekiyor, kurtulu\u015fun tarihsel ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n yerini fantezinin almas\u0131, proletaryan\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131f olarak ad\u0131m ad\u0131m geli\u015fen \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesinin yerini kendi bulup \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131klar\u0131 toplumsal \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmenin almas\u0131 gerekiyor. Onlara g\u00f6re gelece\u011fin d\u00fcnya tarihi, propagandaya ve kendi toplum tasar\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n uygulamada hayata ge\u00e7irilmesine indirgeniyor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tasar\u0131mlar\u0131nda esasen en \u00e7ok ac\u0131 \u00e7eken s\u0131n\u0131f olarak emek\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 temsil ettiklerinin bilincindeler ger\u00e7i. Ama proletarya onlar\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcnde yaln\u0131zca en \u00e7ok ac\u0131 \u00e7eken s\u0131n\u0131f olma \u00f6zelli\u011fiyle var.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gerek s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesinin geli\u015fmemi\u015f bi\u00e7imi, gerekse kendi ya\u015fam konumlar\u0131, s\u0131n\u0131f kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok \u00fcst\u00fcnde olduklar\u0131n\u0131 sanmaya g\u00f6t\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr onlar\u0131. Toplumun t\u00fcm \u00fcyelerinin, en iyi durumda olanlar\u0131n da, ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 iyile\u015ftirmek isterler. Bu y\u00fczden hi\u00e7 ayr\u0131m g\u00f6zetmeksizin s\u00fcrekli toplumun t\u00fcm\u00fcne, hatta \u00f6zellikle de egemen s\u0131n\u0131fa \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131 yaparlar. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc sistemleri bir anla\u015f\u0131lsa, o sistemin en iyi toplum i\u00e7in en iyi tasar\u0131m oldu\u011fu kesin kabul edilecektir onlara g\u00f6re.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00f6yle bakt\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in de en ba\u015fta devrimci eylemler olmak \u00fczere t\u00fcm siyasal eylemleri k\u0131narlar, hedeflerine bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 yollardan ula\u015fmak isterler ve ku\u015fkusuz ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa u\u011frayan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck deneylerle, \u00f6rnek g\u00f6stermenin g\u00fcc\u00fcne dayanarak, yeni toplumsal mukaddes kitaba yol a\u00e7maya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gelece\u011fin toplumunun fantastik tasviri, proletaryan\u0131n hen\u00fcz hi\u00e7 geli\u015fmemi\u015f oldu\u011fu, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla toplumu genel olarak d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmek ad\u0131na ilk anlaml\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7in kendi tavr\u0131n\u0131 da fantastik olarak kavrad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir zamanda ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ama sosyal[ist] ve kom\u00fcnist yaz\u0131lar, ele\u015ftirel \u00f6\u011feler de ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Mevcut toplumun b\u00fct\u00fcn temellerine sald\u0131r\u0131rlar. Bu nedenle i\u015f\u00e7ilerin ayd\u0131nlanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in son derece de\u011ferli malzeme b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Gelece\u011fin toplumuna ili\u015fkin olumlu savlar\u0131, \u00f6rne\u011fin kentle k\u0131r aras\u0131ndaki kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n, ailenin, ki\u015fisel m\u00fclk edinmenin, \u00fccretli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, toplumsal uyumun \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmesi, devletin salt \u00fcretimin y\u00f6netimine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesi \u2014b\u00fct\u00fcn bu savlar, hen\u00fcz yeni yeni geli\u015fmeye ba\u015flayan ve onlar\u0131n da ancak bi\u00e7imlenmemi\u015f ilk belirsizlik evresinde tan\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ortadan kalk\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 dile getirmektedir yaln\u0131zca. