{"id":1050,"date":"2019-03-02T16:36:51","date_gmt":"2019-03-02T13:36:51","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/trockist.net\/?p=1050"},"modified":"2020-05-04T11:44:29","modified_gmt":"2020-05-04T08:44:29","slug":"manifestonun-1888-ingilizce-baskisina-onsoz","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/2019\/03\/02\/manifestonun-1888-ingilizce-baskisina-onsoz\/","title":{"rendered":"Manifesto\u2019nun 1888 \u0130ngilizce bask\u0131s\u0131na \u00f6ns\u00f6z"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Bu yaz\u0131 <\/em>https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/turkce\/m-e\/1848\/manifest\/onsoz.htm#1888<\/em><\/a> adresinden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

***<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Manifesto 1848 \u00f6ncesinin siyasal ko\u015fullar\u0131nda ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olarak gizli \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmi\u015f, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta sadece Alman sonralar\u0131 ise uluslararas\u0131 bir i\u015f\u00e7i birli\u011fi olan Kom\u00fcnistler Birli\u011fi’nin platformu olarak yay\u0131nland\u0131. Marx ve Engels, Birli\u011fin Kas\u0131m 1847’de Londra’da ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen kongresinde teorik ve pratik a\u00e7\u0131dan eksiksiz bir parti program\u0131n\u0131n yay\u0131nlanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in g\u00f6revlendirildiler. Almanca kaleme al\u0131nan metin, 24 \u015eubat’taki Frans\u0131z Devriminden birka\u00e7 hafta \u00f6nce, Ocak 1848’de bas\u0131lmak i\u00e7in Londra’ya yolland\u0131. Bir Frans\u0131zca \u00e7evirisi 1848 Haziran Ayaklanmas\u0131’ndan hemen \u00f6nce Paris’te yay\u0131nland\u0131. Miss Helen Macfarlane taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen ilk \u0130ngilizce \u00e7evirisi 1850 y\u0131l\u0131nda, George Julian Harney’in “Red Republican”\u0131nda Londra’da okuyucuyla bulu\u015ftu. Manifesto’nun bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Danimarka ve Polonya dillerinde bask\u0131lar\u0131 da yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Proletarya ile burjuvazi aras\u0131ndaki ilk b\u00fcy\u00fck meydan muharebesi olan 1848 Paris Haziran Ayaklanmas\u0131’n\u0131n bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 Avrupa i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n toplumsal ve siyasal m\u00fccadelesini ge\u00e7ici bir s\u00fcre geri plana itti. O zamandan sonra egemenlik i\u00e7in verilen sava\u015f \u015eubat Devrimi \u00f6ncesinde oldu\u011fu gibi m\u00fclk sahibi s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n farkl\u0131 kesimleri aras\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti; i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131, radikal burjuvazinin en sol kanad\u0131 konumuyla ve siyasal hareket serbestli\u011fi i\u00e7in m\u00fccadeleyle s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131. Kendi ba\u015f\u0131na proleter hareketler, s\u00fcrd\u00fckleri ve ya\u015fam i\u015fareti verdikleri yerlerde ac\u0131mas\u0131zca ezildiler. B\u00f6ylelikle Prusya polisi Kom\u00fcnistler Birli\u011fi’nin o zamanlar K\u00f6ln’de bulunan Merkez Komitesinin izini buldu. \u00dcyeleri tutukland\u0131 ve on sekiz ay s\u00fcren tutukluluk sonunda Ekim 1852’de mahkemeye \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131lar. Bu me\u015fhur “K\u00f6ln Kom\u00fcnistler Davas\u0131” 4 Ekim’den 12 Kas\u0131m’a kadar s\u00fcrd\u00fc; tutuklular\u0131n yedisi \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131ldan alt\u0131 y\u0131la kadar kale hapsine \u00e7arpt\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131lar. H\u00fck\u00fcmden hemen sonra Birlik, kalan \u00fcyeleri taraf\u0131ndan resmen feshedildi. Manifesto’ya gelince: haf\u0131zalardan silinmeye mahk\u00fbmmu\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyordu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Avrupa i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 egemen s\u0131n\u0131fa kar\u015f\u0131 yeni bir sald\u0131r\u0131 i\u00e7in yeterli kuvveti toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Uluslararas\u0131 \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Birli\u011fi olu\u015ftu. Ancak