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu savlar hen\u00fcz salt \u00fctopik bir anlam ta\u015f\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ele\u015ftirel-\u00fctopik sosyalizm ve kom\u00fcnizmin \u00f6nemi, tarihsel geli\u015fimle ters orant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. S\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesi ne oranda geli\u015fmi\u015f ve bi\u00e7imlenmi\u015fse ona ili\u015fkin bu fantastik bak\u0131\u015f ve ona y\u00f6nelik bu fantastik m\u00fccadele, kuramsal hakl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, pratik de\u011ferini ayn\u0131 oranda yitirir. Bu nedenle bu sistemlerin kurucular\u0131 yine de pek \u00e7ok y\u00f6nden devrimci olduklar\u0131 halde, onlar\u0131n \u00f6\u011frencileri hep genci u\u00e7lar\u0131 olu\u015ftururlar. Proletaryan\u0131n tarihsel ilerlemesi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda inatla ustalar\u0131n\u0131n eski g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerine sar\u0131l\u0131rlar. Bu y\u00fczden sonu\u00e7ta s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesini t\u00f6rp\u00fclemeye ve kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131klar\u0131 uzla\u015ft\u0131rmaya u\u011fra\u015f\u0131rlar. Hala toplumsal \u00fctopyalar\u0131n\u0131 deney yoluyla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirme, ayr\u0131k phalanstere’ler olu\u015fturma, home-colony’ler kurma, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir \u0130karya[ 8 ] \u2014yeni Kud\u00fcs’\u00fcn on iki sayfal\u0131 forma bask\u0131s\u0131\u2014 meydana getirme d\u00fc\u015fleri kurarlar ve b\u00fct\u00fcn bu \u0130spanyol \u015fatolar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in de burjuva y\u00fcreklerdeki ve c\u00fczdanlardaki insanseverli\u011fe ba\u015fvurmak zorunda kal\u0131rlar. Giderek yukar\u0131da anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z genci veya tutucu sosyalistler kategorisine d\u00fc\u015ferler, tek farkla ki, \u00e7ok daha sistematik bilgi\u00e7lik vard\u0131r bunlarda ve kendi sosyal bilimlerinin yarataca\u011f\u0131 mucizeye k\u00f6r\u00fc k\u00f6r\u00fcne inanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu y\u00fczden, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin olsa olsa yeni mukaddes kitaba cahilce inan\u00e7s\u0131zl\u0131ktan kaynaklanabilen her \u00e7e\u015fit siyasal hareketine kah\u0131rla kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130ngiltere’de Owen’ciler \u00c7artistlere kar\u015f\u0131, Fransa’da Fourier’ciler Reformculara kar\u015f\u0131 b\u00f6yle tepki g\u00f6steriyorlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

IV – Kom\u00fcnistlerin \u00c7e\u015fitli Muhalefet Partilerine Kar\u015f\u0131 Konumu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. B\u00f6l\u00fcm’e bak\u0131nca, kom\u00fcnistlerin halen kurulu bulunan i\u015f\u00e7i partilerine, yani \u0130ngiltere’de \u00c7artistlere, Kuzey Amerika’da tar\u0131m reformcular\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 tutumlar\u0131 kendili\u011finden anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kom\u00fcnistler, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n en yak\u0131n ama\u00e7lar\u0131 ve \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele ederler ama bug\u00fcn\u00fcn hareketi i\u00e7inde hareketin gelece\u011fini de temsil ederler. Fransa’da kom\u00fcnistler, tutucu ve k\u00f6ktenci burjuvaziye kar\u015f\u0131 sosyalist-demokratik partiyle[ 9 ] ittifak kuruyorlar, ama devrimci kal\u0131nt\u0131lardan gelen lafazanl\u0131klara ve g\u00f6z boyamalara kar\u015f\u0131 ele\u015ftirel tav\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 da sakl\u0131 tutuyorlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130svi\u00e7re’de radikalleri destekliyorlar, ama bu partinin, bir b\u00f6l\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Fransa’daki anlam\u0131yla demokratik-sosyalist, bir b\u00f6l\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ise radikal burjuva olan birbiriyle \u00e7eli\u015fik unsurlardan meydana geldi\u011fini g\u00f6zden ka\u00e7\u0131rmaks\u0131z\u0131n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Polonya’da kom\u00fcnistler, ulusal kurtulu\u015fu tar\u0131m reformu \u015fart\u0131na ba\u011flayan partiyi destekliyor, 1846 Krakov Ayaklanmas\u0131n\u0131 hayata ge\u00e7iren de bu partiydi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Almanya’da burjuvazi devrimci \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kom\u00fcnist partisi, mutlak\u00e7\u0131 monar\u015fiye, feodal toprak m\u00fclkiyetine ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuval\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 burjuvaziyle birlikte m\u00fccadele etti. Ama Alman i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin, burjuvazinin egemenli\u011fiyle birlikte gelmesi gereken toplumsal ve siyasal ko\u015fullar\u0131 bir o kadar burjuvaziye kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00f6neltebilmeleri, yani Almanya’da genci s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n hemen ard\u0131ndan burjuvazinin kendisine kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadeleyi ba\u015flatabilmeleri i\u00e7in, kom\u00fcnist partisi, burjuvazi ile proletarya aras\u0131ndaki d\u00fc\u015fmanca kar\u015f\u0131tl\u0131\u011fa ili\u015fkin olabildi\u011fince berrak bir bilinci i\u015f\u00e7ilerde olu\u015fturmay\u0131 da bir an olsun ihmal etmedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Almanya bir burjuva devriminin e\u015fi\u011fine geldi\u011fi i\u00e7in ve bu d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm esasen Avrupa uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n daha geli\u015fkin ko\u015fullar\u0131na denk geldi\u011fi ve 17. y\u00fczy\u0131l \u0130ngiltere’sinden, 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l Fransa’s\u0131ndan \u00e7ok daha geli\u015fmi\u015f bir proletarya ile tamamlanaca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, yani Alman burjuva devrimi bir proleter devrimin ancak do\u011frudan bir “\u00f6n oyunu” olabilece\u011fi i\u00e7in, kom\u00fcnistler, esas dikkatlerini Almanya’ya y\u00f6neltiyorlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tek kelimeyle kom\u00fcnistler, mevcut toplumsal ve siyasal durumlara kar\u015f\u0131 her yerde ve her \u00e7e\u015fit devrimci hareketi destekliyorlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00fcm bu hareketler i\u00e7inde, hangi geli\u015fkinlik a\u015famas\u0131nda olursa olsun m\u00fclkiyet sorununu hareketin temel sorunu olarak \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131yorlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nihayet ancak kom\u00fcnistler her \u00fclkenin demokratik partilerinin her yerde birle\u015fip anla\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kom\u00fcnistler, g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ve niyetlerini gizlemeyi reddederler. Ama\u00e7lar\u0131na ancak bug\u00fcne kadarki t\u00fcm toplumsal d\u00fczenin zorla y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131yla ula\u015fabileceklerini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a bildirirler. Vars\u0131n egemen s\u0131n\u0131flar bir kom\u00fcnist devrim \u00fcrk\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcyle tir tir titresinler. Proleterlerin, zincirlerinden ba\u015fka kaybedecek \u015feyleri yok. Bir d\u00fcnya var kazanacaklar\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fclkelerin proleterleri, birle\u015fin!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yaz\u0131l\u0131\u015f: Aral\u0131k 1847’den Ocak 1848’e kadar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dipnotlar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[ 1 ] [1888 \u0130ngilizce bask\u0131ya Engels’in notu.