a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a Avrupa’n\u0131n ve Amerika’n\u0131n sava\u015fma iste\u011fiyle dolu t\u00fcm proletaryas\u0131n\u0131 yek v\u00fccut hale getirmeyi ama\u00e7layan bu birlik, Manifesto’da dile getirilen ilkeleri hemen ilan edemedi. Enternasyonal’in program\u0131, gerek \u0130ngiliz sendikalar, gerekse Proudhon’un Frans\u0131z, Bel\u00e7ikal\u0131, \u0130talyan, \u0130spanyol yanda\u015flar\u0131 ve Almanya’daki Lassalle’ciler[ 1 ] taraf\u0131ndan kabul edilebilecek kadar geni\u015f olmal\u0131yd\u0131. Bu Program\u0131 t\u00fcm taraflar\u0131 ho\u015fnut edecek bir bi\u00e7imde kaleme alm\u0131\u015f olan Marx, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n, eylem birlikteli\u011finin ve ortak tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n zorunlu sonucu olan entelekt\u00fcel geli\u015fimine tam bir g\u00fcven duyuyordu. Sermayeye kar\u015f\u0131 verilen m\u00fccadeledeki olaylar ve de\u011fi\u015fkenlikler, zaferlerden daha fazla olan yenilgiler, insanlar\u0131n pek ba\u011fland\u0131klar\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fit \u00e7e\u015fit \u015farlatanl\u0131klar\u0131n yetersizli\u011fi hakk\u0131nda bilin\u00e7lenmelerini sa\u011flay\u0131p, onlar\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n kurtulu\u015funun ger\u00e7ek ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 tamamen kavramalar\u0131n\u0131n yolunu a\u00e7acakt\u0131r. Ve Marx hakl\u0131yd\u0131. Enternasyonal 1874 y\u0131l\u0131nda da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, i\u015f\u00e7ileri, 1864 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulu\u015funda buldu\u011fundan \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 bir durumda b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Fransa’da Proudhon’culuk, Almanya’da Lassalle’c\u0131l\u0131k \u00f6lmek \u00fczereydi ve tutucu \u0130ngiliz sendikalar\u0131 da, \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu Enternasyonal’le olan ba\u011flar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7oktan koparm\u0131\u015f olmalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz y\u0131l Swansea’da ba\u015fkanlar\u0131n\u0131n onlar ad\u0131na “K\u0131ta sosyalizmi bizim i\u00e7in korkutuculu\u011funu yitirdi” a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131n\u0131 yapabildi\u011fi noktaya do\u011fru yakla\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. Ger\u00e7ekten de Manifesto’nun ilkeleri b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fclkelerin i\u015f\u00e7ileri aras\u0131nda hat\u0131r\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131r ilerlemeler kaydetmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00f6ylelikle Manifesto tekrar \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Almanca metin 1850’den beri \u0130svi\u00e7re, \u0130ngiltere ve Amerika’da defalarca yeniden bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 1872 y\u0131l\u0131nda ve bu sefer \u00e7evirinin “Woodhull & Claflin’s Weekly”de yay\u0131nland\u0131\u011f\u0131 New York’ta \u0130ngilizce’ye \u00e7evrildi. Bu \u0130ngilizce metni temel alan Frans\u0131zca \u00e7eviri New York’da “Le Socialiste” taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131ld\u0131. O zamandan beri Amerika’da, bir tanesi \u0130ngiltere’de de tekrar bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, ana metni az \u00e7ok tahrif etmi\u015f, en az\u0131ndan iki \u0130ngilizce \u00e7eviri yay\u0131nland\u0131. Bakunin’in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk Rus\u00e7a \u00e7eviri 1863 y\u0131l\u0131 s\u0131ralar\u0131nda Herzen’in Cenevre’deki “Kolokol” adl\u0131 bas\u0131mevi taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131, yi\u011fit Vera Zasuli\u00e7 taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan ikincisiyse yine Cenevre’de 1882’de bas\u0131ld\u0131. Danimarka dilinde yeni bask\u0131s\u0131 1885’te Kopenhag’da “Socialdemokratisk Bibliotek” taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131, Frans\u0131zca yeni \u00e7evirisi ise Paris’te 1886’da “Le Socialiste”de \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bu sonuncusunun ard\u0131ndan \u0130spanyolca bir \u00e7eviri haz\u0131rland\u0131 ve 1886’da Madrid’de yay\u0131nland\u0131. Almanca bask\u0131lar\u0131n