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Burjuvazi, deyince, toplumsal \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fclkiyetini elinde bulunduran ve \u00fccretli eme\u011fi s\u00f6m\u00fcren modern kapitalistler s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 anl\u0131yoruz. Proletarya, deyince ise, kendi m\u00fclkiyetinde \u00fcretim arac\u0131 bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, ya\u015fayabilmek i\u00e7in i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc satmak zorunda olan modern \u00fccretli i\u015f\u00e7iler s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 anl\u0131yoruz. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[ 2 ] Daha kesin deyi\u015fle, elde bulunan yaz\u0131l\u0131 tarih. T\u00fcm yaz\u0131l\u0131 tarihten \u00f6nce gelen toplumsal \u00f6n tarih, 1847’de hemen hi\u00e7 bilinmiyordu. O zamandan bu yana, Haxthausen, Rusya’da topra\u011f\u0131n ortak m\u00fclkiyetini ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131, Maurer, t\u00fcm Alman kabilelerinin tarihsel ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 olarak bu temelde bulundu\u011funu kan\u0131tlad\u0131 ve giderek Hindistan’dan \u0130rlanda’ya toplumun ilk bi\u00e7iminin ortak toprak m\u00fclkiyetine sahip k\u00f6y topluluklar\u0131 oldu\u011fu bulundu. Nihayet Morgan’\u0131n, gens’in hakiki do\u011fas\u0131na ve kabiledeki konumuna ili\u015fkin ta\u00e7land\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 bulu\u015fuyla, bu ilkel kom\u00fcnal toplumun tipik yap\u0131s\u0131 ortaya kondu. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7taki bu topluluk yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesiyle toplumun \u00f6zel s\u0131n\u0131flara ve sonunda kar\u015f\u0131t s\u0131n\u0131flara ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131yor. [1888 \u0130ngilizce ve 1890 Almanca bask\u0131ya Engels’in notu.] <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclme s\u00fcrecini “Ailenin, \u00d6zel M\u00fclkiyetin ve Devletin K\u00f6keni”nde izlemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131m; ikinci bask\u0131, Stuttgart 1886. [1888 \u0130ngilizce bask\u0131ya Engels’in notu.] <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[ 3 ] [1888 \u0130ngilizce ve 1890 Almanca bask\u0131ya Engels’in notu.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hatta “\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc kesim” olarak feodal beylerinden ve ustalar\u0131ndan kendi \u00f6zerk yerel y\u00f6netim ve siyasal haklar\u0131n\u0131 koparma g\u00fcc\u00fcne eri\u015fmeden \u00f6nce de Fransa’da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan kentler “kom\u00fcn” diyorlard\u0131 kendilerine. Genel deyi\u015fle burada burjuvazinin ekonomik geli\u015fimi i\u00e7in tipik \u00fclke olarak \u0130ngiltere’yi, burjuvazinin siyasal geli\u015fimi i\u00e7in de Fransa’y\u0131 ele ald\u0131k. [1888 \u0130ngilizce bask\u0131ya Engels’in notu.] <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0130talyan ve Frans\u0131z kent burjuvalar\u0131, ilk \u00f6zerk y\u00f6netim haklar\u0131n\u0131 feodal beylerinden zorla ald\u0131ktan veya sat\u0131n ald\u0131ktan sonra kendi kent topluluk-lar\u0131n\u0131 b\u00f6yle adland\u0131rd\u0131lar. [1890 Almanca bask\u0131ya Engels’in notu.] <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[ 4 ] Marx, sonradan, i\u015f\u00e7inin eme\u011fini de\u011fil, emek g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc satt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koydu. -\u00e7ev. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[ 5 ] [1888 \u0130ngilizce bask\u0131ya Engels’in notu.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kastedilen, 1660-1689 \u0130ngiliz restorasyon d\u00f6nemi de\u011fil, 1814-1830 Frans\u0131z restorasyon d\u00f6nemidir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[ 6 ] [1888 \u0130ngilizce bask\u0131ya Engels’in notu.