kesin say\u0131s\u0131 bilinmiyor, en az\u0131ndan on iki oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir. Bana anlat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar\u0131yla, birka\u00e7 ay \u00f6nce \u0130stanbul’da Ermenice olarak \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 gereken \u00e7eviri, yay\u0131nc\u0131n\u0131n, \u00fcst\u00fcnde Marx isminin bulundu\u011fu bir kitab\u0131 basmaya cesaret edememesinden, \u00e7evirenin de kitab\u0131 kendi eseriymi\u015f gibi g\u00f6stermeyi reddetmesi y\u00fcz\u00fcnden g\u00fcn \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kamam\u0131\u015f. Di\u011fer dillerde de \u00e7evirilerin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 duydum ama hi\u00e7birini g\u00f6rmedim. B\u00f6ylece “Manifesto”nun tarihi, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde i\u015f\u00e7i hareketinin tarihini yans\u0131t\u0131yor; Manifesto g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u015f\u00fcphesiz t\u00fcm sosyalist k\u00fclliyat\u0131n en yayg\u0131n, en uluslararas\u0131 eseri, Sibirya’dan Kaliforniya’ya kadar i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortak bir program haline gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yine de kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z s\u0131rada onu sosyalist bir manifesto olarak adland\u0131ramazd\u0131k. 1847 y\u0131l\u0131nda sosyalist denince akla bir yandan \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00fctopik sistemlerin taraftarlar\u0131, \u0130ngiltere’de Owen’c\u0131larla Fransa’da Fourier’cilerin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu \u00e7oktan \u00f6lmeye y\u00fcz tutmu\u015f mezhepler, di\u011fer yandan b\u00fct\u00fcn yamac\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131yla, sermaye ve k\u00e2r i\u00e7in hi\u00e7bir tehlike yaratmaks\u0131z\u0131n her t\u00fcrl\u00fc toplumsal k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ortadan kald\u0131racaklar\u0131na s\u00f6z veren muhtelif \u015farlatanlar \u2014her iki durumda da i\u015f\u00e7i hareketinin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda duran ve daha \u00e7ok okumu\u015f s\u0131n\u0131flardan destek arayanlar anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yordu. O zamanlar i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n salt politik bir devrimin yetersizli\u011fine ikna olmu\u015f ve toplumun ba\u015ftan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya de\u011fi\u015fmesinin yan\u0131nda olan k\u0131sm\u0131 kendini kom\u00fcnist olarak adland\u0131r\u0131yordu. Kaba, yontulmam\u0131\u015f, tamamen i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcsel bir kom\u00fcnizmdi bu; ama i\u015fin \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc yakalam\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 i\u00e7inde, Fransa’da Cabet’nin, Almanya’da Weitling’in \u00fctopik kom\u00fcnizmini yaratacak denli g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcyd\u00fc. Yani 1847 y\u0131l\u0131nda sosyalizm bir orta s\u0131n\u0131f hareketiyken kom\u00fcnizm i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n bir hareketiydi. En az\u0131ndan K\u0131ta \u00fcst\u00fcnde sosyalizm “sayg\u0131n” bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc; kom\u00fcnizm bunun tam tersiydi. Biz de ba\u015f\u0131ndan beri “i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n kurtulu\u015fu kendi eseri olacakt\u0131r” d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinde oldu\u011fumuzdan, bu iki isimden hangisini se\u00e7mek zorunda oldu\u011fumuz hakk\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir ku\u015fkuya yer yoktu. Dahas\u0131 o zamandan beri ondan vazge\u00e7mek hi\u00e7 akl\u0131m\u0131za gelmedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Manifesto” ikimizin ortak eseri olsa da onun \u00e7ekirde\u011fini olu\u015fturan ana d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin Marx’a ait oldu\u011funu belirtmekle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcy\u00fcm. Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye g\u00f6re: her tarihsel \u00e7a\u011fda, egemen iktisadi \u00fcretim ve de\u011fi\u015fim tarz\u0131 ve onu zorunlu olarak izleyen toplumsal katmanla\u015fma, \u00fcst\u00fcnde o \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n politik ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel tarihinin y\u00fckseldi\u011fi ve sadece buradan \u00e7\u0131karak insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n t\u00fcm tarihinin (topra\u011f\u0131n ve arazinin ortak m\u00fclkiyetine dayal\u0131 ilkel gens d\u00fczenin y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra) s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadeleleri tarihi oldu\u011funun a\u00e7\u0131klanabildi\u011fi temeli olu\u015fturur. S\u00f6m\u00fcren ve s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclen, ezen ve ezilen s\u0131n\u0131flar aras\u0131ndaki sava\u015flar\u0131n tarihinin geli\u015fmesi g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde, s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fclen ve ezilen s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n \u2014proletaryan\u0131n\u2014 toplumun t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc, s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcden ve bask\u0131dan, s\u0131n\u0131f farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131ndan ve sava\u015flar\u0131ndan kurtarmaks\u0131z\u0131n s\u00f6m\u00fcren ve ezen s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n \u2014burjuvazinin\u2014 boyunduru\u011fundan kurtulamayaca\u011f\u0131 a\u015famaya gelip dayanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kan\u0131mca, Darwin’in teorisinin do\u011fa bilimlerinde yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilerlemelerin ayn\u0131s\u0131na tarih biliminde yol a\u00e7mak i\u00e7in yeterli olan bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye, ikimiz de 1845’ten y\u0131llar \u00f6nce yava\u015f yava\u015f yakla\u015f\u0131yorduk. Bu y\u00f6nde ne kadar yol ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131 en iyi “\u0130ngiltere’de \u0130\u015f\u00e7i S\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n Durumu” adl\u0131 eserim g\u00f6sterir. Ama 1845 bahar\u0131nda Br\u00fcksel’de onunla tekrar g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmde o bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye kesin bi\u00e7imini vermi\u015fti ve neredeyse yukarda toparlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131kta \u00f6n\u00fcme serdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1872 tarihli Almanca bask\u0131ya yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u00d6ns\u00f6zden \u015funlar\u0131 al\u0131nt\u0131layaca\u011f\u0131m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Son yirmi be\u015f y\u0131l i\u00e7inde ko\u015fullar ne kadar de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015f de olsa bu ‘Manifesto’da geli\u015ftirilmi\u015f genel esaslar, bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak bug\u00fcn de h\u00e2l\u00e2 tam do\u011frulu\u011funu korumaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131nt\u0131da \u015fu ya da bu d\u00fczeltmeler yap\u0131labilir. Bu esaslar\u0131n pratikte kullan\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131, ‘Manifesto’nun kendisinde de a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, her yerde ve her zaman mevcut tarihsel durumlara ba\u011fl\u0131 olacak ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla II. B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn sonunda \u00f6nerilen devrimci \u00f6nlemlere kesinlikle \u00f6zel bir a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k verilmeyecektir. O pasaj bug\u00fcn bir\u00e7ok yan\u0131yla ba\u015fka t\u00fcrl\u00fc kaleme al\u0131n\u0131rd\u0131. Gerek b\u00fcy\u00fck sanayinin son yirmi be\u015f y\u0131l i\u00e7inde s\u00fcren b\u00fcy\u00fck geli\u015fimi ve i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n buna ko\u015fut ilerleyen parti \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, gerekse \u00f6nce \u015eubat Devrimi ve daha da fazlas\u0131yla proletaryan\u0131n iki ay boyunca siyasal iktidar\u0131 elinde tuttu\u011fu Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, bug\u00fcn bu program yer yer eskimi\u015ftir. \u00d6zellikle Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc, ‘i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n haz\u0131r devlet ayg\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ylece ele ge\u00e7irip onu kendi ama\u00e7lar\u0131 i\u00e7in i\u015fletemeyece\u011fini’ kan\u0131tlam\u0131\u015f bulunuyor. (Bu hususun daha ileri boyutta i\u015flendi\u011fi ‘Fransa’da \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f, Uluslararas\u0131 \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Birli\u011fi Genel Konseyi’nin \u0130letisi’, Almanca bask\u0131, sf.19’a bak\u0131n\u0131z.) Ayr\u0131ca, sosyalist yaz\u0131n\u0131n ele\u015ftirisi de ancak 1847’ye kadar\u0131n\u0131 kapsad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bug\u00fcn i\u00e7in elbette eksiklidir; ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde kom\u00fcnistlerin \u00e7e\u015fitli muhalefet partilerine kar\u015f\u0131 konumuna ili\u015fkin s\u00f6ylenenler (B\u00f6l\u00fcm IV), bug\u00fcn bile esasta do\u011fru olmakla birlikte, ayr\u0131nt\u0131da g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz i\u00e7in yine de eskimi\u015ftir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc siyasal durum t\u00fcm\u00fcyle de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015f ve tarihsel geli\u015fim orada s\u00f6z\u00fc edilen partilerin \u00e7o\u011funu d\u00fcnyadan silmi\u015ftir.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Buna kar\u015f\u0131n \u201cManifesto\u201d, \u00fcst\u00fcnde de\u011fi\u015fiklik yapmaya art\u0131k kendimizde hak g\u00f6rmedi\u011fimiz bir tarihsel belgedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sunulan \u00e7eviri Marx’\u0131n ‘Kapital’inin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc \u00e7evirmi\u015f olan Mr. Samuel Moore’un kaleminden \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7eviriyi beraberce g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irdik ve ben de tarihi g\u00f6ndermeleri a\u00e7\u0131klayan birka\u00e7 dipnot ekledim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Londra, 30 Ocak 1888<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Friedrich Engels<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dipnotlar<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

[ 1 ]<\/strong> [Engels’in Dipnotu:]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lassalle bize kar\u015f\u0131 kendini Marx’\u0131n \u00f6\u011frencisi olarak g\u00f6steriyor ve b\u00f6ylelikle ‘Manifesto’nun zemini \u00fcst\u00fcnde duruyordu, bununla beraber 1862-1864 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kitlesel ajitasyonlarda \u00fcretim kooperatiflerinin devlet kredisiyle te\u015fvik edilmesi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bir \u015fey s\u00f6ylemiyordu.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Bu yaz\u0131 https:\/\/www.marxists.org\/turkce\/m-e\/1848\/manifest\/onsoz.htm#1888 adresinden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. *** Manifesto 1848 \u00f6ncesinin siyasal ko\u015fullar\u0131nda ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olarak gizli \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmi\u015f, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta sadece Alman sonralar\u0131 ise uluslararas\u0131 bir i\u015f\u00e7i birli\u011fi olan Kom\u00fcnistler Birli\u011fi’nin platformu olarak yay\u0131nland\u0131. Marx ve Engels, Birli\u011fin Kas\u0131m 1847’de Londra’da ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen kongresinde teorik ve pratik a\u00e7\u0131dan eksiksiz bir parti program\u0131n\u0131n yay\u0131nlanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in g\u00f6revlendirildiler. Almanca kaleme al\u0131nan metin, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":1051,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1050","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1050","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1050"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1050\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1733,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1050\/revisions\/1733"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1051"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1050"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1050"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/trockist.net\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1050"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}