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu, \u00f6zellikle toprak soylulu\u011funun ve toprak a\u011fal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n, m\u00fclklerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 kendi hesaplar\u0131na k\u00e2hyalar\u0131na i\u015flettikleri ve bunun yan\u0131nda ayr\u0131ca b\u00fcy\u00fck pancar \u015fekeri ve patates alkol\u00fc \u00fcreticisi olduklar\u0131 Almanya’ya ili\u015fkindir. \u0130ngiliz aristokratlar\u0131 hen\u00fcz o kadar d\u00fc\u015fmemi\u015flerdir; ama az ya da \u00e7ok ku\u015fkulu anonim \u015firket kurucular\u0131na adlar\u0131n\u0131 devretmek yoluyla rantlar\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131 rekabete nas\u0131l girilebilece\u011fini onlar da biliyor. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[ 7 ] [1890 Almanca bask\u0131ya Engels’in notu.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1848 devrim dalgas\u0131 t\u00fcm bu baya\u011f\u0131 ak\u0131m\u0131 ortal\u0131ktan s\u00fcp\u00fcrd\u00fc ve onlarda sosyalistlik yapma hevesi b\u0131rakmad\u0131. Bu ak\u0131m\u0131n esas temsilcisi ve tipi Bay Karl Gr\u00fcn’d\u00fcr. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[ 8 ] Phalanstere, Charles Fourier’nin tasarlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sosyalist kolonilerin ad\u0131yd\u0131; Cabet, kendi \u00fctopyas\u0131n\u0131 ve sonra Amerika’daki kom\u00fcnist kolonisini \u0130karya diye adland\u0131r\u0131yordu. [1888 \u0130ngilizce bask\u0131ya Engels’in notu.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kendi kom\u00fcnist model toplumlar\u0131n\u0131 Owen, home-colony’ler olarak adland\u0131r\u0131yor (\u00fclke i\u00e7i koloniler). Phalanstare, Fourier’nin tasarlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 toplumsal saraylard\u0131. \u0130karya, kom\u00fcnist d\u00fczenlerini Cabet’in tasvir etti\u011fi \u00fctopik fantezi \u00fclkesiydi. [1890 Almanca bask\u0131s\u0131na Engels’in notu.] <\/p>\n\n\n\n

[ 9 ] O zamanlar parlamentoda Ledru-Rollin’in, yaz\u0131nda Louis Blanc’\u0131n ve bas\u0131nda “R\u00e9forme” adl\u0131 g\u00fcnl\u00fck gazetenin temsil etti\u011fi parti. “Sosyal demokrasi” ad\u0131, onu bulanlar i\u00e7in, demokratik bir partide veya cumhuriyet\u00e7i bir partide az ya da \u00e7ok sosyalist renkte bir seksiyon anlam\u0131na gelmekteydi. [1888 \u0130ngilizce bask\u0131ya Engels’in notu.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O zamanlar Fransa’da kendine sosyalist-demokratik diyen parti, Ledru–Rollin’in siyasal, Louis Blanc’\u0131n da yaz\u0131nsal olarak temsil etti\u011fi partiydi; yani bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Alman Sosyal demokrasisinden da\u011flar kadar farkl\u0131yd\u0131. [1890 Almanca bask\u0131ya Engels’in notu.] <\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Bu yaz\u0131 https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/turkce\/m-e\/1848\/manifest\/index.htm adresinden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. *** Karl Marx ve Friedrich Engels (1848) Avrupa’da bir hayalet dola\u015f\u0131yor – Kom\u00fcnizm hayaleti. Avrupa’n\u0131n t\u00fcm eski g\u00fc\u00e7leri bu hayalete kar\u015f\u0131 kutsal bir s\u00fcrg\u00fcn av\u0131 i\u00e7in ittifak halindeler, Papa ile \u00c7ar, Metternich ile Guizot, Frans\u0131z radikalleri ile Alman polisleri. \u0130ktidardaki rakiplerince \u00e7\u0131\u011fl\u0131k \u00e7\u0131\u011fl\u0131\u011fa kom\u00fcnist diye sald\u0131r\u0131lmayan hi\u00e7bir muhalefet partisi var […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":1060,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1053","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1053","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/11"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1053"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1053\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1731,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1053\/revisions\/1731"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1060"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1053"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1053"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1053"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}